See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/303946077

DESIGN, SIMULATION & IMPLEMENTATION OF INVERTER

Technical Report · May 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4895.7040

CITATION READS

1 26,216

3 authors, including:

Molay Roy
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
16 PUBLICATIONS   40 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Induction heating Converters View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Molay Roy on 14 June 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

DESIGN, SIMULATION & IMPLEMENTATION
OF INVERTER

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
“ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING”
BY

SHEKHAR KUMAR BISWAS (B120020EE)

PUJA GUPTA (B120026EE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SIKKIM

May, 2016
 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Sikkim

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work in the project report entitled “Design Simulation & Fabrication of
Inverter” by Shekhar Kumar Biswas (B120020EE) and Puja Gupta (B120026EE), has been carried
out under my supervision in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in “Electrical & Electronics Engineering” during session 2012-16 in the Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Sikkim and this work has not
been submitted elsewhere for a degree.

Place:

Date:

(Mr. Molay Roy)

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Sikkim
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With a deep sense of gratitude, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my guide, Mr. Molay Roy,
Assistant Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department for giving us the opportunity to
work under him on this project. I truly appreciate and value his esteemed guidance and encouragement
from the beginning to the end of the project. We are extremely grateful to him. His knowledge and
company at the time of crisis would be remembered lifelong. We want to thank all my teachers Dr. A.K
Roy, Dr. Sourav Mallick, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Dr.. Amit Kumar Yadav, Dr. Aurobindo Panda for
providing a solid background for my studies and research thereafter. They have been great sources of
inspiration to us and we thank them from the bottom of my heart. We will be failing in our duty if we
do not mention the laboratory staff and administrative staff of this department for their timely help. We
also want to thank our parents, who taught us the value of hard work by their own example. They
rendered us enormous support during the whole tenure of our stay in NIT Sikkim.

Finally, we would like to thank all whose direct and indirect support helped us completing our project
in time. We would like to thank our department for giving us the opportunity and platform to make our
effort a successful one.

Shekhar Kumar Biswas (B120020EE)

Puja Gupta (B120026EE)

 ABSTRACT

The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and
frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can be broadly classified into single level inverter and
multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level inverters have advantages like
minimum harmonic distortion and can operate on several voltage levels. Inverters are used for many
applications, as in situations where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells
must be converted so that devices can run off of AC power. One example of such a situation would be
converting electrical power from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone.

This report focuses on design and simulation of single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated
inverter and use of pulse width modulated inverter in the speed control of Induction motor.
 CONTENT

1. Introduction
1.1 Title
1.2 Objective
1.3 Project Outline
2. Background
2.1 Inverters
2.2 Application
3. Circuit Simulation
3.1 Inverter
3.2 Speed Control of Induction Motor
4. Fabrication
5. Discussion
6. Result and Conclusion
7. References
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 TITLE
Design, Simulation and fabrication of Inverter

1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is
1. To design and simulate a single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated inverter that
converts dc to ac power.
2. Using pulse width modulated inverter for speed control of Induction motor.
3. Fabricate an inverter (single phase).

1.3 PROJECT OUTLINE

1. Circuit design & simulation using SEQUEL
 Single phase inverter
 Three phase inverter
 Single phase pulse width modulated inverter

2. Speed control of Induction motor using pulse width modulated inverter (Simulation)
 V/f control method

3. Fabrication of single phase Inverter

BACKGROUND

2.1 INVERTER
A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage and frequency is called an
Inverter. Phase controlled converters when operated in the inverter mode are called line commutated
inverters. But line commutated inverters require at the output terminals an existing AC supply which is
used for their commutation. This means that line commutated inverters can’t function as isolated AC
voltage sources or as variable frequency generators with DC power at the input. Therefore, voltage level,
frequency and waveform on the AC side of the line commutated inverters can’t be changed. On the other
hand, force commutated inverters provide an independent AC output voltage of adjustable voltage and
adjustable frequency and have therefore much wider application.

Inverters can be broadly classified into two types based on their operation:

• Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)

• Current Source Inverters (CSI)

Voltage Source Inverters is one in which the DC source has small or negligible impedance. In other
words VSI has stiff DC voltage source at its input terminals. A current source inverter is fed with
adjustable current from a DC source of high impedance, i.e: from a stiff DC current source. In a CSI fed
with stiff current source, output current waves are not affected by the load.

2.1.1 PULSE WIDTH MODULATED INVERTER

Variation of duty cycle of the PWM signal provides a voltages across the load in a specific pattern will
appear to the load as AC signal. A pure sin wave is obtained after passing the signal through a low pass
filter. The pattern at which the duty cycle of a PWM signal varies can be implemented using simple
analogue components or a digital microcontroller.

Pulse Width Modulation:

Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique for controlling analogue with a processor’s
digital outputs. . It is also known as pulse duration modulation (PDM). The leading edge of the carrier
pulse remains fixed and the occurrence of the trailing of the pulses varies.
The desired PWM technique should have the following characteristics.

 Good utilization of DC supplies voltage possibly a high voltage gain.

 Linearity of voltage control.

 Low amplitude of low order harmonic of output voltage to minimize the harmonic content of
output currents.

 Low switching losses in inverter switches.

There are many types of PWM techniques used in sine wave inverters. The commonly used techniques
are:
 Single or two level PWM
 Multilevel PWM

2.2 APPLICATIONS

DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION: Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12 VDC
source provided in an automobile. The unit provides up to 1.2 Amps ofalternating current, or just
enough to power two sixty watt light bulbs. An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such
as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage;
in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at
any desired voltage. Grid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they
produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the distribution
system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.

 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

An uninterruptible power supply is a device which supplies the stored electrical power to the load in case
of raw power cut-off or blackout. One type of UPS uses batteries to store power and an inverter to supply
AC power from the batteries when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier
is used to supply DC power to recharge the batteries. It is widely used at domestic and commercial level
in countries facing Power outages.

 INDUCTION HEATING

Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in induction heating. To
do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high
frequency AC power.

 VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVES

A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency
and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases,
the variable-frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from
main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable frequency drives are sometimes called
inverter drives or just inverters.
CIRCUIT SIMULATION

All the circuit design is done using SEQUEL

3.1 Inverter
3.1.1 Single Phase Inverter

Fig3.1: Single phase Inverter

WAVEFORM
 Fig3.1.1: Output Voltage and Current Vs time
5

3.1.2Three phase Voltage Source Inverter (180 degree mode)

Fig 3.2: 180 degree mode three phase Voltage Source Inverter

3.1.1 WAVEFORM
Fig3.2.1: Output Voltage (Va) and Current (Ia) Vs time
6

Fig3.2.2: Output Voltage (Vb) and Current (Ib) Vs time

Fig3.2.3: Output Voltage (Vc) and Current (Ic) Vs time

Fig3.2.4: Output Voltage (Vab) Vs time

 Fig3.2.5: Output Voltage (Vbc) Vs time

Fig3.3.6: Output Voltage (Vac) Vs time

 3.2 Single Phase Pulse Width Modulated Inverter

Fig3.3: Single phase PWM Inverter

9

3.3 WAVEFORM
Fig3.3.1: Career Wave (triangular)

Fig3.3.2: Reference wave (sinusoidal)

10
Fig3.3.3: Gate pulse given to switch S1 and S2

Fig3.3.4: Gate pulse given to switch S3 and S4

11
 Fig3.3.5: Input current waveform

Fig3.3.6: Output current waveform

12
 Fig3.3.7: Output voltage waveform

3.2 Speed Control of Induction Motor

3.2.1 Using a PWM Inverter

Fig3.4: Supply of IM is fed using a PWM Inverter

 13
WAVEFORM

Fig3.4.1: Speed Vs time

Fig3.4.2: Torque Vs time

 Fig3.4.3: Motor Current Vs time

3.2.2 Closed loop V/f Control method

Fig3.5: V/f control method of Speed Control

15
 Fig3.5.1: Reference Signal

WAVEFORM

Fig3.5.2: Input to the PWM Inverter

16
Fig3.5.3: Motor Current Vs time

Fig3.5.4: Waveform of error signal generated

17
Fig3.5.5: Speed Vs time characteristics

Fig3.5.6: Torque Vs time characteristics

 18
FABRICATION
4.1 Power supply (+15V and -15V)

It is designed to give power supply to the gate driver circuit

The components we used are:

 Step down transformer

 Full wave rectifier IC 9340

 Voltage regulator (IC 7815 and IC 7915)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig4.1: Circuit diagram of a +15V and -15V power supply

19
Fig 4.1.1: Testing of circuit on breadboard

Fig4.1.2: Fabrication of circuit

20
4.2 Single Phase Inverter Using Multivibrator (CD4047)

Fig4.2: Inverter Circuit

Fig4.2.1: Testing of Inverter Circuit

 21
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

Fig4.2.2: Output Voltage Waveform

Fig4.2.3: Gate Signal given to T1

 22

Fig4.2.4: Gate signal given to T2

CALCULATION:

Theoretical Calculation

T1 (on time) = 1.1 RC T2 (off time) =1.1 RC

Here, R= R5+R6= 111 K ohm C = 0.1 microfarad

RC= 111x103x10-7 = 111x10-4 sec

T1= 1.1x111x10-4 = 12.2ms

T2= 12.2ms

T= T1+T2= 24.4 ms

Frequency= 1/T= 40.9 Hz

From CRO

T= 20ms

Frequency= 50Hz

Vout (magnitude)= 58V(ac) on secondary of the transformer

23
DISCUSSION
The advantage of using pulse width modulated inverter over simple inverter is that it reduce harmonics to
minimum and thus improves the efficiency of the inverter. Further PWM inverter can be used for the speed control
of Induction motor.

Closed loop V/f speed control method can be used to provide wide range of speed control of the induction motor.

We have fabricated a single phase inverter using CD4047 monostable multivibrator. This multi vibrator produced
two signal Q1 and Q2 which are 180 degree phase shifted. The frequency of signal generated depends upon the
RC combination. Here in our model we have generated a 50 Hz signal. However the losses are significant in this
case.

CONCLUSSION
Using the theoretical background we have successfully simulated different types of Voltage Source Inverter such
as Single phase VSI, Three phase VSI (180 degree conduction mode), Single phase PWM Inverter. Further using
this PWM Inverter we have simulated the circuit for speed control of Induction motor using closed loop V/f
control.

Using a monostable multivibrator (CD4047) we have designed a single phase inverter which successfully convert
the 12 V dc signal into 120 V, 50 Hz ac signal.

24
 REFRENCES

[1] Muhammad H. Rashid Power, electronics handbook 2nd edition.

[2] Hart, D, Upper Saddle River and NJ: Prentice Hal, Introduction to Power Electronics.
[3] P.S. Bhimbra, Power Electronics.
[4] M Rashid, Power Electronics.
[5] National semiconductor 7815 datasheet
[6] National semiconductor 7915 datasheet
[5] Texas Instruments CD4047 datasheet
[7] www.wekipedia.com

25

View publication stats