Genetic Engineering DISCUSSION PDF

Genetic
Engineering
◼ Genetic engineering:
Changing the DNA in living organisms to
create something new.
◼ This organisms are called Genetically Modified
Organism (GMO)
Example:
Bacteria that produce human insulin
Genetically Modified organism are called
transgenic organism; since genes are
transferred from one organism to another.
Some genetic engineering techniques are as
follows:
1. Artificial selection
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
2. Cloning
3. Gene splicing
4. Gel electrophoresis: analyzing DNA
1. artificial selection: breeders choose which
organism to mate to produce offspring with
desired traits.
◼ They cannot control what genes are passed.
◼ When they get offspring with the desired traits,
the maintain them.
Three types of artificial selection:
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
A. Selective breeding: when
animals with desired
characteristics are mated to
produce offspring with those
desired traits.
◼ Passing of important genes to
next generation.
◼ Example: Champion race
horses, cows with tender
meat, large juicy oranges on
a tree.
◼ For example people breed dogs for specific
purposes.
◼ Dachshund were once bred to hunt badgers
and other burrowing
animals.
◼ They must be small to
fit into the animals
hole in the ground.
◼ Selective breeding occurs when you choose
the best male and female to breed.
◼ This allows you to fine tune and control the
traits
◼ The offspring or babies will then have the best
traits.
◼ Then you continue to breed those organism
with the best traits, those traits will be
maintained.
Examples of selective breeding:
◼ Angus cows are bred to
increase muscle mass so
that we get more meat,
◼ Egg-Laying
Hen-produces
more eggs than the
average hen
◼ B. Hybridizations: two individuals with
unlike characteristics are crossed to
produce the best in both organisms.
Example: Luther Burbank created a
disease resistant potato called the
Burbank potato.
◼ He crossed a disease resistant plant
with one that had a large food
producing capacity.
◼ Result: disease resistant plant that
makes a lot of potatoes.
Other Examples of
hybridization:
1. Liger: lion and tiger mix
2. Grape + apple= grapple. The fruit tastes like
grapes and looks like apple.
C. Inbreeding breeding of organism that
genetically similar to maintain desired traits.
◼ Dogs breeds are kept pure this way.
◼ Its how a Doberman remains a Doberman.
◼ It keeps each breed unique from others.
◼ Risk: since both have the same genes, the
chance that a baby will get a recessive
genetic disorder is high.
◼ Risks: blindness, joint deformities.
◼ Variation: difference between individuals of a
species.
◼ The differences are in the genes but we see the
physical differences.
◼ For example: Some humans have blond hair
and some have brown. This is a variation
among humans.
◼ Some finches have short beaks,
some have long beaks.
◼ Inbreeding decreases variations.
2. Cloning: creating an organism that
is an exact genetic copy of
another.
◼ There are human clones in our
school.
◼ identical twins are naturally created
clones.
◼ Clone: group of cells or organisms
that are genetically identical as a
result of asexual reproduction
◼ They will have the same exact DNA
as the parent.
How is cloning done?
► A single cell is removed from a parent
organism.
► An entire individual is grown from that cell.
► Remember one cell has all the DNA needed
to make an entire organism.
► Each cell in the body has the same DNA, but
cells vary because different genes are turned
on in each cell.
Dolly:
◼ Dolly was the first mammal
cloned.
◼ She had the same exact DNA
as her mother and had no
father.
◼ Cloning is a form of asexual
reproduction.
◼ Only one genetic parent.
http://content.tutorvista.com/biology_11/content/media/cloning.swf
◼ SinceDolly, cats and other organisms
have been cloned.
◼ The cat that was cloned had the same
exact DNA but different color fur than
the mother.
How can this be?
Environment plays a huge part in the way
organisms develop.
◼ Eggs are haploid
◼ Haploid: half the
chromosomes, 23 in
humans
◼ Body cells are diploid:
◼ Diploid: two sets of
chromosomes, one
from mom and one set
from dad 46 in
humans.
How could you clone a
human?
◼ Step 1: An egg is removed
23
from a female human
◼ Eggs are haploid: 23
chromosomes. EGG CELL
◼ The nucleus of the egg is

removed and is thrown
away.
◼ Step 2: A body cell is
removed from another
person.
46
◼ The nucleus of the body
cell is removed
Body Cell
◼ Body cells are diploid: 46
chromosomes.
◼ Step 3:
◼ The nucleus of the diploid
body cell is put into the
egg. 46
◼ This egg no longer needs

to be fertilized since it has
all 46 chromosomes. EGG CELL
◼ Step 4: The egg is then charged
with electricity to start mitosis.
◼ Step 5: Its then put into a
surrogate mother so it can
grow.
◼ Its going to be genetically
identical to the parent of the
body cell.
◼ But it will be a baby.
◼ Plants and animals can be
cloned.
Click and clone
◼ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tec
h/cloning/clickandclone/
Benefits of cloning:
1. you can make exact
copies of organisms with
strong traits.
2. Increase food supply
3. Medical purposes: clone
organs for transplants.
4. Bring back or Stop
species from going Saber Tooth Tiger extinct
extinct.
Risks of cloning:
1. Decreases genetic
diversity
2. If one of your clones gets
a disease, they all get it:
same immune system.
3. Inefficient: high failure
rate: 90%+
4. Expensive
3. Gene splicing: DNA is cut out of one
organism and put into another
organism
◼ A trait will be transferred from one
organism to another.
◼ For example: the human insulin gene
can be removed from a human cell.
◼ It can be put into a bacterial cell.
◼ The bacterial will now make human
insulin.
◼ This picture represents
gene splicing.
◼ However,
The red piece DNAthe is much
woman is holding is an
smaller.
insulin gene from a
◼ Itshuman
done withIt ishigh
being. beingtech
combined with DNA from
lab equipment since
a bacteria.
DNA,
Creates is recombinant
too small to
hold
DNA,or see without
something that has a
never existed before.
microscope.
Benefits:
◼ insulin is cheaper
◼ There are no side
effects because it is
human insulin.
◼ We once used pig
insulin but there are
side effects and it
more expensive.
How are genes cut for gene splicing?
◼ A bacterial plasmid is used.
◼ Plasmid: circular DNA in a bacteria cell.
◼ It is very simple and easy to manipulate.
◼ A restriction enzyme: enzyme that cuts the DNA at a
specific code.
◼ There are thousands of restriction enzymes.
◼ Each cuts DNA at a different sequence.
◼ Some look for GGCC and cut in between the G and
C.
◼ Every time GGCC is found in the DNA it is cut by the
restriction enzyme
DNA Code:
◼ TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
◼ AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
◼ TTATGGCCATACGGCCTT
◼ AATACCGGTATGCCGGAA
◼ TTATGG CCATACGG CCTT
◼ AATACC GGTATGCC GGAA
◼ This DNA segment was cut twice creating three
fragments.
◼ Since every one is different, we all have a different
amount of times GGCC is found.
◼ My DNA may be cut seven times
◼ Yours may be cut ten times.
This is how a restriction enzyme works
How is gene splicing
done?
1. A restriction enzyme
cuts the insulin gene
out of the human
DNA.
2. A plasmid is removed
from a bacteria and
cut with a restriction
enzyme
3. The human gene is place into the bacteria
plasmid
4. The plasmid is placed back into the bacteria.
◼ The cell now has directions (DNA) to make insulin.
◼ That's exactly what it does.
◼ Its human insulin, bacteria do not make insulin on
their own.
Plasmid with
insulin gene
◼ This is called transformation: when a gene from
one organism is transferred to different organism.
◼ The organisms that have DNA transferred to
them are called transgenic organisms.
◼trans: means different,
◼genic: refers to genes
◼ Genetic engineering has given rise to a new

technological field called biotechnology
(technology of life).
1. Transgenic (GMO)
animals: genes
inserted into animals so
they produce what
humans need.
◼ Why?: A way to
improve the food
supply:
A. Transgenic cows:
gene inserted to
increase milk
production.
B. Spider goat: gene from spider inserted into goat.
◼ Goats makes silk of the spider web in their milk.
◼ Flexible, stronger than steel. Used in bullet proof
jackets.
C. Glow-in-the-dark
cats
◼ Scientist used a virus
to insert DNA from
jellyfish
◼ The gene made the
cat produce a
fluorescent protein in
its fur.
2. Transgenic bacteria: gene inserted into bacteria
so they produce things humans need.
◼ For example: insulin and clotting factors in blood
are now made by bacteria.
3. Transgenic plants: plants are given genes so they
meet human needs.
A. Transgenic corn: given a gene so corn produces a

natural pesticide.
Now they don’t have to be sprayed with cancer
causing pesticides.
◼ 25% of all corn is like this.
B. Venomous cabbage
◼ gene from a scorpion tails
inserted into cabbage.
◼ Cabbage now produces
that chemical.
◼ Why? Limit pesticide use
while still preventing insects
from damaging crops.
◼ Corporations state the toxin
is modified so it isn’t harmful
to humans.
C. Banana vaccines
◼ virus is injected into a banana, the
virus DNA becomes part of the
plant.
◼ As the plant grows, it produces the
virus proteins — but not the disease
part of the virus.
◼ When people eat a bite, their
immune systems creates antibodies
to fight the disease — just like a
traditional vaccine
◼ Vaccines for hepatitis and cholera
◼A virus is often used to deliver DNA.
◼ In the movie “I Am Legend,” A healthy gene was
inserted into a virus.
◼ The virus invaded the cancer cells and inserts the
healthy gene to cure cancer.
◼ Worked at first but the
virus mutated and
became deadly.
◼ This is being attempted
in real life.
◼ Gene therapy: when disease causing
genes are cut out and good gene are
inserted.
◼ Restriction enzymes are used to cut out
bad genes.
◼ Viruses are used to insert good genes.
◼ Not approved for human use yet.
◼ Some possible side effects.
4. Gel electrophoresis: a
technique used to compare
DNA from two or more
organisms.
Why compare DNA:
1. Find your baby’s daddy
2. Who committed a crime.
3. How closely species are
related.
How is electrophoresis done?
A. The DNA is cut into
fragments with a restriction
enzyme.
B. The cut DNA is then put
into the wells of a machine
filled with gel.
◼ The gel is spongy and the
DNA squeezes through the
pores.
C. The machine is plugged in and the
fragments get separated based on their
size.
◼ The smaller
fragments
move further
than the large.
Separation of DNA based on
size of fragments.
◼ Electrophoresis results
Final result of electrophoresis

◼ Electricity provides the energy
◼ Why does DNA move?
◼ DNA has a negative charge.
◼ When the machine is plugged it, its moves towards the
positive pole created by the electricity
electrophoresis
Your DNA is so unique its considered to
be a DNA fingerprint.
Gel electrophoresis will separate your
DNA differently from anyone else.
Nova: who done it

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/t
dc02_int_creatednafp2/
◼ Genetic engineering creates organisms with
recombinant DNA.
◼ Recombinant DNA: when DNA is combined from
at least two organisms.
Which techniques create recombinant DNA

1. Sexual reproduction: natural
2. selective breeding
3. Hybridization
4. Gene splicing
◼ Does cloning create organisms with
recombinant DNA?
◼ No, the DNA from one organism is copied.
◼ DNA is not recombined.

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Genetic

◼ The nucleus of the egg is

◼ This egg no longer needs

◼genic: refers to genes

◼ Genetic engineering has given rise to a new

A. Transgenic corn: given a gene so corn produces a

Final result of electrophoresis

Nova: who done it

Which techniques create recombinant DNA

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