Physics Investigatory Project

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
DONE BY:
SHAFEEQA
XII-a
Measurement of Resistance
Ohm’s law and resistance:

Statement of Ohm’s Law. Ohm’s Law
states that the electric current I flowing
through a given conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference
(voltage) V across its ends (provided that the
physical conditions — temperature, pressure,
of the conductor remain same). Where R is a
constant of proportionality. It is called the
resistance of the conductor. The unit of
resistance, volt per ampere, is given a special
name ohm and a Greek symbol (Omega).
Resistance and specific resistance
(resistivity):
The property of a conductor to oppose the
flow of charges through it, is called its
resistance.
The resistivity depends upon:

(i) Nature of material
(ii) Temperature of material
(iii) Pressure or mechanical stress.
The resistivity does not depend upon the

dimensions of conductor, on which resistance
depend, and mechanical deformation like
stretching, etc.
Conductance and specific
conductance (conductivity):
Reciprocal (inverse) of resistance, is called

conductance. It is represented by the symbol
G. Its S.I. unit is mho or Siemens (S).
Reciprocal of resistivity, is called
conductivity. It is represented by the symbol
σ Its S.I. unit is ohm1 m1 or mho m1 or Sm1 .
Effect of temperature on resistance:
Resistance of all conductors is found to

increase with increase in temperature of the
conductor.
where a is constant of proportionality. It is
called temperature coefficient of resistance of
the material of the conductor.
Series combination of resistance
(resistors):
(a) Description: When second end of first

resistor be connected to first end of second
resistor, and so on, the resistors are said to
form a series combination. The first end of
first resistor and the second end of last
resistor is connected to the two terminals of a
battery (source of e.m.f.) same current flows
through all the resistors in series combination.
(b) Calculation: Shows three resistors of

resistances r 1, r 2 and r 3 ohm connected in
series.
The combination is connected to the terminals
of a battery of potential difference V. Same
current I flows through all the resistors, which
have potential difference V1 V2 and V3 across
them. V is the potential difference across the
combination.
In series combination, the effective length of
resistor increases. As R ∝ l, resistance
increases in series combination.
Series combination gives more resistance.
Hence to get maximum resistance from given
resistors, they have to connected in series.
Parallel combinations of resistance

(resistors):
(а) Description: When first end of all resistors
are connected to one common point and
second end to other common point, the
resistors are said to form a parallel
combination. The two common ends are
connected to the two terminals of a battery
(source of e.m.f.) same potential difference
develops across all resistors.
(b) Calculation: Shows three resistors of r1, r2

and r3 ohm connected in parallel. The
combination is connected to the terminals of a
battery of potential difference V. All resistors
have same potential difference V. I1, I2 and I3
respectively is the current through the resistor.
I is the total current in the combination.
In parallel combination, the effective area of
cross section increases. As R ∝ 1/A resistance
decreases in parallel combination. The parallel
combination gives less resistance. Hence, to
get minimum resistance from the given
resistors, they have to connect in parallel
Wheatstone bridge:
Description: A Wheatstone bridge
consists of four resistors of resistances P,
Q, R and S connected so as to form a
quadrilateral (bridge) ABCD.
One pair of opposite junctions (B and D) is
connected through a galvanometer (G) and
the other pair of opposite junctions (A and
C) is connected through a cell (E) and key
(K). The values of resistances P, Q, R and
S are so adjusted that the galvanometer
shows no deflection on closing key K. It
means that no current is flowing in arm
BD and hence potential at B is equal to the
potential at D. In this condition, the bridge
is P R said to be balanced. For balanced
Wheatstone bridge P/Q = R/S
Calculation: Let in balanced bridge, same

current I1 flow through P and Q and same
current I2 flow through R and S.
Applied Forms:
The Wheatstone’s bridge has two

1. Metre Bridge or Slide Wire Bridge.
2. Post Office Box

Physics Investigatory Project

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PHYSICS

Ohm’s law and resistance:

The resistivity depends upon:

The resistivity does not depend upon the

Reciprocal (inverse) of resistance, is called

Effect of temperature on resistance:

Resistance of all conductors is found to

(a) Description: When second end of first

(b) Calculation: Shows three resistors of

Parallel combinations of resistance

(b) Calculation: Shows three resistors of r1, r2

Calculation: Let in balanced bridge, same

The Wheatstone’s bridge has two

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