Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 15 views

    Page 4 To 7 Chapter 3 PDF

    Uploaded by

    JEREMY YEW JIA ZHENG Moe
    The document summarizes logical reasoning and deductive arguments. It defines inductive and deductive arguments, and provides examples of each. It then describes three forms of valid deductive arguments and provides examples. Finally, it discusses determining whether deductive arguments are valid and sound, and provides exercises for students to practice evaluating arguments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Page 4 To 7 Chapter 3 PDF

    Uploaded by

    JEREMY YEW JIA ZHENG Moe
    15 views4 pages
    The document summarizes logical reasoning and deductive arguments. It defines inductive and deductive arguments, and provides examples of each. It then describes three forms of valid deductive arguments and provides examples. Finally, it discusses determining whether deductive arguments are valid and sound, and provides exercises for students to practice evaluating arguments.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    page 4 to 7 Chapter 3.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes logical reasoning and deductive arguments. It defines inductive and deductive arguments, and provides examples of each. It then describes three forms of valid deductive arguments and provides examples. Finally, it discusses determining whether deductive arguments are valid and sound, and provides exercises for students to practice evaluating arguments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views4 pages

    Page 4 To 7 Chapter 3 PDF

    Uploaded by

    JEREMY YEW JIA ZHENG Moe
    The document summarizes logical reasoning and deductive arguments. It defines inductive and deductive arguments, and provides examples of each. It then describes three forms of valid deductive arguments and provides examples. Finally, it discusses determining whether deductive arguments are valid and sound, and provides exercises for students to practice evaluating arguments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Chapter 3 page 4 Chapter 3: Logical Reasoning

    ► 3.2.1 Argument

    Argument involves given statements (premises) and a conclusion.

    Inductive argument Deductive argument


    - From specific premises to make general conclusion. - From general premises to make specific conclusion.
    Example:
    Cats are warm blooded. Example:
    Tigers are warm blooded. All form 5 students have to take SPM.
    Dogs are warm blooded. Kelvin is a form 5 student.
    Conclusion: All mammals are warm blooded. Conclusion: Kelvin have to take SPM.

    Exercise: Determine whether the following is deductive argument or inductive argument.

    1. All multiple of 9 are multiple of 3. 2. The sum of exterior angle of triangle is 360o.
    72 is multiple of 9. The sum of exterior angle of pentagon is 360o.
    Hence, 72 is multiple of 3. The sum of exterior angle of hexagon is 360o.
    Hence, the sum of exterior angle of each polygon is 360o.

    3. The area of circle is 𝜋𝑟 2 . Circle A has radius of 7 cm. 4. 20 =1 30 = 1 40 = 1 50 = 1


    Hence the area of the circle A is 49𝜋. Hence, a0 = 1.

    5. Given am × an = am+n . Hence, 25 × 23 = 28. 6. 1 + 1 =2 1+3=4 3+5=8


    Hence, the sum of two odd numbers is an even number.

    ► 3.2.2 Deductive Argument


    There are 3 types of valid deductive argument:

    Form I Form II Form III


    Premise 1: All A are B. Premise 1: If p, then q. Premise 1: If p, then q.
    Premise 2: C is A. Premise 2: p Premise 2: Not q
    Conclusion: C is B. Conclusion: q Conclusion: Not p

    Example: Example: Example:


    Premise 1: All students in 5S4 is genius. Premise 1: If raining, Premise 1: If raining,
    Premise 2: Kelvin is student in 5S4. then Miss Teoh absent. then Miss Teoh absent.
    Conclusion: Kelvin is genius. Premise 2: It is raining. Premise 2: Miss Teoh is not absent.
    Conclusion: Miss Teoh absents Conclusion: It is not raining,

    Exercise: Write the conclusion for the following deductive argument:


    1. Premise 1: All cubes have 6 square faces.
    Premise 2: Solid A is a cube.
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Chapter 3 Page 5
    2. Premise 1: All regular polygons have sides with same length.
    Premise 2: Rhombus is a regular polygon.
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    3. Premise 1: All factors of 4 are factors of 12.


    Premise 2: 2 is factor of 4
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    4. Premise 1: If x is an even number, then x is divisible by 2.


    Premise 2: 16 is an even number.
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    5. Premise 1: If m is a factor of 4, then m is factor of 8.


    Premise 2: 2 is a factor of 4.
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    6. Premise 1: If 𝑘 > 0, then 5𝑘 > 0.


    Premise 2: 𝑘 > 0.
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    7. Premise 1: If 𝑘 is divisible by 5, then 𝑘 is multiple of 5.


    Premise 2: 56 is not multiple of 5.
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    8. Premise 1: If 3𝑥 − 8 = 16, then 𝑥 =8


    Premise 2: 𝑥≠8
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    9. Premise 1: If 𝑥 > 3, then 𝑥 2 >9


    Premise 2: 𝑥2 ≤ 9
    Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________

    10. Premise 1: If ABCD is regular polygon, then ABCD is a square.


    Premise 2: ABCD is not a square
    Conclusion: ___________________________________________________________________________
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Exercise: Complete the premises in each deductive argument.

    1. Premise 1: All rectangle are parallelogram.


    Premise 2: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Conclusion: ABCD is a parallelogram.

    2. Premise 1: If PQR is isosceles triangle, then PQ = QR.


    Premise 2: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Conclusion: PQ = QR.
    Chapter 3 Page 6
    3. Premise 1: If ABCD is a square, then ABCD has 4 equal sides,
    Premise 2: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Conclusion: ABCD is not a square.

    4. Premise 1: All even numbers are multiple of 2.


    Premise 2: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Conclusion: 100 is a multiple of 2.

    5. Premise 1: If y is multiple of 10, then y is multiple of 5.


    Premise 2: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Conclusion: 80 is multiple of 5.

    6. Premise 1: If x = 7, then x + 2 = 9.
    Premise 2: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Conclusion: x≠ 7

    7. Premise 1: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Premise 2: 38 is even number.
    Conclusion: 38 is divisible by 2.

    8. Premise 1: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Premise 2: x>6
    Conclusion: x>4

    9. Premise 1: _____________________________________________________________________________
    Premise 2: 6 is not factor of 96.
    Conclusion: 6 is not factor of 12.

    10. Premise 1: ___________________________________________________________________________


    Premise 2: 2𝑥 + 1 ≠ 9
    Conclusion: 𝑥≠4
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ► 3.2.3 Determine whether deductive argument is valid and sound
    • Sound means all premises and conclusion are correct.
    • Valid means comply with any forms of valid deductive argument.
    Form I Form II Form III
    Premise 1: All A are B. Premise 1: If p, then q. Premise 1: If p, then q.
    Premise 2: C is A. Premise 2: p Premise 2: Not q
    Conclusion: B is A. Conclusion: q Conclusion: Not p

    Exercise: Determine whether the argument is valid and sound. If it is not, justify your answer.
    a) Premise 1: All basketballs are in spherical shape.
    Premise 2: The Earth is basketball.
    Conclusion: The Earth is spherical in shape.
    Answer: _________________________________________________________________________________
    Chapter 3 Page 7
    b) Premise 1: If k is even number, then k + 1 is odd number.
    Premise 2: 8 + 1 is an odd number.
    Conclusion: 8 is even number.
    Answer: _________________________________________________________________________________
    _________________________________________________________________________________
    c) Premise 1: If x is multiple of 8, then x is multiple of 4.
    Premise 2: 12 is not multiple of 8.
    Conclusion: 12 is not multiple of 4.
    Answer: _________________________________________________________________________________
    _________________________________________________________________________________

    d) Premise 1: All triangles have three sides.


    Premise 2: ABC is a triangle.
    Conclusion: ABC has three sides.
    Answer: _________________________________________________________________________________
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------

    You might also like