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10 11648 J Ajese 20170103 11
10 11648 J Ajese 20170103 11
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Review Article
Health and Environmental Impacts of Dyes: Mini Review
Mohamed A. Hassaan*, Ahmed El Nemr
Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
Email address:
[email protected] (M. A. Hassaan)
*
Corresponding author
Received: March 10, 2017; Accepted: April 8, 2017; Published: May 18, 2017
Abstract: The textile industry is one of the important industries which generates large amount of industrial effluents each year
causing the main source of water pollution which is not only harmful for aquatic life but also mutagenic to human. The aim of this
work is to give an overview on the health and environmental impact of dyes as pollutants as well as; the most recent treatment
techniques of textile effluents wastewater.
Keywords: Dyes Production, Textile Industry, Environmental Impacts, Health Impacts, Treatment Techniques
1. Introduction
The dye manufacturing industry represents a relatively chemicals must consequently be treated with care. The most
small part of the overall chemical industries. In the common hazard of reactive dyes is respiratory problems due
world-wide production of dyes is nearly 800,000 tons per year. to the inhalation of dye particles. Sometimes they can affect a
About 10-15% of synthetic dyes are lost during different person’s immune system and in extreme cases this can mean
processes of textile industry. Synthetic dyes are valuable in that when the person next inhales the dye their body can react
numerous industries such as textile, paper printing, food, dramatically. This is called respiratory sensitization and
pharmaceutical, leather and cosmetics. It is classified into acid, symptoms include itching, watery eyes, sneezing and
reactive, direct, basic, vat, disperse, metal complex, mordant symptoms of asthma such as coughing and wheezing [1].
and sulphur dyes. There are more than 10,000 dyes used in Perhaps the most predominant health problems related to
textile Manufacturing alone nearly 70% being azo dyes which dyeing and finishing processes arise from exposure to
is complex in structure and synthetic in nature [1-5]. A major chemicals acting as irritants. These may cause skin irritation,
source of colour release into the environment is associated itchy or blocked noses, sneezing and sore eyes. They include
with the incomplete exhaustion of dyes onto textile fibre from formaldehyde-based resins, ammonia, acetic acid, some
an aqueous dyeing process and the need to reduce the amount shrink-resist chemicals, some optical whiteners, soda ash,
of residual dye in textile effluent has become a major concern caustic soda and bleach. Certain reactive, vat and disperse
in recent years. [1-5]. dyes are also recognized as skin sensitive [2].
Textile industries produce large amounts of liquid wastes.
2. Health and Environmental Impact of These textile effluents contain organic and inorganic
compounds [3]. During the dyeing processes, not all dyes that
Dyes are applied to the fabrics are fixed on them and there is always
There is no proof to suggest that most of the dyestuffs at a portion of these dyes that remains unfixed to the fabrics and
present used in textile dyeing and finishing are risky to human gets washed out. These unfixed dyes are found to be in high
health at the levels of exposure that workers generally face in concentrations in textile effluents [4].
the factories. However, with long-term or accidental over The amount of water consumed and released also varies
exposure, there can be likely health hazards and all dyes and depending on the type of fabrics produced [5]. Almost 0.08 –
65 Mohamed A. Hassaan and Ahmed El Nemr: Health and Environmental Impacts of Dyes: Mini Review
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