C1 Biochemistry
C1 Biochemistry
C1 Biochemistry
BIOMOLECULES - ENERGY
ENERGY-RICH MOLECULES:
-ATP
-NADH
-FADH
hydrogen - 63%
oxygen - 25.5%
carbon - 9.5%
nitrogen - 1.4%
1. Organic Precursors
- carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen
2. Metabolites
- pyruvate, malate, succinate
3. Building Blocks
- amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids
4. Macromolecules
- proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
5. Supramolecular Complexes
- ribosomes
6. Organelles
7. The Cell
BIOMOLECULES
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
-provides energy
- caloric deficiency = marasmus = loss of weight, poor skin turgor, old-men look,
distended abdomen
monosaccharides
1. glucose
2. galactose
3. fructose
disaccharides
1. lactose
2. sucrose
3. maltose
polysaccharides
1. cellulose
2. starch
3. glycogen
4. chitin
PROTEINS
- growth and repair of tissues
- maintain fluid and acid-base balance
- provides energy
- hormones
- enzymes
- antibody
- hemoglobin
- keratin
LIPIDS
- provides essential fatty acids and energy, absorbs fat-soluble vitamins, protects
vital body tissues, insulates body
- phospholipids
- triglycerides
- waxes
NUCLEIC ACID
- DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA = ribonucleic acid
Vitamins A
- affects vision, health of skin, growth of hair, nails, bones, prevents infection
- dairy products, fruits and vegetables
- night blindness
- fetal malformations
Vitamin D
- calcium absorption, bone mineralization
- dairy products, egg yolks
- rickets and osteomalacia
- kidney damage
Vitamin E
- antioxidant
- vegetable oil, nuts
- red blood cell destruction
Vitamin K
- blood clotting
- green vegetables
- hemorrhages
- anemia, jaundice
Vitamin C
- antioxidant
- citrus fruits
- scurvy, poor wound healing
Vitamin B
- B1 = thiamine - energy metabolism
- B2 = riboflavin - energy metabolism
- B3 = niacin - enery metabolism
- B6 = pyridoxine - protein metabolism
- B9 = folic acid - metabolism of DNA and RNA, red blood cell maturation
- B12 = cyanocobalamin - folate metabolism
THE CELL
- ER
- ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- mitochondrion
- lysosomes
- cytoskeleton = microtubules, microfilaments,
- vacuole
- cilia and flagella
- nucleolus
A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all
of life’s processes.
-cholesterol
-glycolipid
-glycoprotein
-glycocalyx
-transport proteins: channel and carrier
2. cytoplasm - fluid filled space within the cell where the organelles are found.
-cytosol
-cytomembrane system
-nuclear envelope
-nuclear membrane = DNA
-nucleulus = pre-assembly site of ribosomes
-outer membrane
-inner membrane
-cristae
-matrix
-cisternae
11. vesicles
15. flagella - hairlike projections that protrudes from the cell to provide
motility
Water