Project Report Puja
Project Report Puja
Project Report Puja
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Molay Roy
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
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May, 2016
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Sikkim
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work in the project report entitled “Design Simulation & Fabrication of
Inverter” by Shekhar Kumar Biswas (B120020EE) and Puja Gupta (B120026EE), has been carried
out under my supervision in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in “Electrical & Electronics Engineering” during session 2012-16 in the Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Sikkim and this work has not
been submitted elsewhere for a degree.
Place:
Date:
With a deep sense of gratitude, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my guide, Mr. Molay Roy,
Assistant Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department for giving us the opportunity to
work under him on this project. I truly appreciate and value his esteemed guidance and encouragement
from the beginning to the end of the project. We are extremely grateful to him. His knowledge and
company at the time of crisis would be remembered lifelong. We want to thank all my teachers Dr. A.K
Roy, Dr. Sourav Mallick, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Dr.. Amit Kumar Yadav, Dr. Aurobindo Panda for
providing a solid background for my studies and research thereafter. They have been great sources of
inspiration to us and we thank them from the bottom of my heart. We will be failing in our duty if we
do not mention the laboratory staff and administrative staff of this department for their timely help. We
also want to thank our parents, who taught us the value of hard work by their own example. They
rendered us enormous support during the whole tenure of our stay in NIT Sikkim.
Finally, we would like to thank all whose direct and indirect support helped us completing our project
in time. We would like to thank our department for giving us the opportunity and platform to make our
effort a successful one.
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and
frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can be broadly classified into single level inverter and
multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level inverters have advantages like
minimum harmonic distortion and can operate on several voltage levels. Inverters are used for many
applications, as in situations where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells
must be converted so that devices can run off of AC power. One example of such a situation would be
converting electrical power from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone.
This report focuses on design and simulation of single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated
inverter and use of pulse width modulated inverter in the speed control of Induction motor.
CONTENT
1. Introduction
1.1 Title
1.2 Objective
1.3 Project Outline
2. Background
2.1 Inverters
2.2 Application
3. Circuit Simulation
3.1 Inverter
3.2 Speed Control of Induction Motor
4. Fabrication
5. Discussion
6. Result and Conclusion
7. References
INTRODUCTION
1.1 TITLE
Design, Simulation and fabrication of Inverter
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is
1. To design and simulate a single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated inverter that
converts dc to ac power.
2. Using pulse width modulated inverter for speed control of Induction motor.
3. Fabricate an inverter (single phase).
2. Speed control of Induction motor using pulse width modulated inverter (Simulation)
V/f control method
2.1 INVERTER
A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage and frequency is called an
Inverter. Phase controlled converters when operated in the inverter mode are called line commutated
inverters. But line commutated inverters require at the output terminals an existing AC supply which is
used for their commutation. This means that line commutated inverters can’t function as isolated AC
voltage sources or as variable frequency generators with DC power at the input. Therefore, voltage level,
frequency and waveform on the AC side of the line commutated inverters can’t be changed. On the other
hand, force commutated inverters provide an independent AC output voltage of adjustable voltage and
adjustable frequency and have therefore much wider application.
Inverters can be broadly classified into two types based on their operation:
Voltage Source Inverters is one in which the DC source has small or negligible impedance. In other
words VSI has stiff DC voltage source at its input terminals. A current source inverter is fed with
adjustable current from a DC source of high impedance, i.e: from a stiff DC current source. In a CSI fed
with stiff current source, output current waves are not affected by the load.
Variation of duty cycle of the PWM signal provides a voltages across the load in a specific pattern will
appear to the load as AC signal. A pure sin wave is obtained after passing the signal through a low pass
filter. The pattern at which the duty cycle of a PWM signal varies can be implemented using simple
analogue components or a digital microcontroller.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique for controlling analogue with a processor’s
digital outputs. . It is also known as pulse duration modulation (PDM). The leading edge of the carrier
pulse remains fixed and the occurrence of the trailing of the pulses varies.
The desired PWM technique should have the following characteristics.
Low amplitude of low order harmonic of output voltage to minimize the harmonic content of
output currents.
There are many types of PWM techniques used in sine wave inverters. The commonly used techniques
are:
Single or two level PWM
Multilevel PWM
2.2 APPLICATIONS
DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION: Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12 VDC
source provided in an automobile. The unit provides up to 1.2 Amps ofalternating current, or just
enough to power two sixty watt light bulbs. An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such
as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage;
in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at
any desired voltage. Grid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they
produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the distribution
system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.
An uninterruptible power supply is a device which supplies the stored electrical power to the load in case
of raw power cut-off or blackout. One type of UPS uses batteries to store power and an inverter to supply
AC power from the batteries when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier
is used to supply DC power to recharge the batteries. It is widely used at domestic and commercial level
in countries facing Power outages.
INDUCTION HEATING
Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in induction heating. To
do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high
frequency AC power.
VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVES
A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency
and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases,
the variable-frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from
main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable frequency drives are sometimes called
inverter drives or just inverters.
CIRCUIT SIMULATION
3.1 Inverter
3.1.1 Single Phase Inverter
WAVEFORM
Fig3.1.1: Output Voltage and Current Vs time
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Fig 3.2: 180 degree mode three phase Voltage Source Inverter
3.1.1 WAVEFORM
Fig3.2.1: Output Voltage (Va) and Current (Ia) Vs time
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3.3 WAVEFORM
Fig3.3.1: Career Wave (triangular)
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Fig3.3.5: Input current waveform
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Fig3.3.7: Output voltage waveform
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Fig3.5.1: Reference Signal
WAVEFORM
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Fig3.5.3: Motor Current Vs time
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Fig3.5.5: Speed Vs time characteristics
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Fig 4.1.1: Testing of circuit on breadboard
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4.2 Single Phase Inverter Using Multivibrator (CD4047)
CALCULATION:
Theoretical Calculation
T2= 12.2ms
T= T1+T2= 24.4 ms
From CRO
T= 20ms
Frequency= 50Hz
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DISCUSSION
The advantage of using pulse width modulated inverter over simple inverter is that it reduce harmonics to
minimum and thus improves the efficiency of the inverter. Further PWM inverter can be used for the speed control
of Induction motor.
Closed loop V/f speed control method can be used to provide wide range of speed control of the induction motor.
We have fabricated a single phase inverter using CD4047 monostable multivibrator. This multi vibrator produced
two signal Q1 and Q2 which are 180 degree phase shifted. The frequency of signal generated depends upon the
RC combination. Here in our model we have generated a 50 Hz signal. However the losses are significant in this
case.
CONCLUSSION
Using the theoretical background we have successfully simulated different types of Voltage Source Inverter such
as Single phase VSI, Three phase VSI (180 degree conduction mode), Single phase PWM Inverter. Further using
this PWM Inverter we have simulated the circuit for speed control of Induction motor using closed loop V/f
control.
Using a monostable multivibrator (CD4047) we have designed a single phase inverter which successfully convert
the 12 V dc signal into 120 V, 50 Hz ac signal.
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REFRENCES
[2] Hart, D, Upper Saddle River and NJ: Prentice Hal, Introduction to Power Electronics.
[3] P.S. Bhimbra, Power Electronics.
[4] M Rashid, Power Electronics.
[5] National semiconductor 7815 datasheet
[6] National semiconductor 7915 datasheet
[5] Texas Instruments CD4047 datasheet
[7] www.wekipedia.com
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