Lecture 7 - Material Index - 2022 - 2023
Lecture 7 - Material Index - 2022 - 2023
Lecture 7 - Material Index - 2022 - 2023
Material Index
BMFB 3323 MATERIALS SELECTION
SEM 1, 2022/2023
by Dr. Toibah binti Abd Rahim
Week 7
The role of materials selection in
design
RECAP
3
RECAP
STEP 3: RANKING
Identifying the candidates that remain & ordering those that can do
the job best
Material index:
a) The property or property group that maximizes performance
for a given design
b) Provide criteria of excellence that allow ranking of materials
by their ability to perform well in the given application
c) Material indices are generally expressed so
that a maximum value is sought
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Materials selection and function
Design involves choosing a material, process and part shape to perform
some function.
Function dictates the choice of both materials and shape.
In many cases materials choice is not directly dependent of shape
Function
• Transmit loads, heat
• Contain pressure
• Store energy, etc. at
min. mass or at min
cost, or with min
environmental impact
Shape
Material
Process
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INTRODUCTION
Two concepts used in selection process:
a) Material Performance Index
Combination of materials properties that characterize the
performance of a material in a given application
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Performance Indices
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Performance Indices
Structural elements are components which
perform a physical function. The sum of these
functions are the functional requirements:
-carry load, transmit heat, store energy etc.
The design of structural elements is specified by
three elements:
1. Functional requirement (= function)
2. Geometry (=shape)
3. Materials properties (= materials)
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Performance Indices
p = f (F,G,M)
Material Index
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Deriving Performance Indices: Procedure
1. Identify the attribute to be maximized or minimized (weight, cost,
energy, stiffness, strength, safety, environmental damage, etc.).
2. Develop an equation for this attribute in terms of the functional
requirements, the geometry and the material properties (the objective
function).
3. Identify the free (unspecified) variables.
4. Identify the constraints; rank them in order of importance.
5. Develop equations for the constraints (no yield; no fracture; no buckling,
maximum heat capacity, cost below target, etc.).
6. Substitute for the free variables from the constraints into the objective
function.
7. Group the variables into three groups: functional requirements, F, geometry,
G, and material properties, M, thus, we can write:
P = f1(F) f2 (G) f3 (M)
8. Read off the performance index, expressed as a quantity f3 (M),to be
minimized or maximized
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INTRODUCTION
F
F
Area A
L
m = mass
A = area
L = length
= density
y = yield strength
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CASE STUDY 1
Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
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CASE STUDY 1
Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
The method:
1. Identify function, constraints, objective and free variables (list simple
constraints for screening).
Function Tie rod
Constraints
Length L is specified
Must not fail under load F
Objective Min mass
Free variable
Material choice
Cross-section area, A
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CASE STUDY 1
Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
The method:
2. Write down equation for objective -- the “performance equation”.
If the performance equation involves a free variable (other than the
material):
Identify the constraint that limits it.
Use this to eliminate the free variable in performance equation.
Mass m = A L
Mass m = A L Additional free variable: A
Strength constraint: F/A < y
Mass m F L ρ
σy
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CASE STUDY 1
Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
The method:
ρ
mFL
3. Read off the combination of material σy
properties that maximizes performance
-- the material index
σ
Index = y
σy ρ
4. Use Index ρ
for ranking
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CASE STUDY 1 Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
Strong tie of length L and minimum mass
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
• Length L is specified
Constraints • Must not fail under load F m = mass
•Adequate fracture toughness A = area
L = length
= density
Objective y= yield strength
Minimize mass m
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CASE STUDY 1 Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
Strong tie of length L and minimum mass
F F
Function Tie-rod
Area A L
• Length L is specified
Constraints • Must not fail under load F
•Adequate fracture toughness m = mass
A = area
L = length
= density
Objective Minimize mass m: y= yield strength
m = AL (1)
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CASE STUDY 1 Material index for a light, strong tie-rod.
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
Constraints • Length L is specified
• Must not fail under load F m = mass
Equation for constraint on A: A = area
L = length
F/A < y (2) = density
Objective Minimize mass m: y= yield strength
m = AL (1)
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
Constraints • Length L is specified
• Must not fail under load F m = mass
Equation for constraint on A: A = area
L = length
F/A < y (2)
= density
Objective Minimize mass m: y= yield strength
m = AL (1)
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
Constraints • Length L is specified
• Must not fail under load F m = mass
Equation for constraint on A: A = area
L = length
F/A < y (2) = density
Objective Minimize mass m: y= yield strength
m = AL (1)
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
Constraints • Length L is specified
• Must not fail under load F m = mass
Equation for constraint on A: A = area
L = length
F/A < y (2) = density
Objective Minimize mass m: y= yield strength
m = AL (1)
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
Constraints • Length L is specified
• Must not fail under load F m = mass
Equation for constraint on A: A = area
L = length
F/A < y (2) = density
Objective Minimize mass m: y= yield strength
m = AL (1)
F F
Area A L
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Tutorial 1 Material index for a light, stiff tie-rod.
Strong tie of length L and minimum mass
Function Tie-rod F F
Area A L
Constraints • Stiffness of the tie S:
m = mass
A = area
L = length
= density
Objective y= yield strength
Minimize mass m
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Tutorial 1 Material index for a light, stiff tie-rod.
@ the
biggest
E /ρ
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Case Study 2: Material Index for beam
Stiff beam of length L and minimum mass
Square
b section,
area
L A = b2
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Performance Indices for weight: Beam
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CASE STUDY 2
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CASE STUDY 2
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CASE STUDY 4 Material index for a light, stiff panel.
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CASE STUDY 4 Material index for a light, strong panel.
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Performance Indices for weight: Panel
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MATERIAL INDEX
Function has a
Each Constraint characterizing
combination of Objective material index
FUNCTION
Tie
CONSTRAINTS
Beam
Stiffness OBJECTIVE
specified
Minimum cost
Shaft INDEX
Strength
specified Minimum
σ
Column weight M ρy
Fatigue limit
Minimum
Geometry volume
specified Maximize this!
Mechanical,
Minimum
Thermal,
eco- impact
Electrical...
42
MATERIAL INDEX
Function has a
Each Constraint characterizing
combination of Objective material index
FUNCTION
Tie
CONSTRAINTS
Beam
Stiffness OBJECTIVE
specified
Minimum cost
Shaft
Strength INDEX
specified Minimum
σ1/2
weight y
Column M
Fatigue limit Cmρ
Minimum
Geometry volume
specified Maximize
Mechanical,
Minimum this!
Thermal,
eco- impact
Electrical...
43
MATERIAL INDEX
Function has a
Each Constraint characterizing
combination of Objective material index
FUNCTION
Tie
CONSTRAINTS
Beam
Stiffness OBJECTIVE
specified
Minimum cost
Shaft INDEX
Strength
specified Minimum 1/2
weight M Eρ
Column
Fatigue limit
Minimum
Geometry volume
specified Maximize this!
Mechanical,
Minimum
Thermal,
eco- impact
Electrical...
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MATERIAL INDEX
A material index is just the combination of material properties that appears in the
equation for performance (eg minimizing mass or cost).
Sometimes a single property
Either is a material index
Sometimes a combination
Objective -- Constraints
minimise mass Function Stiffness Strength
Tension (tie)
E/ρ σy/ρ
Bending (beam)
E1/2/ρ σ2/3 /ρ
y
Bending (panel)
E1/3/ρ σ1/2
y
/ρ
45 Maximize these!
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MATERIAL INDEX
Tensile ties
Minimum weight design
y
ρ
Main spar
Compression - beam
strut 1/2
1/2 E
E
ρ
ρ
Undercarriage
2 / 3
y
ρ
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E = Young’s modulus = Density y = Yield strength
MATERIAL INDEX
Minimum cost design
1/ 2
Structural y 2 / 3
Structural y
panels C ρ beam C ρ
m m
Tensile ties
y
C ρ
m
Compression y
strut (column) C ρ
m
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Cm = Material cost / kg = Density y = Yield strength
SELF-READING
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