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    Hreng03 Isd Odl PDF

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    BryanHarold Broo
    The document discusses various types of intersection sight distances, including approach sight triangle which allows approaching vehicles to identify conflicts before entering an intersection, and departure sight triangle which allows vehicles stopped at an intersection to safely depart after checking for approaching traffic. It also covers passing sight distance for two-lane highways, which consists of four distances to allow a driver to complete a passing maneuver without cutting off the passed vehicle. Maintaining adequate intersection and passing sight distances is important for traffic safety.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Hreng03 Isd Odl PDF

    Uploaded by

    BryanHarold Broo
    23 views14 pages
    The document discusses various types of intersection sight distances, including approach sight triangle which allows approaching vehicles to identify conflicts before entering an intersection, and departure sight triangle which allows vehicles stopped at an intersection to safely depart after checking for approaching traffic. It also covers passing sight distance for two-lane highways, which consists of four distances to allow a driver to complete a passing maneuver without cutting off the passed vehicle. Maintaining adequate intersection and passing sight distances is important for traffic safety.

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    HRENG03_ISD_ODL.pdf

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    The document discusses various types of intersection sight distances, including approach sight triangle which allows approaching vehicles to identify conflicts before entering an intersection, and departure sight triangle which allows vehicles stopped at an intersection to safely depart after checking for approaching traffic. It also covers passing sight distance for two-lane highways, which consists of four distances to allow a driver to complete a passing maneuver without cutting off the passed vehicle. Maintaining adequate intersection and passing sight distances is important for traffic safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views14 pages

    Hreng03 Isd Odl PDF

    Uploaded by

    BryanHarold Broo
    The document discusses various types of intersection sight distances, including approach sight triangle which allows approaching vehicles to identify conflicts before entering an intersection, and departure sight triangle which allows vehicles stopped at an intersection to safely depart after checking for approaching traffic. It also covers passing sight distance for two-lane highways, which consists of four distances to allow a driver to complete a passing maneuver without cutting off the passed vehicle. Maintaining adequate intersection and passing sight distances is important for traffic safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 14

    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Intersection Sight Distance

    • Needed in intersections for motorists


    attempting to enter or cross a highway from a
    stopped condition
    – Should be able to observe traffic at a distance that
    will allow safe movement
    • Traffic with intermittent or moderate flow
    – Wait to find an acceptable “gap”

    25

    Importance
    • Critical to motorists in making decisions such
    as to
    – Stop, slow down, turn
    – Enter a traffic stream from a driveway or public
    road, or merge into traffic
    • Adequate sight distance allows motorists the
    time they need to avoid crashes and conflicts
    • Keep roadways operating safely and smoothly

    26

    1
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Possible Maneuvers By Motorists Stopped at


    Intersection
    1. Cross the intersection by clearing oncoming
    traffic on both the left and right of the crossing
    vehicle.
    2. Turn right into the crossing roadway by making a
    safe entry into the traffic stream from the left.
    3. Turn left into the crossing roadway after first
    clearing the traffic on the left and then making a
    safe entry into the traffic stream from the right.

    27

    Conflicting Flow of Traffic Along Intersections

    Four-leg intersection Staggered-T intersection

    28

    2
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    AASHTO Sight Triangles

    • Concept of “Sight Triangles” were adopted by


    AASHTO to evaluate the amount of sight
    distance available to a stopped vehicle waiting
    to make a crossing or turning maneuver

    29

    30

    3
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    31

    Approach Sight Triangle

    • Intersections with no control require adequate


    distance for the approaching vehicle to
    identify any conflicts in or approaching the
    intersection before entering
    • An approach sight triangle is used for this
    analysis

    32

    4
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Approach Sight Triangle

    33

    Departure Sight Triangle

    • Intersections with stop or yield control require


    drivers to stop or yield at the intersection,
    check for approaching vehicles in the
    intersection, and then depart
    • A departure sight triangle is used for this
    analysis

    34

    5
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Departure Sight Triangle

    35

    36

    6
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    37

    ISD in Rural Areas

    • Sight distance at driveways and/or farm field


    entrances is especially critical in rural areas
    – Travel speeds are high and curves or hilly terrain
    may restrict sight lines
    – Higher vehicle speeds mean that driver reaction
    and physical stopping distances are longer

    38

    7
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Sight Distance Inadequacy

    • Minimum sight distance should not be less


    than the stopping sight distance
    – e.g. Waiting vehicle suddenly stops or stalls
    • If this minimum SSD cannot be provided,
    additional safety measures must be provided
    – Advanced warning signals and flashers
    – Reduced speed limit zones in the vicinity of the
    intersection

    39

    Passing Sight Distance

    • To complete the passing maneuver safely, the


    driver should be able to see a sufficient
    distance ahead
    • AASHTO states that:
    – “If passing is to be accomplished safely, the
    passing driver should be able to see a sufficient
    distance ahead, clear of traffic, to complete the
    passing maneuver without cutting off the passed
    vehicle before meeting an opposing vehicle that
    appears during the maneuver.”

    40

    8
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Passing Sight Distance


    • Passing Sight Distance is determined on the basis
    that a driver wishes to pass a single vehicle,
    although multiple-vehicle passing is permissible
    • Basis of design
    – Length needed to complete normal passing
    maneuvers in which the passing driver can determine
    that there are no potentially conflicting vehicles ahead
    before beginning the maneuver
    • Not practical to assume multiple passing conditions in
    developing minimum design criteria

    41

    Traffic Behavior Assumptions

    1. The overtaken vehicle travels at a uniform


    speed.
    2. The passing vehicle trails the overtaken
    vehicle as it enters a passing section.
    3. The passing driver requires a short period of
    time to perceive the clear passing section,
    when reached, and to start maneuvering.

    42

    9
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Traffic Behavior Assumptions


    • Continued...
    4. The passing vehicle accelerates during the
    maneuver, during the occupancy of the left
    lane, at about 10 mph higher than the
    overtaken vehicle.
    5. There is suitable clearance length between
    the passing vehicle and the oncoming vehicle
    upon completion of the maneuver.

    43

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
    • Some drivers:
    – Accelerate at the beginning of a passing maneuver to
    an appreciably higher speed and then continue at a
    uniform speed
    • While some others:
    – Accelerate at a high rate until beyond the vehicle
    being passed without speed reduction
    • Passing Sight Distance
    o Ensure safe passing maneuvers
    o Determined as the sum of four distances (d1, d2,
    d3 and d4)

    44

    10
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
     Passing Sight Distance

    45

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
     Passing Sight Distance
     d1 = dist. traveled during perception and reaction time
    and during the initial acceleration to the point of
    encroachment on the left lane. It is often called the
    “initial maneuver distance”.
     d2 = dist. traveled while the passing vehicle occupies
    the left lane.
     d3 = dist. b/n the passing vehicle at the end of its
    maneuver and the opposing vh. (clearance)
     d4 = dist. traveled by an opposing vh. for 2/3 of the
    time the passing vh. occupies the left lane, or 2/3 of d2
    46

    11
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
     Passing Sight Distance

    In general,
     at 
    d1  1.47t1 V  m  1 
     2
    d 2  1.47Vt2

    d3 = varies from 100 to


    300 feet.
    2d 2
    d4 
    3
    47

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
     Passing Sight Distance

    Where In general,

    t1 = time of initial maneuver (sec)  at 


    d1  1.47t1 V  m  1 
    t2 = time passing vehicle occupies the left  2
    lane (sec)
    V = average speed of passing vehicle d 2  1.47Vt2
    (MPH)
    m = difference in speed of passed vehicle d3 = varies from 100 to
    and passing vehicle (MPH) 300 feet.
    a = initial acceleration (MPH/sec)
    2d 2
    d4 
    3
    48

    12
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
     Passing Sight Distance

    Where In general,

    t1 = time of initial maneuver (sec)  at 


    d1  0.278t1 V  m  1 
    t2 = time passing vehicle occupies the left  2 
    lane (sec)
    V = average speed of passing vehicle (KPH) d 2  0.278Vt2
    m = difference in speed of passed vehicle
    and passing vehicle (KPH) d3 = varies from 100 to
    A = initial acceleration (KPH/sec) 300 feet.
    2d 2
    d4 
    3
    49

    Problem 5 (Passing Sight Distance)

    • Compute the passing sight distance for the


    following data:
    – Passing vehicle speed = 85 KPH
    – Overtaken vehicle speed = 65 KPH
    – Time of initial maneuver = 3.75 sec
    – Average acceleration = 1.89 kph/sec
    – Time passing vehicle occupies the left lane = 6.75 sec
    – Distance between the passing vehicle at the end of its
    maneuver and the opposing vehicle = 40 m

    50

    13
    HRENG Lec03(ODL)

    Elements of Passing Sight Distance for 2-Lane


    Highways
     Passing Sight Distance

    51

    14

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