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A comparative analysis of Community Archaeology based on two excavations

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social context

Article · January 2019

DOI: 10.13138/2039-2362/2198

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UPPLEMENTI

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IL CAPITALE CULTURALE
Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage

eum Rivista fondata da Massimo Montella

IL CAPITALE CULTURALE
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Supplementi 09 / 2019

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L’archeologia pubblica prima e dopo l’archeologia pubblica

I contributi pubblicati in questo volume sono stati selezionati dalle curatrici fra quelli pervenuti
in risposta a una call for papers dal titolo “L’archeologia pubblica prima e dopo l’archeologia
pubblica” lanciata dalla rivista «Il capitale culturale. Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage»
nel 2018. Il volume è stato sottoposto a peer review esterna secondo i criteri di scientificità previsti
dal Protocollo UPI.
L’archeologia pubblica prima e
dopo l’archeologia pubblica

a cura di Patrizia Dragoni, Mara Cerquetti

Parte II
La ricerca partecipata in archeologia: attori,
metodi ed esperienze
Delgado Anés L., Martín Civantos J.M., A comparative analysis of Community Archaeology based on two excavations in the
south-east of the Iberian Peninsula: local community involvement and social context
«Il capitale culturale», Supplementi 09 (2019), pp. 389-414
ISSN 2039-2362 (online); ISBN 978-88-6056-622-5
DOI: 10.13138/2039-2362/2198

A comparative analysis of
Community Archaeology based on
two excavations in the south-east
of the Iberian Peninsula:
local community involvement and
social context*

Lara Delgado Anés**, José María Martín Civantos***

Abstract

This article presents the different socialisation methods of the excavation of two
archaeological sites: the “Pago de Jarafí” (Lanteira, Granada), and “Mojácar la Vieja”
(Mojácar, Almería). The projects involved the excavation of medieval Islamic settlements
between 2014 and 2018 in two different social, economic and cultural contexts. The first,

* This research was carried out in the framework of the MEMOLab laboratory of Biocultural
Archaeology of the University of Granada (<https://blogs.ugr.es/memolab/>, 08.27.2019).
The study received funding from the Horizon 2020 European Union research and innovation
programme (H2020/2017-2020) REACH project, under Grant Agreement no. 769827, as well
from the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union (FP7/2014-2017) MEMOLA
project, under grant agreement no. 613265. HUM_952: Red de Estudios sobre Sostenibilidad,
Patrimonio/ Participación/Paisaje y Territorio.
Special recognition goes to the municipalities and residents of Lanteira and Mojácar and all the
students involved in the field work
** Lara Delgado Anés, PhD, University of Granada, Facultad Filosofía y Letras, Dpto. Historia
Medieval y CCTTHH., MEMOLab Laboratory, Campus de la Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain,
e-mail: [email protected].
*** José María Martín Civantos, PhD, University of Granada, Facultad Filosofía y Letras,
Dpto. Historia Medieval y CCTTHH., MEMOLab Laboratory, Campus de la Cartuja, 18071
Granada, Spain, e-mail: [email protected].
390 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

Lanteira, is a rural area of the Province of Granada that suffers from depopulation and
ageing and a primary sector in economic crisis. The second, Mojácar, along the coast, has
experienced a boom of tourism and the arrival of many foreign residents since the 1960s.
This study analyses the methods and techniques to communicate and involve the local
population during the entire archaeological excavation process and how these methods
were adapted to each social reality. The research goes further to explore the link of the two
local communities with their sites since the outset of the archaeological research and how
they changed during the course of the excavation following application of a Community
Archaeology.
In questo articolo presenteremo le diverse metodologie che abbiamo applicato per la
socializzazione di due siti archeologici durante il nostro intervento: il “Pago de Jarafí”
(Lanteira, Granada) e “Mojácar la Vieja” (Mojácar, Almería). I progetti sono stati condotti
tra gli anni 2014 e 2018 in insediamenti islamici medievali, in due diversi contesti sociali,
economici e culturali. Il primo, Lanteira, si trova in una zona rurale della provincia di
Granada che soffre di un problema di spopolamento e invecchiamento e con un’economia
in crisi basata sul settore primario. Il secondo, Mojácar, in una zona costiera con un
grande sviluppo del settore turistico e con un elevato numero di residenti stranieri dagli
anni ’60 del XX secolo. Il lavoro analizza le metodologie e le tecniche per comunicare e
coinvolgere la popolazione locale durante l’intero processo di scavo archeologico e come
queste metodologie si siano adattate alla realtà sociale di entrambi i comuni. Esporremo il
legame che queste comunità locali hanno avuto con i relativi siti fin dall’inizio della ricerca
archeologica e come tale legame sia cambiato durante lo scavo a seguito dello sviluppo di
un’archeologia pubblica e comunitaria.

1. Introduction

MEMOLab, a Biocultural Archaeology Laboratory of the University

of Granada, carries out research since 2014 on the subject of Public and/or
Community Archaeology focusing on agrarian heritage and the excavation
of various archaeological sites1. Much has been written on the processes of
socialisation, dissemination and participation on archaeological projects,
especially from the theoretical and conceptual framework. However, precisely
as a result of this, and of debates of the different theories and denominations
of this type of activity, we believe it is essential that the reader recognises the
foundation of our focus. The framework of action adopted by this project
basically forms part of the concept of Cultural Landscapes and the historical
relationship of humans with their environment, and the methodological
approach is fundamentally that of Landscape Archaeology. For the
archaeological excavations, we adapted the methodology and strategies of
participation, socialisation and diffusion according to the specificity of each
site and its local population while also bearing in mind the particularities of
each socio-economic context.

1 Delgado Anés, Martín Civantos 2016 and 2019; Delgado Anés 2017; Martín Civantos,

Delgado Anés 2017.

 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 391

Although the labels “Public” and “Community” Archaeology refer basically

to the same reality, and terminology, in our opinion, is not as important as
practice, we therefore prefer the designation “Community Archaeology” because
of its significance (especially in Spanish and in the Mediterranean context) and
due to the relationship that the team attempts to strike up with the population
where excavations take place. This approach focuses on community involvement
with archaeology and heritage2 founded on the premise that the discipline of
archaeology is best developed when it involves diverse voices to interpret the
past3. In the current case we prefer to place an emphasis on the community
because of its implications. Firstly, because the work of our laboratory focuses
for the most part on rural contexts characterised by intense communal spirit
due to the fact that the populations have a long history of collective irrigation
management. The term also offers a sense of identity, closer than that of Public
Archaeology, in a great framework of a political, social, cultural and ethical
archaeological research4. And above all, Community Archaeology is closer to
a part of our objectives and strategies where the archaeological activity itself
becomes a tool of social intervention where heritage serves as a catalysing and
energising element, a generator of processes of change, cultural development,
social cohesion and community building5. Archaeology thus ceases to simply be
a scientific discipline that generates historical knowledge and begins to play an
active role in the lives of people. Thus, the discipline goes further and assumes
a positive and real impact where excavations are carried out6. History therefore
fulfils a paramount social role, beyond knowledge itself or erudition, offering
its actors more sense and enthusiasm.

2. Context

The current article presents two archaeological case studies carried out in
two different geographical contexts. Each was characterised by a number of
social and economic differences among their local population as well as by
differences in the conditions and state of research at the moment of the arrival
of the MEMOLab team, factors which had to be taken into account when
applying the methodology and techniques of Community Archaeology.

2 Simpson 2015.
3 Tully 2007.
4 Moshenska 2009.
5 Gassiot et al. 1997; Nicholas 2008; Rodriguez Rodriguez, Olivo del Olmo 2008; Prybylski,

Stottman 2010; Turk 2012; Stottman 2016.

6 Delgado Anés 2017.
392 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

2.1 Pago del Jarafi

The first site, excavated between 2014 and 2017, is “Pago del Jarafí” in the
Municipality of Lanteira in the interior of the Province of Granada.
Lanteira is in the Marquesado del Zenete region, on the north face of Sierra
Nevada, 70 kilometres from the city of Granada. A part of its municipality is
within the limits of the Sierra Nevada National Park. Its current population totals
576 (average age: 48.6). It is an ageing population comprising 10 foreigners
mainly from Ecuador. The economy is based on the primary sector mainly in
the form of agriculture, with the main crops being oats, barley and almonds.
Tourism, although a secondary sector, offers hiking and mountain routes that
are promoted by the town hall. Although the website of statistics of the Junta de
Andalucía does not cite references to tourism in Lanteira, there is a rural hotel
with a restaurant. The municipal unemployment rate in 2018 was at 21.4% with
temporary contracts, mainly for women, as the most common7.
Lanteira’s budget for 2019 totals € 852,681.91. Although the municipality
benefits from a grant from the Diputación of the Province of Granada of €
26,000 for the development of cultural activities8, this resource is not dedicated
to historical heritage.
The municipality has a rural public school for students aged from 3 to 12
years, a health centre, a pharmacy, small local businesses and a cheese factory.
Among the main local agents is the local irrigators community, a Mountain Club
and a Women’s Association called “Vista Alegre”.
The excavation at Lanteira was carried out in the framework of the European
FP7 MEMOLA project (Mediterranean Mountainous Landscapes)9 with the
intention of conducting a historical-archaeological study of the area. The area of
the intervention included three recorded Islamic sites (one with a silo) enclosed in
an irrigated space. These circumstances led to choosing one sector for excavation
in order to gain information as to the process of territorial occupation subsequent
to the Arab-Berber conquest and the transformation in this period of the landscape
through a special focus on the construction and management of features of
irrigation. The excavation therefore served as the starting point to work with the
local community on the question of cultural landscapes, thus generating different
interventions with different social agents leading to the recovery of a historic
irrigation channel, educational activities, creation of cultural itineraries, etc.
Archaeological work consisted of four one-month campaigns (2014-2017).
The dig unearthed a quarter of the old alqueria (town) of Lanteira ranging from
the Visigothic period (second half of the 7th century) to the second half of the

7 Data from the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia, <http://www.

juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/sima/ficha.htm?mun=18117>, 04.04.2019.
8 Data from the Council of Lanteira.
9 <www.memolaproject.eu>, 08.27.2019.
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 393

13th century when apparently its progressive abandonment began. The site’s
initial phase, until the outset of the 11th century, experienced great productive
activity characterised by silos, pottery and iron working workshops, as well as a
small cemetery and a few remains of walls difficult to interpret. The second phase
is marked by an abandonment of the productive structures which were partly
covered by dwellings, a local mosque with its surrounding cemetery with at least
two phases of occupation.

2.2 Mojácar la Vieja

The second case study is the site of Mojácar la Vieja, located in the coastal
town of Mojácar in the Province of Almería. This excavation was initiated in
2018 and will be the object of a second campaign in July 2019.
Mojácar (Almería) is on the Mediterranean coastline 78 kilometres from
the city of Almeria. Its municipality comprises 19 population centres. The total
population in 2018 was 6,301 (average age: 48) with 2,906 registered foreigners.
Most (52%) are from the United Kingdom. This community was established since
the late 1960s and has grown since then. The economy is mainly based on tourism,
with a total of 12,000 hotel beds registered in 2017. The number of registered
hotel establishments is 765, most employing five or less workers. The number
of registered tourist dwellings is 870. The annual influx of visitors accessing the
municipal tourism office is approximately 50,00010, although the count of real
tourists exceeds this figure. Mojácar benefits from a series of initiatives such as
that promoting it as one of “the most beautiful towns in Spain”, as well as a
recognition of quality of its beaches and family tourism. The overall municipal
unemployment rate is 15% with little difference between women and men. Most
of these contracts are temporary and geared toward tourism11.
Mojácar’s municipal budget for 2019 is € 11,000,151.77 of which € 100,000
is designated to promote tourism. Of this amount, € 39,000 was invested in the
excavation12.
The municipality’s infrastructure comprises primary and secondary schools
for students up to the age of 16, as well as a public health centre, a library, an
English book library, a multipurpose building for cultural and artistic activities,
several art centres as well as private spaces such as the ethnographic museum
“Casa de la Canana”.
Among the main local agents are the Association of Moors and Christians,
partnerships of local entrepreneurs and merchants, theatre associations, sports
clubs, and about 20 associations of foreigners.

10 Data from the Tourist Office of Mojácar.

11 Data from the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia, <http://www.
juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/sima/ficha.htm?mun=04064>, 04.04.2019.
12 Data from the Council of Mojácar.
394 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

The Mojácar La Vieja project stems from the interest of the Department of
Tourism of the City Council and the Valparaiso Foundation, owner of a part
of the allotment, to develop a path leading to a vantage point at the site’s upper
sector. Subsequent to the first meeting with them, we proposed to transform the
intervention into a more ambitious project from both the archaeological and
social point of view. A proposal was advanced to carry out an archaeological
campaign to identify the ancient settlement of Mojácar and its potential at the
patrimonial level.
The findings of the first excavation campaign (July 2018) suggest that the old
town of Mojácar was founded in the 12th century and the population moved to
the current location in the following century. The excavation brought to light
vestiges of a large castle and two enclosures. The lower sector of the excavation
uncovered part of the gate while the upper sector unearthed a complex for the
guard with two cisterns. Next to the gate of the interior enclosure appeared part
of a well-preserved dwelling and a communal bread oven. In the upper area there
was a surface feature corresponding to a large cistern with a single nave and
another structure corresponding to the base of a large tower serving as a keep
tower donjon. Other spaces appeared with a function linked to the existence of
a guard: a space serving to store bolaños (spherical stone projectiles), a kitchen,
a smithy and a small mosque.

3. The case studies

Below is a brief presentation of the methodology and techniques applied

at each of the two projects. It is nonetheless necessary to state that not only
the socio-economic contexts of each of the two differed, but also the means
put in place to organise them. An evolution of a learning process on behalf of
the members in their attempt to move toward more participatory and open
methods. Thus, the “El Pago del Jarafí” project (Lanteira, 2014-2017) was
more experimental as the individual charged with fomenting communication
and participation did not form part of the daily team of field archaeologists and
was simply limited to coordinating activities and attending the main events. At
the later site of “Mojácar la Vieja” (Mojácar, 2018), by contrast, the specialist
was not only involved since the beginning in developing the strategy, but also
present at the site on a daily basis so as to manage, promote and organise the
work with the local community.

3.1 “Pago del Jarafí”

The project was initiated in 2014 with Archaeological Campaign I, the first
of three interventions at Pago del Jarafí within the framework of the MEMOLA
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 395

project. From the beginning we proposed resorting to an excavation open to all

the public, without barriers to observe and visit the site. At the beginning we
experimented with methods that led to basic initiatives intended to identify and
evaluate local population reaction13. These resulted in great regional interest,
especially after the discovery of a cemetery, which led to a great daily influx of
curious onlookers.
The open excavation approach did not convince all the project’s
archaeological technicians as they feared unauthorised entry and pillaging.
In fact, archaeological sites in the region have long suffered from constant
looting, and there still exists a network of pillagers and purchasers in spite of
the laws in Spain against the use of metal detectors and the sale or purchase
of archaeological artefacts. Moreover, in these initial moments of the project
certain members of the excavation team had difficulties managing the continuous
trickle of onlookers.
However, this approach, along with the organisation of guided tours during
the excavation and at weekends, led to a greater awareness on the part of the
local population, who took on the role of guardians during the absence of
archaeologists and volunteers. This moment marked a change in the pattern of
behaviour of a large part of the local population who internalised the excavation
and included it within the routes and hikes through the territory. Visitors arrived
from different points of the surrounding Marquesado del Zenete district, as
well as from elsewhere in the Province of Granada.
At the conclusion of the first campaign the team presented a video at Lanteira’s
Mountain Club summarising the preliminary results. During the showing, as
throughout the visits of the excavation, the public conveyed their desire that
the archaeological site’s features be musealised. The team of archaeologists
discouraged this, both due to the type of vestiges and the problem of annual
maintenance by the municipality. However, insistence from the public grew,
especially after a mosque was discovered.
The desire of the leaders of the subsequent campaigns of 2016 and 2017
was to go beyond the guided tours and involve the local population in activities
usually restricted to archaeology and history students. They therefore offered
the “Archaeologist for a Day” programme, an initiative initially open to all,
that consisted of the possibility of excavating with the team and the archaeology
students. The participation in this case of the local population was nonetheless
scarce due to the timing of the two excavation campaigns in the months of
September. Archaeological pottery workshops were also organised, again
open to the public. These, in turn, finally had to be restricted to the women’s
association Vista Alegre de Lanteira as there was too much demand. One of the
drawbacks of organising these workshops was the modest amount of pottery
obtained from certain phases of the excavation and the necessity of preserving

13 Delgado Anés 2017.

396 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

enough for the excavation’s university students as pottery studies form part of
their professional training (fig. 1).
During these workshops a specialist guided and explained the different types
of pottery from Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The instruction also took
into account different types of traditional ceramics. In fact, the participants
could differentiate them with ease. The association showed great interest and
a desire to collaborate in other aspects of the excavation. They also requested
a guided weekly visit to be informed of the latest developments and organise a
breakfast for the students.
These different factors, coupled with the support of the regional media,
culminated a perception of the excavation as something close and personal
leading to its integration as a source of pleasure. Furthermore, from the first
campaign there was an interest in preserving the site, a position that intensified
after the discovery of the rural mosque in 2016. This led to a fourth unplanned
archaeological excavation. Interviews were conducted throughout the four
campaigns with members of the different media generating many press releases.
A remarkable event in 2017, with repercussions at the provincial level, was the
live radio program transmitted from the excavation for the whole region.
This approach and vision of how to excavate an archaeological site led
to a collaboration with the local population and with other social agents in
initiatives in the framework of Cultural Landscapes that transcend the site
itself. The initiation of relationships with local agents led to identifying the key
individuals to develop concrete initiatives in the framework of mutual trust.
An example of these contacts was the recovery of the Maguillo channel, a
high mountain irrigation channel, in collaboration with the Lanteira Irrigator
Community, a project carried out with 40 students from the Emilio Muñoz
de Cogollos Vega High School. A series of intergenerational meetings and
educational activities were also held with the acequiero (individual responsible
for maintaining the local historical irrigation channels). Visits to the excavation
also led to educational activities in collaboration with the acequiero on subjects
ranging from landscapes and historical irrigation with the local Camús Garzón
school and with the high school of Marquesado del Zenete (Alquife).
A collaboration with the local Mountain Club also led to an extension of
the Ruta de los Molinos (Route of the Water Mills) by including more stopping
points in addition to the archaeological site itself. Visits to the site for members
of this organisation were also organised during each of the campaigns.
Finally, in response to the demand of the local population for at least part
of the site to be restored and musealised, an agreement in conjunction with the
Municipality of Lanteira was advanced to put forward a project to the Rural
Development Group for European structural funds. Although this project was
prepared and submitted, the harsh conditions of pre-financing and co-financing
rendered it unfeasible for this small municipality with scarce resources.
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 397

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, methods and Internally or Quantitative Qualitative
techniques externally evidence, units evidence or
deployed staff and of “product” or observable
resources “service” change

Stakeholder mapping 2 archaeologists, 6 Stakeholders At the outset of

the mayor of the of nearby each campaign
Identify the different city municipalities
stakeholders and adapt the that desire to
activities to their interests visit the site.

Meetings for consultations,

interviews, visual analyses,
online searches
Stakeholder meetings Participation of 5 Approximately Interest in Contact was
archaeologist 23 with 6 preserving continuous to
Meetings to bring up stakeholders the site and organise activities
themes related to the facilitating throughout the 4
excavation and cultural visits. years.
landscapes

Informative meetings,
interviews, discussion
groups, community forums
Presentations and 6 archaeologists, 30 assistants Most of the 1 day
conferences the mayor and assistants
a member of the assisted the
Presentation of preliminary mountain club guided visits.
results

Chat, community forum

Studies of perceptions 2 archaeologists With the Include the site Throughout the 4
public in their cultural campaigns
Understand the relation attending the itineraries. They
and opinion of the local visits develop a link
population with and about with the ancient
the site settlement as
they recognise
Visual analyses, interviews its occupants as
their ancestor.
398 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, methods and Internally or Quantitative Qualitative
techniques externally evidence, units evidence or
deployed staff and of “product” or observable
resources “service” change

Guided visits 3 archaeologists, 700 persons The discovery Throughout the 4

1 member of the of the cemetery campaigns
Explain the excavation and Mountain Club, leads to an
the history of the territory the town mayor, increase in both
1 member of the scheduled and
Visual analyses, interviews, council unscheduled
photographic records visits.
Visits are
included
throughout
the rest of the
year in the
framework
of Meetings
of European
Heritage.
Engagement in the 2 archaeologists 2 persons There is interest 3 days
archaeological excavation but little
availability
Allow the population to during the week
participate in the study due to work.
of local archaeological
heritage

Visual analyses, interviews,

photographic records
Archaeological pottery 2 archaeologists, 20 persons Interest in 6 sessions
workshops the President of participating in
the Association more laboratory
Offer information about pottery
medieval archaeological workshops.
pottery

Visual analyses, interviews,

photographic records
Participatory mapping X X X X

Identify potential sites and

heritage features
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 399

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, methods and Internally or Quantitative Qualitative
techniques externally evidence, units evidence or
deployed staff and of “product” or observable
resources “service” change

Photo contest X X X X

Promote participation
through social networks
and encourage visits to
the site

Photographic records,
statistics, audience,
interaction
Archaeological team The Town 25 The local Yearly Patron
participation in popular Council archaeologists population Saint festivities
events appreciates the from 13 to 17
archaeologist’s September
Involvement and attendance to
collaboration in the events.
community activities

Visual analyses, interviews,

community meetings,
interaction
Educational activities 1 archaeologist, 25 primary Students reveal 12
2 irrigation school a great interest
Teach and raise awareness specialists, 3 students and and curiosity for
as to heritage and cultural teachers 30 secondary the excavation.
landscapes school
students
Informative meetings,
interviews, visual analyses,
questionnaires
Tourism 1 archaeologist Add 2.5 It was not 5 sessions
and 1 member km more to possible to
Promote sustainable of the Mountain original 6.5 include a
tourism that respects Club km itinerary musealisation to
heritage the itinerary due
to the lack of
Informative meetings, funding.
interviews, work group
analyses
400 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, methods and Internally or Quantitative Qualitative
techniques externally evidence, units evidence or
deployed staff and of “product” or observable
resources “service” change

Conflict resolution X X X X

Mediation of conflicts
related to heritage and
facilitating areas of
understanding

Discussion group,
community forum, visual
analyses, analyses of
groups in social networks,
questionnaires
Media impact 2 archaeologists More than 5 Discoveries such Press releases
million people as the mosque were sent at
Disseminate the representing had a great the outset and
information at regional an inversion impact through end of each
and national levels in publicity of the headline archaeological
€ 48,982*, 11 “Discovery of campaign.
Statistics, audience, interviews, 53 the first rural Interviews were
number of media, news press articles mosque”. given throughout
analyses and a video the 4 campaigns.
reportage in 6
languages**
Audiovisual resources 3 archaeologists 1718 viewings At the end of the
and 1 first excavation
Generate communication anthropologist campaign
resources

statistics, audience,
interactions

Tab. 1. Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology “Pago del Jarafí”,
Lanteira – Granada14
* Data from the Cabinet of Communication of the University of Granada and the Office of
Management of Corporative Communication through an agency specialised in audiences that
has calculated the impact of the news as to the discovery of the rural mosque during campaign
III of the Lanteira excavation.
** The data correspond to minimal estimations. They are not complete because, subsequent
to the Law of Intellectual Property, Google closed the service News in Spain that allowed access
to all the articles in newspapers, specialised media and blogs.

14 The two tables of this article are based in part on the findings of a study presented at the

SpringSchool – Participatory Research in Archaeology, meeting held in 2018 at Garda (Italy). They
form part of a table entitled Evaluating Participatory Practice in Archaeology in a forthcoming article
submitted to the «Journal of Social Archaeology». The two tables are also based on tables concerning
methods of site socialisation from Delgado Anés 2017 and “Our Theory of Change” of Wilkins 2019.
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 401

3.2 Mojácar – “Mojácar la Vieja”

In this case, as noted previously, the initiative arose from a request by

Mojácar’s City Council, the entity that originally financed the excavation. This
led to conducting a survey a few weeks prior to the excavation to estimate the
perception and the opinion of Mojacar La Vieja among the local population.
Focus was on Mojácar’s permanent yearly residents. The summer months,
in fact, see the greatest tourist activity of the year in the municipality and a
multiplication of the population mainly in the lower area called Mojácar Playa,
along the beach, that is geographically separated from Mojácar Pueblo. Most
of the foreign permanent residents, in turn, take advantage of these months to
return to their countries to avoid the tourist influx.
In light of this situation, the face-to-face surveys were therefore carried out
in the residential areas and among the local businesses of Mojácar Pueblo. To
facilitate participation, the survey was also conducted online profiting from
Facebook groups linked to the town to connect with the sample population.
They were available to both the Spanish and English public. The main age
range was between 25 and 64 as schools were closed at this time for holidays.
The nations with the greatest participation were Spain and England15.
The survey allowed to inform the local population that an archaeological
excavation was going to be carried out before it was made public in the
media. It also led to contacts with key individuals that assisted in involving the
population and diagnosing the local concern for their heritage, the sadness at
the loss of outstanding features such as the town’s fountain, and the desire to
preserve and avoid the pitfalls of mass tourism. There were also signs of distrust
as to how the excavation would be carried out and the site’s future, especially
due to the longstanding negative perception of the performance of the Town
Council regarding patrimony.
The site is perched on a hill shaped like of ziggurat due to its many cultivation
terraces and archaeological structures. Since it is in a valley with other similar
hills, it is popularly known as the “Valley of the Pyramids”. It has also been
taken for a volcano as there are nearby volcanic outcrops in the Province of
Almeria at Vera and Cabo de Gata. The hill’s shape conditioned the local
imaginary, mainly among residents of the English community, affording the site
an emotional slant. Even though it remains a minority even among the English
residents, the vision of this space among this smaller sector of the population
combined with the negative conception of the municipal heritage policy clashed
with the idea of an excavation throughout the campaign. The intention was
not to change the symbolic and emotional load among the residents, but rather
to alter the preconceptions of acquisition of historical knowledge and respect

15 The other nationalities taking part in the survey were Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France,

Holland, Argentina, Iran, Russia, South Africa and Ireland.

402 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

for heritage. In fact, as noted above, one of the objectives of this project was
that the archaeological intervention also serves as a tool of social intervention
generating a positive impact on the relationship of the community with its past
and its heritage through social cohesion and sustainable development.
This entails a search for solutions to fulfil all the desires for the site of all
sectors so long as they do not entail damage. Considering this reality, the project
advanced the notion of an open archaeological excavation. This supposed
not only participatory and communicative activities but an investment of
time to fashion a public access to the site. This path was built by the team
of archaeologists during the excavation profiting from the earth and stones
removed from the work. This sensitivity and approach were shared by all the
technical team and in fact conditioned the locations of the initial trial trenches,
which direction to extend them, and how to evacuate the fill. The idea was for
the archaeological work to not have a great impact on transforming the hill and
to gain little by a little trust from the population in the team of archaeologists
and the project.
This initial contact allowed the project, among other things, to count on the
collaboration of the Association of Old Moors – Kabila Ali-ququei. Its members
installed a jaima (tent) during the Moors and Christians festivities that offered
shade during breakfast and lunch hours and at weekends as a reception point
of the guided tours.
Due to this previous activity the project was able to organise a program
of bilingual activities (Spanish and English) so as to involve the maximum
number of sectors. Guided tours were organised on Sundays with a member
of the English community welcoming the visitors while playing the role of a
character from the 13th century (theatrical guided visit). Given the large influx
of visitors and the site’s orography, the visitors had to be divided into two
groups. Furthermore, to liven the period of wait, a local resident offered a
recital of flamenco music.
In a bar of the elderly the project organised a participatory map with a group
of ten older residents who pointed out other sites throughout the territory as
well giving information as to their plunder. This contact also led to learning
through different witnesses of the disappearance of certain features of Mojácar
La Vieja such as a stone to decant the water connected to a larger cistern.
During that month the possibility of participating in the archaeological
excavation was open to all under venture “Archaeologist for a day”. Certain
participants even ended up working at the site the whole month. This allowed
the interested to follow the excavation results and contribute to the study of
their heritage. The age of the participants was broad. It is worth highlighting
that families with children saw this as an opportunity to take part in a different
summer activity. This sector of the population along with a great number of
retired people also showed great interest in participating in the “Archaeological
Pottery Workshops”.
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 403

The project also included an activity to render its Instagram account

more dynamic. It consisted of a photography contest through the hashtag
PatrimonioMojácar. This venture had wide participation in spite of the
inactivity during the holidays of the local photography groups. What stands out
of this project was the daily 2D photographic and 3D video (Youtube) coverage
by two people. Their photographs were subsequently exhibited and served for
the presentation of the excavation results.
The great attendance and participation in the different activities surprised
the city council itself. Some of its technicians and councillors were worried for
the open method, without barriers, would lead to even more plunder. However,
the findings indicate an increase in awareness and respect for the site. The locals,
in fact, kept tabs on visitors in the afternoon during the absence of the dig
technicians and throughout the last year took part in a social surveillance that
has preserved the site. Another remarkable fact is that during the last weeks of
the excavation certain individuals decided to “return” amorphous fragments of
pottery that they had carried off years ago.
It did not take long for the archaeologists and the team to be welcomed by the
local community and invited to participate and collaborate in local festivities.
This affection was expressed during the excavation by the offer of the locals of
ice cream and soft drinks, and an invitation at the end of the excavation to a
tasting of local specialties. Other local artists offered gifts with representations
of regional archaeological elements. An example is a copy of a stone bearing a
carved geometric pattern unearthed in one of the excavation’s domestic spaces.
This representation has since become the site’s symbol and represents the real
process of appropriation of the site by the local population.
Local involvement was also manifested by participation in the presentation
of the excavation’s preliminary results. This was through the two photographic
exhibitions mentioned above (2D and 3D), a flamenco recital and a tasting
of local craft beer. The photography exhibitions were also later transported
by the photographers themselves for a conference held at the Archaeological
Museum of Almería where they were accompanied by a video summarising the
excavation.
In this case, the project also benefitted from the support of the local, regional
and national media, as well as the press director of the City Council. Contacts
were also made with members of the local English radio to maintain the English
residents informed of the progress of the excavation and other activities.
In what concerns tourism, the guides of the local office were trained so as to
offer accurate historical information when hosting visits to Mojácar.
A second survey was carried out upon completion of the excavation in
order to assess and determine what improvements could be applied for the
subsequent excavation (Campaign II). The results were clear: the model of local
community participation was very widely accepted encouraging the members
of the project to continue working, as one stated, “with the same sensitivity,
404 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

respect and enthusiasm”. A unanimous agreement among all the Town Hall’s
political parties was reached supporting the continuity of the Mojácar La
Vieja excavation. Over the subsequent months, in addition to presentations,
its members continued to disseminate information through the internet and
social media. Invitations were offered during the school year to participate
in the Culture Week at the Mojácar school, presenting the excavation and
offering a guided tour to the secondary school students. A gaming project
was also developed with high school students within the PIIISA program by
reconstructing Mojácar la Vieja with the video game Minecraft.

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, Internally or Quantitative Qualitative evidence
methods and externally deployed evidence, units or observable change
techniques staff and resource of “product”
or “service”
Stakeholder mapping 1 archaeologist 38 Many stakeholders At the outset of the
and 1 worker of shut down their excavation
Identify the different the Tourist Office activity in the
stakeholders and summer.
adapt activities to At the end of
their interests the campaign an
association wants to
Meetings for contribute a small
consultations, amount of money for
interviews, visual posters.
analyses, online
searches
Stakeholder meetings 6 archaeologists 15 The months prior
to the excavation
Themes related to the and during the
excavation excavation

Informative meetings,
interviews, community
forums
Presentations and 6 archaeologists 130 assistants Great interest in the 3 presentations: 2
conferences and 50 for musealisation of in Mojácar and 1 in
its online features of the site. the Archaeological
Presentation of the retransmission Museum of Almería
preliminary results

Chats, community
forum
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 405

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, Internally or Quantitative Qualitative evidence
methods and externally deployed evidence, units or observable change
techniques staff and resource of “product”
or “service”
Studies of perceptions 1 archaeologist 220 surveys They allowed During the 2
identification of the weeks before the
Understand the community links and excavation
relation and opinion opinions of the site
of the local population and local heritage. During the 2 weeks
with and about the after the excavation
site

Visual analyses,
interviews,
questionnaires
Guided visits 2 archaeologists, 470 persons The last visits saw During the
2 members of the an increase in the excavation and
Explain the excavation local community, number of visitors. weekends with
and history of the 2 members of the The number had to programmed visits
territory Tourist Office be limited due to the
conditions of the
Visual analysis, terrain.
interviews,
photographic records
Engagement in 6 archaeologists, 26 persons Families were keen During the
the archaeological 2 members of the to participate with excavation
excavation Tourist Office young people to
learn and value local
Allow the population heritage.
to participate in 3 attended every
the study of the day throughout the
local archaeological month.
heritage

Visual analyses,
interviews,
photographic records
Archaeological pottery 2 archaeologists 58 persons Being an activity 2 sessions
workshops within the town
aroused a great
Offer information interest but the
about medieval number had to be
archaeological pottery limited by lack of
space.
Visual analyses,
interviews,
photographic records
406 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, Internally or Quantitative Qualitative evidence
methods and externally deployed evidence, units or observable change
techniques staff and resource of “product”
or “service”
Participatory mapping 2 archaeologists 10 persons Allowed recognising 1 session
archaeological
Identify potential sites elements that had
and heritage features disappeared from
the site.
Interviews, visual
analyses
Photo contest 1 archaeologist 166 photos The photography Throughout the
and 16 groups are on holiday whole excavation
Promote participation participants in the summer campaign
through social months. The greatest
networks and participation was that
encourage visits to of the students of the
the site excavation.

Photographic records,
statistics, audience,
interaction
Archaeological team The Town 36 Certain students July 25 “Night of
participation in Council and archaeologists did not understand the Candles”
popular events the Association the importance of
of Moors and collaborating and
Involvement and Christians getting involved in
collaboration in the town’s activities.
community activities

Visual analyses,
interviews, community
meetings
Educational activities 1 archaeologist 28 students 4 sessions

Teach and raise

awareness of
heritage and cultural
landscapes

Informative
meetings, interviews,
visual analyses,
questionnaires

Tourism 2 archaeologists 2 members of There is interest A pair of sessions

the Tourist on the part of the
Promote sustainable Office council of tourism to
tourism that respects invest and support
heritage heritage, for the
local population and
Informative meetings, family tourism.
interviews
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 407

Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology

ACTIVITIES INPUTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TIMESCALE

Category, aim, Internally or Quantitative Qualitative evidence
methods and externally deployed evidence, units or observable change
techniques staff and resource of “product”
or “service”
Conflict resolution 2 archaeologists 4 local Lack of knowledge Throughout all
residents of how to carry out of the excavation
Mediation of conflicts an archaeological process
related to heritage and excavation.
facilitating areas of
understanding

Discussion group,
community forum,
visual analyses,
analyses of groups
social networks,
questionnaires
Media impact 2 archaeologists 19 press They requested news Press releases were
articles, 2 and information to sent at the outset
Dissemination television publish. and end of the
of excavation features When we do not archaeological
information at directly send the campaign and for
regional and national press release, we the presentations.
levels cannot know which
approach the news
Statistics, audience, will be given.
number of media,
analyses of news
Audiovisual resources 2 archaeologists 2,598 viewings At the end of the
first excavation
Generate campaign
communication
resources

Statistics, audience,
interactions

Tab. 2. Measuring the impact of participatory practices in archaeology “Mojacar la Vieja”,

Mojácar – Almeria

4. Discussion

Public Archaeology englobes a wide framework of actions and a number of

different approaches. The perspective of the current intervention, as noted at the
outset of this paper, is a focus on local communities (Community Archaeology).
As members of a Biocultural Archaeology Laboratory, it is our task to attempt
408 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

to acquire an understanding of the historical relationships between humans and

the natural environment. The interest of our laboratory is to study the processes
of production and reproduction, as well as to identify the local knowledge and
practices developed over time between society and nature. But above all, we are
interested in acquiring knowledge of the mechanisms generating sustainability
and resilience of many traditional socio-ecosystems, and the local systems
of governance, management, participation, conflict resolution and strategies
that rendered them possible16. Hence, the central point of the action of the
MEMOLab study and our way of understanding the aim of archaeology focus
on the local communities. That is, the starting point is the local community
followed by designing the remaining aspects with the intention that our research
reverts back to the communities. Archaeology thus also becomes a tool for
social intervention with a real impact that attempts to assist in improving the
population’s reality, through, for example, empowerment or attempting to
convince the administration to take these rural realities into account17.
The first question to discuss is that of the understanding of the community
itself18. Who forms it? Can one mean a single local community or several
coexisting communities that simultaneously overlap? It is not the intention
of this paper to engage in a theoretical or methodological disquisition, as it
has also not, as noted in the introduction, attempted to define the concepts of
Public and Community Archaeology. But as in the first case, we are interested
in at least raising the issue and outlining our perspective. It is our view that
communities correspond, in the first place, to the individuals of a certain
locality. That is, to the community of local residents, whether permanent or
not, who share a territory, landscape, space and identity. This does not imply
homogeneity. Communities, in fact, are characterised, among other things, by
their heterogeneity and dynamism. It is not possible to pretend to face and
interact with homogeneous groups that do not evolve over time. Their interests,
circumstances and members change. Moreover, there are many communities
within each community, that is, groups or sectors organise or identify themselves
with certain specific aspects. There are, for example, communities of irrigators,
farmers and herders; women; children; adolescents; neorurals or foreigners;
elderly; tertiary sector workers (especially tourism); part-time residents, etc.
Among these communities within the larger community there are also overlaps
so that one can belong simultaneously to one or several sectors depending on
their circumstances. People can even change over time. All this and many others
fall into this normalcy. Understanding the type of social context is essential,
although at times the learning process relies on one’s own practice. Not all
sectors reveal the same interest in what can be offered. And not all bear the

16 Toledo, Barrera 2008.

17 Delgado Anés 2017.
18 Álvaro 2010; Gertenchach et al. 2010; de Marinis 2010 and 2013.
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 409

same level of dynamics. There are even those that consider archaeological
research useless and negative.
The starting point is therefore that of an inclusive, open, complex and
dynamic community comprising different actors characterised by a diversity of
approaches and interests. The project may thus be oriented to a collaboration
with the whole community in general yet, at the same time, be focused on
certain particular sectors. Each will have to be treated differently. Moreover,
certain sectors may also act as dynamisers or motors of alternate segments of
the population or others bearing different profiles. The strategy adopted must
therefore be flexible, diversified and integrating.
With respect to the two case studies, the current research faced two different
rural realities as well as two different strategies (and two different phases of
the existence of the research team). Although this has led to different findings,
they bear many elements in common. In both cases, the assessment of each is
enormously positive in terms of the project’s capacity in generating a social
impact beyond the scientific results themselves. Both the quantitative and
qualitative results are very explicit in each case. The project has managed to
mobilise a significant section of the local population leading to attendance in
one or more scheduled activities and a following of the news in the press and
social networks. The response from local authorities and different associations,
collectives and stakeholders has likewise been magnificent as evidenced by a
significant change in the perception of heritage in general and of archaeology
in particular leading to a new relationship with the past. A significant change
is also perceived among the local administrations themselves reflected in their
sensitivity and strategies. Yet it is more difficult to determine if this will result
in an enduring change beyond completion of the project. The last issue is
fundamental and has to do with what is left behind when the interventions and
projects end, how future research will continue and what social dynamics the
project was able to put into place.
From the perspective of the intervention strategy, there is a fundamental
difference in terms of weight and the presence of participation throughout
the whole process. The archaeological interventions of each were open to the
public, both for visit and participation (although at Mojácar this aspect was
more highly stressed). However, as noted above, there was not a permanent
presence at the site of Lanteira of a specialist of Community Archaeology, and
throughout the different campaigns the performance of the team improved.
The strategy of participation and communication at Mojácar differed in that
it was planned since from the outset, and included a survey carried out prior
to the excavation to perceive the views of the local population. In this case,
the presence of the specialist was continuous and the intensity of the activities
much greater in encouraging involvement by the population. This represents
a qualitative leap (also quantitative in terms of effort and energy) leading to a
greater impact on the larger coastal touristic locality of Mojácar marked by a
very large contingent of foreign residents.
410 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

Research at the site of Lanteira, in turn, benefitted from prior complementary

landscape and agrarian systems (especially irrigation) research. This prior
work also allowed putting together a historical discourse that connected well
with the current social and economic reality and the relationship of the local
population with some of its most important elements of identity: the Sierra
Nevada Mountain range, the availability of snow and water and the irrigation
systems. The local and regional inhabitants identified with medieval vestiges of
the district of Lanteira. They identified the site as that of their ancestors who
developed the irrigation system and founded the town, despite the fact that
their predecessor were Muslims and belonged to a different culture. It is striking
that they requested a musealisation of the mosque, in addition to their curiosity
to learn more about the individuals unearthed in the cemeteries.
Mojácar, on the other hand, did not benefit from prior research. The
excavation stemmed from a municipal initiative that assumed, after our proposal,
a new orientation. The project, however, focused on the site, and in this case, it
has been necessary to build an a posteriori discourse, still in progress, about the
territory and the history of the town. However, in this case, the site was known
by the entire population and the hill where it is located has a strong identity for
local communities. In this case, the perception surveys carried out prior to the
excavation were key, because they publicised the project and determined the
interests and opinions of the locals, including the reluctance and strong criticism
of the role of the municipality in terms of its heritage. This information offered
the possibility to develop better strategies of communication and participation
that has yielded very positive results. Not only has the participation and the
evaluation been extremely favourable, but a general consensus was achieved
both in the social and political spheres. This is currently leading us to propose
a medium-term strategy allowing to continue maintaining an interest, attain
other sectors heretofore not involved, and achieve a lasting social change.
But the differences between each of the interventions are not due exclusively
to obvious factors such as the type of residents or the socioeconomic context.
There are other keys to take into account that have a great influence such as
the month chosen to carry out the excavations. This factor, in fact, conditions
the availability to participate or even the number of residents present in the
locality. Thus, scheduling the excavation in the summer allows the participation
of vacationers and emigrants who return to their home towns. This summer
months of the year, nonetheless, coincide with the school holidays and in the
case of coastal Mojácar the moment of an influx of tourists. There are many
other elements to take into account and not all can be controlled. Multiplying
the number of campaigns allows the introduction of corrective elements and
improvements. Yet what worked one year does not necessarily have the same
success the following year and vice versa. Not all factors can be known or
controlled. For this reason, one must also attempt to avoid falling into
frustration when certain activities are not successful or do not generate the
expected reaction.
 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY 411

In each case it is especially fruitful to collaborate directly with associations

and local groups. Little matters if these entities are of cultural, environmental
or collective ilk. Their common denominator is that they are already organised,
accustomed to carry out and arrange activities, and are concerned not only
at the personal level but also with the future of their town and region. The
same can be said of educational activities in schools. In this case the range of
possibilities is enormous, either working directly with them or combining the
action of local associations or groups with educational centres (participation of
the elderly, of irrigation communities…).
Each case also reveals a noteworthy difference that can be labelled as
an emotional dimension linked to the space occupied by the site. The space
occupied by the Lanteira site was an almond orchard devoid of any special
significance practically unknown to all the population. “Mojacar La Vieja”, by
contrast, has always been recognised as the place where the old Mojácar was
built in spite of the fact that its residents are unaware of its chronology and
cultural ascription. In addition, for many people the site occupies a space with
different types of interactions, feelings and symbolic implications, mainly due
to the shape of the hill and its location. It is even identified at times as a “magic
mountain” or a “spiritual place”.
However, despite this contrasting initial relationship with the sites, the
open and participatory approach adopted for the excavations has attained very
similar results: each community has developed a link with its heritage and with
its former populations and societies. The current populace, in fact, recognises
the populations that once inhabited the sites as their ancestors and founders of
their towns. In each case, they placed a high value on the possibility of visiting
and securing information at any time of the excavation’s progress and in some
way of participating in the work and in the investigation. This has generated, in
fact, more demand and greater curiosity. The change in perception in the case
of Mojácar is without a doubt astounding. The team of archaeologists was in
any case welcomed by each of the communities, inviting them to participate in
other activities such as local festivities.
Each case resulted in the development of a sense of belonging and
ownership of the site which led in social monitoring to prevent pillage and
deterioration, and in the demand by the local and regional administrations to
continue investigating and conserve and value the sites. The outcome is that
the excavation is perceived as something close, familiar and comprehensible. It
becomes a part of them, giving place to its integration as a space for enjoyment,
learning and even leisure. It has, in short, granted the residence the possibility
to approach archaeology itself not only with a certain fascination due to the
“discovery” aspect, but with curiosity and recognition for the scientific aspects
and its interpretation, but also for the questions of management, conservation
and musealisation. We are, therefore, convinced that opening our discipline
and our activity to residents has positive effects for heritage and archaeology
412 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

itself, and above all, for social, cultural and economic development of the areas
and the communities with and for which we work.

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pdf/52.pdf>, 08.27.2019.
Delgado Anés L. (2017), Gestión, comunicación y participación social en los
paisajes culturales de Andalucía: El caso del Proyecto MEMOLA, Granada:
Universidad de Granada, <http://hdl.handle.net/10481/47164>, 08.27.2019.
Delgado Anés, L., Martín Civantos, J.M. (2016), El museo-territorio entre la
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414 LARA DELGADO ANÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA MARTÍN CIVANTOS

Appendix

Fig. 1. Archaeological pottery workshop (Photo: P. Romero Pellitero)

Fig. 2. Theatrical guided visit (Photo: L. Delgado Anés)

 JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism
University of Macerata

Direttore / Editor in-chief

Pietro Petraroia

Texts by
Francesca Amirante, Nadia Barrella, Kristin M. Barry,
Gian Pietro Brogiolo, Jean-Michel Bruffaerts,
Giuliana Calcani, Mara Cerquetti, Alexandra Chavarría Arnau,
Sandra Costa, Lara Delgado Anés, Caterina De Vivo,
Patrizia Dragoni, Raffaella Fontanarossa, Elisabetta Giorgi,
Luca Luppino, Massimo Maiorino, Samanta Mariotti,
Nina Marotta, José María Martín Civantos, Carolina Megale,
Lucia Molino, Stefano Monti, Maria Luigia Pagliani, Caterina Paparello,
Chiara Piva, Francesco Ripanti, Federica Maria Chiara Santagati,
Ludovico Solima, Emanuela Stortoni, Giuliano Volpe, Enrico Zanini

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