COR 002 4TH ACHIEVEMENT TEST REVIEWER by Gab Victorio

MODULE 15
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all related
to a single topic.
Properties of a Well-Written Text are: Organization, Coherence and Cohesion,
Appropriate Language use, and Mechanics of Writing.

COHERENCE AND COHESION

Coherence and cohesion make your text easier for your readers to follow and
understand. Cohesion is the connection of ideas to the central concept of a text
coherence is the relationship of ideas between sentences, it refers to how easy it is to
understand the writing. A text is cohesive if its elements are linked together. A text is
coherent if it makes sense.
1.Chronological- The details are arranged in the order in which they happened. This
is an orderly arrangement of ideas which is according to what came first. This may be
from past to present, earliest to latest, and so on. This type of order is often used in
narratives, process description and historical accounts.
2. Spatial- The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical
location, such as nearest to farthest, inside to outside, left to right, and other orders
relating to space.
3. Emphatic- is when information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize
certain points depending on the writer's purpose. The coherence of the paragraph is
established in one of two ways: (a) from least to most important, or (b) from most to
least important.

MODULE 16
Appropriate Language Use
- Proper language use allows you to capture the message that you want to convey to
your readers.
- It is all about choosing the right words that accurately capture your ideas.
1. Misused Words- A writer might sometimes use a word incorrectly, and this occurs
when the word does not mean what he or she thinks it does. So, it is important to be
certain of the definition of a word before using it; this often happens with words that
sound or look alike.
Example: I won’t except the use of your Visa accept in cases of emergency.
2. Words with Unwanted Connotations- There are words that take on a meaning
specific to a context. Some writers might not be aware of these connotations, so they
end up using language that is unintentionally confusing, comical or even offensive to
readers.
Example: “This sweater was so cheap!” The sentence could be rephrased to “This
sweater was so affordable!”, or “inexpensive”.
3. Technical or Highfalutin Words -Writers want to sound smart by using words that
are very technical or have deep meanings. Though some writing genres require the use
of such words, writers should still be careful about using them since they make
readers work harder to understand texts.
Example: “I don’t want to listen to your malarkey anymore!” malarkey – meaningless
talk; nonsense; speech designed to mislead
4. Formal-Informal Language- Determine when it is appropriate to use formal
language or when informal language is acceptable. Informal language is usually used
in writing for oneself or in writing to family, friends, and colleagues. On the other
hand, formal language is used in writing academic, business, and official texts.
5. Direct and Simple Sentences- When you write, you should also make sure that
the language you use is direct and simple rather than complicated so that readers
would easily understand the text. If your readers are the youth, then you should use
words that are familiar to young people.
Example: Look for some paper. – Get a piece of paper.
Go to the top of it. - Write your name at the top of it.
6. Unbiased Language- You should also be sensitive enough to use unbiased
language so that you will not offend any individual or any particular group of people.
Unbiased language is language that is free of racial bias, free of religious bias, and free
of gender bias.
Example: Ray is mentally disabled. (biased)
Ray has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (unbiased)

MODULE 20
Mechanics are conventions that have to be considered in writing. Some of these
conventions are spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Itis important to know and
observe these conventions in writing to avoid confusion.
Spelling- when you write, always make sure that you are consistently using one
standard with regard to the spelling of your words. Remember that there are slight
differences in American English spelling and British English spelling.
Punctuation is the act of using a system of symbols such as the comma, period,
quotation marks, question marks, etc. that are used to give structure to and organize
a text. The use of punctuation guides the reader regarding how the text should be
read. Punctuation Marks Rules and Examples:
1. QUOTATION MARKS “
Quotation marks (or speech marks) show that words have been directly quoted.
Example: "I've been working hard all day" he said. "Let's go out to dinner!"
2. APOSTROPHE ‘
An apostrophe has two main functions:
A. An apostrophe shows that a letter (or letters) has been omitted from a word in a
contraction. Example: It's (it is) not ready yet. Come back later.
B. An apostrophe is used to make a noun possessive.
Example: Chicago's winters are very cold and severe..
3. HYPHEN-
The hyphen has two main functions:
A. The most common use of the hyphen is to form compound words, words that are
made up of more than one word. Sometimes this occurs when two words are put
together to serve as an adjective
Example: I paid for two full-price tickets, but l still was not admitted to the arena. I
want a refund.
B. A hyphen is often used after the prefix of a word. If you're not sure whether a
hyphen is needed, consult a dictionary.
Example: Post-conference activities include a tour of the city.
4.EN DASH --
Generally, the en dash indicates a range of numbers of a period of time. In this sense,
it is used with numerals.
Examples: During the World War Il years (1939-1945), basic commodities were
rationed in many countries.
5.EM DASH ---
The em dash (twice as long as the en dash) shows a big pause in a sentence or
emphasizes the end of a sentence.
Examples: I'm ready to talk---if you're ready to listen.
You said you'd---you said you'd be faithful to me!
6.ELLIPSIS/ELLIPSIS POINTS ...
The ellipsis, a series of three dots, shows that something has been removed from a
sentence. It can also show a pause or an unfinished sentence.
Example: The report indicates that we can expect sales of 45 million units next year if
conditions...remain favorable.
7.COMMA ,
The comma joins two or more ideas in a sentence or separates items in a series.
Example: We've hired all our interns, and we're ready to start working on the project.
8. COLON:
A colon introduces the information that comes after it. It tells the reader that
something is coming.
Example: I've narrowed my choices down to two schools: Indiana or Michigan State.
9. SEMICOLON ;
The semicolon connects two complete sentences that are related.
Examples: Franklin D. Roosevelt was the U.S. president for four terms; he led the
country through World War ll.
10. EXCLAMATION MARK !
The exclamation mark or exclamation point shows strong emphasis or strong emotion.
Itis rarely used in formal writing.
Example: Stop! Don't do that!
11.QUESTION MARK ?
The question mark shows that a question is being asked, that the speaker or writer is
seeking an answer to something.
Examples: Can we agree that peace is better than war?
12.PERIOD (US)
The full stop or period is the most common punctuation mark in the English language.
It has two main functions.
A. It shows the end of a sentence.
Example: Dinner's ready.
B. It indicates an abbreviation. This is more commonly used in American English.
Example: Ms. Jones arrives at 8 to open the office; you can start work any time after
that.
Capitalization is the act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest
of the letters are in lowercase. There are rules in capitalization that one has to
remember.
Below are a few examples of words that require capitalization:
1.Proper nouns- Alex, Manila
2. Proper adjectives- Canadian
3.Days of the week- Sunday
4. Months of the year- January
5.Specific course titles- Theater 101
6. Kinship names used in place of personal names and are followed by personal
names- Grandma, Dad, Aunt Paz and Uncle Alvin
7.Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, nouns, and pronouns in a title and the first and last word
in a title- Through the Looking- Glass, and What Alice Found There (literature) And |
Am Telling You I'm Not Going (song)
8. Historical periods, events, documents- Great Depression,the Renaissance,the
Constitution