Program Studi Teknologi Laboratorium Medis (D-3)

Fakultas Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi

EFFECTIVENESS OF TEPID SPONGE COMPRESSES AND PLASTER COMPRESSES ON

CHILDREN'S FEVER TEMPERATURE TYPHOID

Mina Almunawaroh

Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, School of Health Sciences Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi -
Indonesia ([email protected])

ABSTRACT

Typhoid is infectious disease which is still encountered widely in various developing countries, especially
those located in the tropic and subtropics. Fever is a clinincal manifestation that is often the main complaint
of the sufferer. Action can be done to lower body temperature that is tepid sponge compress and plaster
compress. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of the effectiviness of tepid sponge
compress and plaster compress of changes body temperature in school age children with typhoid fever in
cibabat hospital in year 2017.
The method used is quasy experiment research method with the approach of pre test and post test two design
group. As many as 24 samples were taken at the patient ward of hospital Cibabat. Respondents divided into
two groups namely tepid sponge compress and plaster compress by way concecutive sampling. This study
was conducted for 20 minutes at each intervenstion. Data analysis used Wilcoxon test, dependen t test, and
Mann-Withney. Average body temperature before and after given tepid sponge compress are 38,75 oC and
38,08oC with temperature different is 0,67oC. While average body temperature before and after given palster
compress are 38,80oC and 38,57oC with temperature different is 0,23oC.
Mann-Withney test result show that the p value = 0,000 < α = 0,05 which means bottom tepid sponge
compress is more effective in lowering body temperature in scholl age children compared with plaster
compress. Based on the result of the study, it can recommend tepid sponge compress in the implementation
of nursing care to lower body temperature in typhoid fever patients.

Key word: Fever, Plaster compress, Tepid sponge

INTRODUCTION a fever is intended to support the body's normal

Typhoid fever is an infectious infectious physiological processes, provide comfort, and
disease that can occur in children and adults. prevent complications. The action that can be taken
Children are the most susceptible to typhoid fever, to reduce fever is by compressing tepid sponge and
although the symptoms experienced by children are plaster compress (Kolcaba, 2007 in Bartolomeus,
lighter than adults. Almost in all endemic areas, the Haryani, dan Arif, 2012; Darwis, 2010 dalam
incidence of typhoid fever occurs mostly in children Syltami, 2014).
aged 5-19 years (Nugroho and Susilo, 2011). The Non-pharmacological efforts that can be done
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that to reduce fever are wearing thin clothes, drinking
the number of cases of fever worldwide reaches 16- more often, taking lots of rest, bathing with warm
33 million with 500-600 thousand deaths each year. water, giving hot compresses (Aden, 2010 in
The 2014 Cimahi City Health Profile Report, the Fatkularini, Mardi, and Solechan, 2014). Some
number of cases of typhoid and paratyphoid treated compresses that can be done are warm wet
by hospitals with the age range 0- 1 year was 283 compresses, warm dry compresses using warm jars,
cases, aged 1-4 years were 778 cases, age 5-14 years cold wet compresses with a solution of anti-septic
were 974 cases, and ages 15-44 years were 2,256 drugs, cold wet compresses with plain water, dry
cases. cold compresses with ice kirbat (eskap), compress
Clinical manifestations of patients with typhoid tepid sponges, and plaster compresses (Asmadi,
fever in general are fever, fever that is often 2008 in Fatkularini, Mardi, and Solechan, 2014;
encountered usually fever more than a week (Nani, Kolcaba, 2007 in Bartolomeus, Haryani and Arif,
2014). Fever in children with rectal temperatures 2012; Darwis, 2010 in Syltami, 2014). Cold
above 38oC is at risk of seizures. Nursing actions compresses according to IDAI (2014) are not
during a fever episode one of them as care giver recommend because it can increase the center of the
where the intervention nursing for patients who have temperature setting (set point) in the hypothalamus,

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 Effectiveness Of Tepid Sponge Compresses
And Plaster Compresses On Children's Fever Temperature Typhoid

causing the body to shiver and the blood vessels to many parents who have not done this tepid sponge
shrink (vasoconstriction) resulting in increased body technique.
temperature. In this modern era, a new innovation is
According to Alves and Almeida (2008, in emerging to reduce heat when a child has a fever.
Hamid 2011) of several compress actions The innovation is a compress plaster that is ready to
performed, tepid sponge is a warm compress use, considered practical, and is sold freely at the
technique alternative that is widely researched in pharmacy. Likewise with a warm compress, this
developed countries and in other developing compress plaster is effective in lowering body
countries. The main objective of this compress temperature. when experiencing a fever. Just put a
technique is to reduce fever body temperature. compress plaster that is ready to get into the child's
Developed and researched in developed countries body, and periodically monitor the child's body
like America and England. Until recently this (Darwis and Hardiningsih, 2010). Making plaster
technique continued to be researched and expanded compresses using hydrogel on polyacrylate-base.
in other countries such as Brazil, Singapore, and This Hydrogel has become the basic ingredient in
India. In the results of the study showed there was a making compress plaster that is widely used in
decrease in temperature of fever clients who Indonesia. Research by Syltami (2014) says that the
received antipyretic therapy and tepid sponge average temperature change of children who have a
compared to clients who only received antipyretic fever before and after being given compress plaster
therapy. is 0.6 ºC within 20 minute. This study was supported
Tepid sponge technique is a combination of by research Fatkularini, Mardi, and Solechan (2014)
block techniques with wiping. This technique uses saying that the average decrease in body temperature
block compresses not only in one place, but directly after being given compress plaster was 0.4ºC for 30
in several places that have large blood vessels. In minutes.
addition there is still additional treatment that is by In addition to the advantages it has, the use of
giving some in some areas of the body so that the plaster compressors also has several disadvantages,
treatment applied to the client in this technique will including the plaster compresses can not be attached
be more complex and complicated compared to to the skin properly, so that the process of absorption
other techniques. Providing block compresses of body heat is not optimal. Therefore, it must be
directly in various places will facilitate the delivery corrected in terms of stickiness. Plaster of this
of signals to the hypothalamus more intensively. compress are white not transparent (Darwis and
Wounding will also accelerate the widening of Hardiningsih, 2010). Basically, the action of
peripheral blood vessels that facilitate heat transfer compressing has been done by nurses in the
from the surrounding body's environment so that it management of fever patients. However, warm
accelerates the decrease in body temperature (Alves compresses are usually done by nurses in the room
and Almeida, 2008 in Hamid, 2011). that is only compresses on the forehead and
The research by Hamid (2011) used a underarm areas. In addition to providing warm
Randomized Control Trial approach with the aim to compresses, there are parents of patients who use
determine the effectiveness of compressed sponges compress plaster to reduce fever with the reason that
carried out by the mother in reducing fever in it is easier to do than compressing using warm
children. The design of this study used 30 random water. Never research has been conducted regarding
simple sampling techniques. Decreased body the effectiveness of these two actions. The purpose
temperature in the tepid sponge group began to of this study was to determine the effectiveness of
occur at 6 minutes and continued to decrease sharply tepid sponge compresses and compress plaster on
until at minute 90 reached 1 ºC. The decrease in changes in body temperature in school-age children
body temperature in each group occurred after the with typhoid fever in Cibabat Hospital in 2017.
treatment arrived at minute 90. Research by
Setiawati (2008, in Bartolomeus, Haryani and Arif, RESEARCH METHODS
2012) stated that the average decrease in body The design of this study was quasi-
temperature when receiving tepid sponge therapy experimental with the design of pre and post test two
was 0.97 ºC in 60 minutes. In the implementation design groups (using two treatment groups). The
tepid sponge must prepare water warm when the research design was quasi-experimental with pre and
child has a fever and water that widens various parts post test with two design groups. Both groups
of the body of the child can cause discomfort. measured body temperature before and after the
Giving this action looks less practical for mothers intervention. The first group received intervention
but is very economical. However, there are still

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 Effectiveness Of Tepid Sponge Compresses
And Plaster Compresses On Children's Fever Temperature Typhoid

by compressing tepid sponges and the second group tape. This tape will be applied to the frontal,
received intervention with compress plaster. axillary, and inguinal areas for 20 minutes. At the
The population in this study were children aged time of posttest, measurements of body temperature
6-12 years according to the inclusion criteria. in the axillary area were used with a digital
Children with typhoid fever with body temperature thermometer. This was done to determine the
above 38 ºC-39 ºC. Sampling method with effectiveness of each treatment and see a
consecutive sampling technique. From the results of comparison between antarapre and post. temperature
the sample calculation for each group 12 children. measurements were carried out, the results were
The total sample from both groups compress tepid immediately recorded on an observation sheet. After
sponge and compress tape as many as 24 children. 30 minutes of intervention, the respondent was given
Instruments used with observation sheets, water antipyretics according to the dose.
thermometers to measure water temperature when it Data were tested for normality by saphiro-wilk
will compress tepid sponges, digital thermometers to test. Tepid sponge compressed pre-test group was
measure body temperature, and the Standard 0.023 (data is not normal) and the results of the post-
Operating Procedure (SOP). The SOP is used to test of tepid sponge compress were 0.013 (data not
compress the mirror according to Marni 2016, and normal). pre test and post test in tepid sponge group
the plaster is compressed according to PT. is still not normal, so for bivariate analysis using
Hisamitsu. Pharma Indonesia, 2016; Syltami, 2014. Wilcoxon test, the results of normality test data in
The measuring instrument uses data from compress test plaster group is 0.058 (normal data)
variables that can be measured through observation. and compress test plaster post test is 0.135 (normal
When there is a typhoid fever patient who complains data) so using dependent t test, to find out whether
of fever with a temperature above 38 ºC – 39 ºC will there was a significant difference between tepid
be done the measurement of body temperature sponge compresses and compress plaster to decrease
(pretest) to determine the child's body temperature body temperature in typhoid fever patients using the
by using a digital thermometer. After the researcher Man Whitney test.
conducted informed concent to parents the
researchers took measures to give tepid sponge RESEARCH RESULT
compress or plaster compress to his child. The In the process of collecting samples in the tepid
action of compressing tepid sponge and plaster sponge compress group it took 11 days from May 8-
compresses aims to reduce the temperature of 18, 2017, while the sample collection process in the
children who have a fever with a temperature above compress tape group took 12 days from May 20 to
38 ºC - 39 ºC. After the temperature measurement 31 2017.
and the patient is said to have a fever with a
temperature above 38 ºC – 39 ºC, the patient will be Table 1. Comparison of Body Temperature
given an intervention with a tepid sponge compress Before and After Done Compressing Tepid
from patients 1 - 12 and administration of compress Sponge
tape from patients 13-24. For patients who were Compressing N Mean SD p-value
given an intervention compress tepid sponge, the tepid sponge
temperature of the water was prepared first before Pre test 12 38,75 0,21
compressing that is 30-35 ºC which was measured 0,002
Post test 12 38,08 0,19
using a water thermometer. While in patients who Based on table 1. shows that the results of the
were given compressed plaster, the amount of analysis of the average body temperature before
compress tape was prepared according to the client's applying a sponge compress is 38.75 ºC, with a
needs. After the patient was given intervention, standard deviation of 0.21. after being given a
either tepid sponge compress or compress plaster, compressed tepid sponge of 38.08 ºC, with a
the second temperature (posttest) was measured to standard deviation of 0.19. There are differences in
determine the effectiveness of tepid sponge body temperature before and after being given tepid
compresses and compress plaster. sponge compresses (p value = 0.002 <α = 0.05).
After the pretest is performed by measuring the
minimum body temperature above 38 ºC-39 ºC. Table 2. Comparison of Body Temperature
Twelve of the first patients were given tepid sponge Before and After Provision of Compress Plaster
compresses. This procedure used washcloth to wipe Plaster n Mean SD p-value
the face, neck, body, hands and feet, followed by the kompres
back (back, buttocks, hands, thighs and legs) for 20 Pre test 1 38,80 0,19 0,004
minutes and twelve second patients given compress

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 Effectiveness Of Tepid Sponge Compresses
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2 humans and the environment or room temperature

Post test 1 38,57 0,22 occurs mostly through the skin (Tamsuri, 2012 in
2 Mahdiyah, Rahman, and Lestari, 2015).
The results of this study used the Wilcoxon
Based on table 2. In the compressed plaster test and the results obtained p value = 0.002 with α =
group it was seen that the average body temperature 0.05 showed there was a difference in body
before being given compress plaster was 38.80 ºC, temperature after being given tepid sponge
with a standard deviation of 0.19; after being given a compresses with a difference in the average decrease
compressive plaster of 38.57 ºC, with a standard in body temperature of 0.67ºC. This is in line with
deviation of 0.22. There are differences in body the research conducted by Setiawati (2009) on "The
temperature before and after being given a compress effect of tepid sponge on decreasing body
plaster (p value = 0.004 <α = 0.05) temperature and comfort in children who have a
Table 3. Differences in the Effectiveness of fever in the nursery of Muhammadiyah Bandung
Compressing Tepid Sponge and Compress Hospital" which states that there are differences in
Plaster temperature before and after the intervention of
p- giving tepid sponge which was measured in the first
Variabel Kelompok n Mean SD 10 minutes after finishing the tepid sponge and the
value
Post test 12 38,08 0,19 second measurement (30 minutes after the first
tepid measurement) with p value = 0,000 <α = 0.05.
sponge Body temperature displacement according
Body to Asmadi (2008) is classified into 4, namely
compress 0,001
temperature radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
Post test 12 38,57 0,22
compress At compress the tepid sponge release of heat occurs
plaster through evaporation from the skin (Djuwariyah,
2011). Giving warm tepid sponge compresses to the
Based on table 3. the average decrease in body body will give a signal to the hypothalamus through
temperature in the tepid sponge compress group was the spinal cord. When receptors that are sensitive to
38.08 ºC with a standard deviation of 0.19, while the heat in the hypothalamus are stimulated, the effector
average decrease in body temperature in the system secretes signals that start sweating and
compressed plaster group was 38.57 ºC with a peripheral vasodilation. Changes in the size of blood
standard deviation of 0.22. There were significant vessels are regulated by the vasomotor center of the
differences in the average decrease in body medulla oblongata of the brain stem, under the
temperature between tepid sponge compresses and influence of the anterior hypothalamic causing
compress plaster in children with typhoid fever (p vasodilation. The occurrence of vasodilation will
value = 0.004 <α = 0.05) cause heat dissipation through increased skin
(sweating), it is expected that there will be a
DISCUSSION decrease in body temperature so that it reaches a
The results of the study on 12 children who normal state again. If body temperature rises, the
experienced typhoid fever showed an average body center of temperature regulation tries to reduce it,
temperature before being given a tepid sponge and vice versa (Nurwahyuni 2009, in Mohammad,
compress that was 38.75 ºC after being given a 2011 in Mahdiyah, Rahman, and Lestari, 2015).
sponge compress at 38.08 ºC. All respondents who The results of the study on 12 children who
were given intervention in compressing the sponge experienced typhoid fever obtained an average body
experienced a decrease in temperature with an temperature before being given compress plaster
average value of 0.67 ºC. Compress tepid sponges was 38.80ºC after being given a compress plaster
using washcloth to wipe the face, neck, body, hands was 38.57ºC. All respondents given the intervention
and feet, continue with the back (back, buttocks, of compress plaster experience a decrease in
hands, thighs and legs) for 20 minutes. The temperature with an average value of 0.23ºC. This is
advantages of tepid sponge technique by wiping the in accordance with Potter and Perry's theory (2010,
body of the patient is the wider body surface that is in Syltami 2014) saying that fever occurs due to
in contact with the compressing medium (washcloth) changes in setting points in the hypothalamus. or
so that it will be very effective in reducing fever viruses that increase body temperature one of which
quickly. Due to other factors, one of which is room is the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Nitrogen acts as
temperature, where the temperature shift between an antigen that triggers the immune system response.
The hypothalamus will increase the setting point and

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 Effectiveness Of Tepid Sponge Compresses
And Plaster Compresses On Children's Fever Temperature Typhoid

the body will produce heat. To reach the new setting with the room or environment, meaning that body
point, it takes several hours. The results of the t-test heat can be lost or reduced due to room temperature
depend on the results, p value = 0.004 <α = 0.05, or cooler environment, and vice versa (Tamsuri,
there is a difference in body temperature in children 2012 in Mardiyah, Rahman, and Lestari, 2015).
who have fever in typhoid fever patients after Providing complete compresses according to
applying compress plaster with a flat difference the Kozier in Suprapti, 2008 in Syltami 2014, heat has a
decrease in body temperature is 0.23ºC. different effect on the body, the effect also depends
The results of this study are in line with on the duration of heat. Heat administration of 15-30
research by Fatkularini, Mardi, and Solechan (2014) minutes has a vasodilating effect on blood vessels
which states that there are differences in temperature resulting in an increase in blood flow. Increased
before and after the intervention of giving compress blood flow will reduce blood viscosity and local
plaster with p value = 0,000 <α = 0.05. The metabolism because blood flow carries oxygen to
implementation of fever using compress plaster is by the tissues. Compress with temperature maintenance
how to attach plaster on the forehead, armpits and methods using liquids or tools that cause warm
groin (Mardiyah, Rahman, and Lestari, 2015). In temperatures aims to facilitate blood circulation and
this study, compress plaster was applied to the provide a sense of comfort (Asmadi, 2008 in
forehead, armpit, and thigh folds with a frequency of Fatkularini, Mardi, and Solechan, 2014).
1 time for 20 minutes. Plaster compresses help the The effectiveness of tepid sponge compresses
blood vessels in the skin to widen so that the pores in this study was supported by a previous study by
become open which further facilitates the removal of Syltami (2014) on "Comparison of the effectiveness
heat from the body, so the body can experience a of tepid sponging and compress plaster in reducing
large drop in temperature (Djuwariyah, 2011 in body temperature in children under five who
Mardiyah, Rahman, and Lestari, 2015). The ready- experienced a fever in Puskesmas Salaman 1" with p
made compress plaster is now widely circulated in value = 0,002 <α = 0,05, which means there is a
the community with disposable packaging. This difference in the decrease in body temperature in
compress plaster is made from hydrogel on toddlers after doing tepid sponging and compress
polyacrylate-base with the content of parabens and plaster. This is in line with the research that was also
menthol formulated so as to accelerate the process of by Ernawati about "Comparison of plaster
transferring heat from the body to compress plaster. compresses with warm tepid sponge compresses to
Parabens are white crystals that dissolve easily in decrease in body temperature in Toddler children (1-
methanol, ethanol and are difficult to dissolve in 3 years) who have a fever in Flamboyan C RSUD
water. The presence of a large water content in the Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan "with p value =
hydrogel structure can be used to reduce fever 0,000 <α = 0,05, so it can be concluded that there
through absorption of heat (energy) from parts of the are differences between the two groups after being
body that fever and evaporate it (Darwis et al, 2010 given intervention compress plaster and compress
in Mardiyah, Rahman, and Lestari, 2015). warm tepid sponge.
The results of the analysis of the average
decrease in body temperature after the tepid sponge CONCLUSION
compress was 38.08ºC while the average decrease in The results of the study on the differences in
body temperature after the application of compress the effectiveness of tepid sponge compresses and
plaster was 38.57ºC obtained p value = 0.001 <α = compress plaster on changes in body temperature in
0.05, there was a difference in the effectiveness of school-aged children with typhoid fever in Cibabat
temperature reduction body on tepid sponge Hospital showed that there were differences in body
compresses and compress plaster. Effectiveness temperature before and after applying tepid sponge
between tepid sponge compresses and compress compresses (Wilcoxon p test value = 0.002 <α = 0
plaster can be seen in the difference in the average 05) and the difference in temperature decrease is
decrease in body temperature, in groups using 0.67ºC. There was a difference in body temperature
compressed sponges, the average temperature before and after the application of compress plaster
decreased by 0.67ºC, whereas in the plaster group (dependent t test p value = 0.004 <α = 0.05) and a
compress is 0.23ºC. This proves that tepid sponge difference in temperature reduction of 0.23ºC. The
compresses are more effective in lowering body provision of tepid sponge compresses was more
temperature in febrile patients diagnosed with effective in lowering body temperature compared to
typhoid fever. This difference is also caused by compressed plaster (Mann-withney test with p value
other factors, one of which is room temperature, = 0.001 <α = 0.05).
where body temperature can experience exchange

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 Effectiveness Of Tepid Sponge Compresses
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RECOMMENDED Docslide.us/documents/water-tepid-spongedot.html,
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