Machine Design

Tutorials
Spring/Summer 2021
May 27th - Week 4
DGD4
Problem 1
A solid round bar, 25 mm in diameter, has a groove 2.5 mm deep with a 2.5 mm
radius machined into it. The bar is made of AISI 1020 normalized steel and is
subjected to a purely reversing torque of 130 Nm
(a) Estimate the number of cycles to failure
(b) If the bar is also placed in an environment with a temperature of 500°C,
estimate the number of cycles to failure

2.5 mm

20 mm 25 mm
Problem 1
A solid round bar, 25 mm in diameter, has a groove 2.5 mm deep with a 2.5 mm
radius machined into it. The bar is made of AISI 1020 normalized steel and is
subjected to a purely reversing torque of 130 Nm
(a) Estimate the number of cycles to failure

• We have torsion only, not reversed bending like in the classic S-N curve

• Equations will have to be adapted for torsion

𝜎𝑎 → 𝜏𝑎 𝑆𝑢 → 𝑆𝑠𝑢 𝐾𝑓 → 𝐾𝑓𝑠
(a) Estimate the number of cycles to failure 𝑆𝑢 = 441.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (from Appendix C-4a)

Endurance Limit, 𝑺′𝒏 (find eqs. on pg. 317 in J&M txtbk)

𝑆𝑛′ = 0.5 𝑆𝑢 = 220 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Estimated Endurance Limit 𝑺𝒏 (see pg. 325 in J&M txtbk)

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛′ 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑅

→Using Table 8.1a, in torsion to find 𝐶𝐿 , 𝐶𝐺 , 𝐶𝑇 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑅 , and Figure 8.13 to find 𝐶𝑆
𝑆𝑛 = 220 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.58 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 = 92 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Estimated 𝟏𝟎𝟑 - Cycle Strength 𝑺𝟏𝟎𝟑 (see pg. 325 in J&M txtbk)

→Using Table 8.1b and Figure 8.11 in torsion

𝑆103 = 0.72𝑆𝑢 𝐶𝑇 = 0.72 441.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1.0 = 318 𝑀𝑃𝑎

(a) Estimate the number of cycles to failure – cont.

Stress Concentration Factor in Shear and Fatigue, 𝑲𝒇𝒔

𝑟 2.5 𝐷 25
= = 0.125 = = 1.25
𝑑 20 𝑑 20

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 4.36 𝑐

𝐾𝑡𝑠 ≅ 1.4
(a) Estimate the number of cycles to failure – cont.

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 8.24 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑢 = 64 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑞𝑠 ≅ 0.8

𝐾𝑓𝑠 = 1 + 𝑞𝑠 𝐾𝑡𝑠 − 1

= 1 + 0.8 1.4 − 1 = 1.32

(a) Estimate the number of cycles to failure – cont.

Alternating Shear Stress, 𝝉𝒂

16𝐾𝑓𝑠 𝑇 16(1.32)(130) 6 𝑃𝑎 = 109 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏𝑎 = = = 109 ∗ 10
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋 20 ∗ 10−3 3

2
1 𝑆𝑛 𝑆10 3
log(𝜏𝑎 ) = log log(𝑁) + log Equation I.2 from pg. 883 in J&M txtbk
3 𝑆103 𝑆𝑛

2
𝑆10 3
318 ∗ 106 2
3 log 𝜏𝑎 − log 𝑆 3 log 109 ∗ 106 − log
𝑛 92 ∗ 106
log(𝑁) = = = 5.5899
𝑆 92 ∗ 106
log 𝑆 𝑛3 log
10 318 ∗ 106

𝑁 = 105.5899 → 𝑁 = 388,955 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

(b) If the bar is also placed in an environment with a temperature of 500°C,
estimate the number of cycles to failure
(500°C = 932°F)
Estimated Endurance Limit 𝑺𝒏 (see pg. 325 in J&M txtbk)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛′ 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑅

Using Table 8.1a, in torsion to find 𝐶𝐿 , 𝐶𝐺 , 𝐶𝑇 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑅 , and Figure 8.13 to find 𝐶𝑆

𝐶𝑇 = 1 − (0.0032𝑇 − 2.688) * T is temperature in °F here

𝑆𝑛 = 220 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.58 0.9 0.8 [1 − (0.0032(932) − 2.688)] 1.0 = 65 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Estimated 𝟏𝟎𝟑 - Cycle Strength 𝑺𝟏𝟎𝟑 (see pg. 325 in J&M txtbk)

Using Table 8.1b and Figure 8.11 in torsion

𝑆103 = 0.72𝑆𝑢 𝐶𝑇 = 0.72 441.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 [1 − (0.0032(932) − 2.688)] = 224 𝑀𝑃𝑎

(b) If the bar is also placed in an environment with a temperature of 500°C,
estimate the number of cycles to failure – contd.

2
𝑆10 3
224 ∗ 106 2
3 log 𝜏𝑎 − log 𝑆 3 log 109 ∗ 106 − log
𝑛 65 ∗ 106
log(𝑁) = = = 4.7465
𝑆 65 ∗ 106
log 𝑆 𝑛3 log
10 224 ∗ 106

𝑁 = 104.7465 → 𝑁 = 55,783 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

Higher temperature =
less cycles before failure!
Problem 2
A bar of steel has the minimum properties:
𝑆𝑛 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑦 = 413 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑢 = 551 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The bar is subjected to a steady torsional stress of 103 MPa and an

alternating bending stress of 172 MPa. Find the factor of safety
guarding against a fatigue failure according to the
(a) Langer criterion (yielding)
(b)The modified Goodman criterion
Equivalent Stresses in the Langer and Modified Goodman Criteria

Equivalent Alternating (𝜎𝑒𝑎 ) and Equivalent Mean Stresses (𝜎𝑒𝑚 )

Used in cases where both normal and shear stresses are experienced in a part due to combined
external loading

Equivalent Alternating Stress Equivalent Mean Stress:

𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑚 2
𝜎𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎𝑎2 + 3𝜏𝑎2 𝜎𝑒𝑚 = 2
+ 𝜏𝑚 +
2 2

Langer Criterion Modified Goodman Criterion

(for yielding) (for fatigue)

𝜎𝑒𝑎 𝜎𝑒𝑚 1 𝜎𝑒𝑎 𝜎𝑒𝑚 1

+ = + =
𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦 𝑛 𝑆𝑛 𝑆𝑢 𝑛
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐬 (see Table 8.2 on pg. 327 in J&M txtbk)

From the problem:

Equivalent Alternating Stress 𝜎𝑎 = 172 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑚 = 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎𝑎2 + 3𝜏𝑎2
𝜏𝑎 = 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑒𝑎 = 1722 +3 0 2 → 𝜎𝑒𝑎 = 172 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏𝑚 = 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Equivalent Mean Stress

𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑚 2
2
𝜎𝑒𝑚 = + 𝜏𝑚 +
2 2

2
0 0
𝜎𝑒𝑚 = + 1032 + → 𝜎𝑒𝑚 = 103 MPa
2 2
a) Langer Criterion (Yield Line) b) Modified Goodman Criterion

𝜎𝑒𝑎 𝜎𝑒𝑚 1 𝜎𝑒𝑎 𝜎𝑒𝑚 1

+ = + =
𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦 𝑛 𝑆𝑛 𝑆𝑢 𝑛

172 103 1 172 103 1

+ = + =
413 413 𝑛 276 551 𝑛

𝑛 = 1.49 𝑛 = 1.23
Problem 3
The figure is a drawing of a 3x18 mm latching spring. A preload is introduced
in the mechanism so that the reference position for the latch as shown in the
figure already has an initial deflection of 2 mm. The latching operation itself
requires an additional deflection of exactly 4 mm. The material is ground
high-carbon steel, bent then hardened and tempered to a minimum hardness
of 490Bhn. Its yield strength is 90% of the ultimate strength and the inner
radius of the bend is 3 mm. 𝐹
(a) Find the maximum and minimum 100
𝐴
latching forces.
(b) Is it likely the spring will fail to fatigue? 𝐴

Use modified Goodman criterion 18

or other criterion as needed.

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3
𝐴−𝐴
(a) Find the maximum and minimum latching forces

• Use deflection equation for loading case given to find 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛
(a) Find the maximum and minimum latching forces – cont.

𝐹𝐿3 3𝐸𝐼𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
3𝐸𝐼 𝐿3

✓ 𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝑚𝑚 → 2𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ✓ 𝐿 = 100 𝑚𝑚

✓ 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6 𝑚𝑚 → (2𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ✓ 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 = 207 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Appendix C-1, Juvinall Marshek)
4𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝑏ℎ3 18∙33
✓ 𝐼= = = 40.5 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

3𝐸𝐼𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 3 207 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 40.5 𝑚𝑚4 2 𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 50.30 𝑁 ANS.
𝐿3 (100 𝑚𝑚)3

3𝐸𝐼𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 207 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 40.5 𝑚𝑚4 6 𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 150.90 𝑁
𝐿3 (100 𝑚𝑚)3 ANS.
(b) Is it likely the spring will fail to fatigue? Use modified Goodman criterion or other
criterion as needed

Modified Goodman Criterion

Graphically… 𝜎𝑎

𝑆𝑦
Yield Line
Finite Life Finite Life

𝑆𝑛 Yielding

Fatigue

Infinite life Modified Goodman Line

𝜎𝑚
−𝑆𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑦𝑐 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑢
(b) Is it likely the spring will fail to fatigue? Use modified Goodman criterion or other
criterion as needed 𝐹
100
𝐴

𝐴
1. Identify critical section and beam type
18
• Critical section = bent section
➢ Bending moment is greatest here 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝐴−𝐴
• Beam type = curved beam with rectangular x-section

2. Find 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏

• Normal stress (bending and axial) 4. Find strengths
• Determine for both inner and outer radius of beam • 𝑆𝑢 = 500HB
𝐹 𝑀𝑐 • 𝑆𝑛′ = 0.5𝑆𝑢
• 𝜎=± ±
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟 • 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛′ 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑅
• 𝑆𝑦 = 0.9𝑆𝑢 (as per problem)
3. Find 𝝈𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒎
𝜎 −𝜎
• 𝜎𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 5. Find safety factor
2
1 𝜎 𝜎
• = 𝑎+ 𝑚
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑆𝑛 𝑆𝑢
• 𝜎𝑚 = • or find graphically
2
Finding 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 :

Curved beam with rectangular cross section, subject to

axial and bending stress (combined loading) 100 𝑚𝑚 𝐹

3 𝑚𝑚
𝐹 𝑀𝑐 3 𝑚𝑚
𝜎= +
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟
𝑀 = 101.5 ∙ 𝐹
𝐹
Axial Bending

Stress at inner radius: Stress at outer radius:

𝐹 𝑀𝑐𝑖 𝐹 𝑀𝑐𝑜
𝜎𝑖 = − − 𝜎𝑜 = − +
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑖 𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑜

Compressive axial Compressive axial Tensile bending

and bending stress stress stress
Finding 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 cont.

𝐹 𝑀𝑐
𝜎= +
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟

First, find geometrical parameters needed for curved beam term:

ℎ 3 𝑚𝑚
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑛 = = = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝑟𝑜 6 𝑚𝑚
ln ln
𝑟𝑖 3 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 = 3 𝑚𝑚 18 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖 (6 + 3) 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑐 = = = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2 2

𝑒 = 𝑟𝑐 − 𝑟𝑛 = 4.5 − 4.33 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎
Finding 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 cont.

Stress at inner radius: Stress at outer radius:

𝑭 𝑴𝒄𝒊 𝑭 𝑴𝒄𝒐
𝝈𝒊 = − − 𝝈𝒐 = − +
𝑨 𝑨𝒆𝒓𝒊 𝑨 𝑨𝒆𝒓𝒐

𝐹 101.5𝐹 1.5 − 0.17 𝑚𝑚 𝐹 101.5𝐹 1.5 + 0.17 𝑚𝑚

𝜎𝑖 = − − 𝜎𝑜 = − +
54 𝑚𝑚2 (54𝑚𝑚2 )(0.17 𝑚𝑚)(3 𝑚𝑚) 54 𝑚𝑚2 (54𝑚𝑚2 )(0.17 𝑚𝑚)(6 𝑚𝑚)

𝜎𝑖 = −4.92 𝐹 𝜎𝑜 = 3.06 𝐹

Recall From part a) we found 𝑭𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑵 and 𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑵

mm and N
gives MPa

𝜎𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −4.92 150 𝑁 = −𝟕𝟑𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜎𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.06 150 𝑁 = 𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝜎𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −4.92 50 𝑁 = −𝟐𝟒𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜎𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3.06 50 𝑁 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Finding 𝝈𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒎 (alternating and mean stress)

Alternating Stress Mean Stress

or stress amplitude ( > 0) or midrange stress (±)

𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 =
2 2

For inner radius: For outer radius:

−738 − (−246) 459 − 153

(𝜎𝑖 )𝑎 = = 246 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝜎𝑜 )𝑎 = = 153 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2

−738 − 246 459 + 153

(𝜎𝑖 )𝑚 = = −492 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝜎𝑜 )𝑚 = = 306 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
Finding Strengths: 𝑺𝒖 𝑺′𝒏 𝑺𝒏 𝑺𝒚

From the problem statement:

“The material is ground high-carbon steel, bent then hardened and tempered to a minimum
hardness of 490Bhn. Its yield strength is 90% of the ultimate strength”

Ultimate Strength, 𝑺𝒖
𝑆𝑢 = 𝐾𝐵 HB
→ 𝐾𝐵 ≅ 500
6894.76 𝑃𝑎 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑢 = 500 490 = 245,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 × × 6 = 1,689 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 10 𝑃𝑎

Endurance Limit, 𝑺′𝒏 (find eqs. on txbk pg 317 J&M)

𝑆𝑛′ = 0.5𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑛′ ≈ 1.73 ∙ 𝐵ℎ𝑛 1.73 490 = 848 𝑀𝑃𝑎

or can use…
𝑆𝑛′ = 0.5 1,689 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 845 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Not as accurate
Finding Strengths: 𝑺𝒖 𝑺′𝒏 𝑺𝒏 𝑺𝒚

From the problem statement:

“The material is ground high-carbon steel, bent then hardened and tempered to a minimum
hardness of 490Bhn. Its yield strength is 90% of the ultimate strength”

Estimated Endurance Limit 𝑺𝒏 (see pg. 325 in J&M txtbk)

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛′ 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑅
Using Table 8.1, in bending to find 𝐶𝐿 , 𝐶𝐺 , 𝐶𝑇 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑅 , and Figure 8.13 to find 𝐶𝑆

𝑆𝑛 = 845 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1.0 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.0 = 456 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Yield Strength, 𝑺𝒚

𝑆𝑦 = 0.9𝑆𝑢 (as per problem)

𝑆𝑦 = 0.9 1,689 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1,520 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Finding safety factor:
Inner radius

“A preload is introduced in the mechanism so that the

reference position for the latch as shown in the figure 𝜎𝑎 (MPa)
already has an initial deflection of 2mm”
→ Load line won’t start at origin
→ Preload is due to constant force
• 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 50𝑁
𝑆𝑦 = 1520
→ From stress equations
• 𝜎𝑖 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = −4.92 50 𝑁 = −246 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Yield Failure
𝑆𝑛 = 456

Fatigue Failure
(𝜎𝑖 )𝑎 = 246
𝜎𝑚 (MPa)

𝑆𝑦𝑐 = −1520 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑚 = −492 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = −246 𝑆𝑦 = 1520 𝑆𝑢 = 1689

Accurately plotted for visualization:
Inner radius 𝝈𝒂

Load Line:
𝜎𝑎 = −𝜎𝑚 − 246

Yield Line (+ve)

𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 + 1520

Yield Line (-ve) 𝝈𝒎

𝜎𝑎 = −𝜎𝑚 + 1520

Modified Goodman Line

456
𝜎𝑎 = − 𝜎 + 456
1689 𝑚
Modified Goodman Line cont.
𝜎𝑎 = 456
Finding safety factor:
Inner radius

Need to find intersections for safety factor

𝜎𝑎 (MPa)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
n𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = n𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒 =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵

Load Line: 𝑆𝑦 = 1520

𝜎𝑎 = −𝜎𝑚 − 246 Yield Intersection:
𝜎𝑎 = 637 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Yield Line:
𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 + 1520 𝜎𝑚 = −883 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐷
Load Line: 𝐶 𝑆𝑛 = 456
𝜎𝑎 = −𝜎𝑚 − 246 Fatigue Intersection:
𝜎𝑎 = 456 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐵
Goodman Line: (𝜎𝑖 )𝑎 = 246
𝜎𝑚 = −702 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 + 1520 𝜎𝑚 (MPa)
𝐴
.
𝑆𝑦𝑐 = −1520 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑚 = −492 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = −246 𝑆𝑦 = 1520 𝑆𝑢 = 1689
Finding safety factor:
Inner radius
For our specific
problem, we care 𝝈𝒂 (MPa)
Safety Factor for Yielding:
mostly about the
alternating stresses –
Yield Intersection:
we predict to find
𝜎𝑎 = 637 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜎𝑚 = −883 𝑀𝑃𝑎 most variation here.
Therefore, we design 𝑆𝑦 = 1520
based on this axis
(𝜎𝑝𝑛𝑡 𝐷 )𝑎 637 (for this problem!)
𝑛= = = 2.59 ≈ 2.6 ANS
(𝜎𝑖 )𝑎 246

𝐷 𝜎𝑝𝑛𝑡 𝐷 = 637
Safety Factor for Fatigue:
𝐶 𝑆𝑛 = 456
Fatigue Intersection:
𝜎𝑎 = 456 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜎𝑚 = −702 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐵
(𝜎𝑖 )𝑎 = 246
(𝜎𝑝𝑛𝑡 𝐶 )𝑎 456 𝐴
𝑛= = = 1.85 ≈ 1.9 ANS .
(𝜎𝑖 )𝑎 246 𝑆𝑦𝑐 = −1520 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑚 = −492 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = −246
Finding safety factor:
Outer radius

“A preload is introduced in the mechanism so that the

reference position for the latch as shown in the figure 𝝈𝒂 (MPa)
already has an initial deflection of 2mm”
→ Load line won’t start at origin
→ Preload is due to constant force
• 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 50𝑁
𝑆𝑦 = 1520
→ From stress equations
• 𝜎𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 3.06 50 𝑁 = 153 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Yield
𝑆𝑛 = 456
𝐷
Fatigue Failure
𝐶

(𝜎𝑜 )𝑎 = 153
𝐵
𝝈𝒎
𝐴 (MPa)
𝑆𝑦𝑐 = −1520 (𝜎𝑖 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝜎𝑜 )𝑚 = 306 𝑆𝑦 = 1520 𝑆𝑢 = 1689
= 153
Accurately plotted for visualization:
Outer radius 𝝈𝒂

Load Line:
𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 − 153

Yield Line (+ve)

𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 + 1520

Yield Line (-ve) 𝝈𝒎

𝜎𝑎 = −𝜎𝑚 + 1520

Modified Goodman Line

456
𝜎𝑎 = − 𝜎 + 456
1689 𝑚
Modified Goodman Line cont.
𝜎𝑎 = 456
Finding safety factor:
Outer radius

Need to find intersections for safety factor

𝝈𝒂 (MPa)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
n𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = n𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒 =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵

Load Line: 𝑆𝑦 = 1520

𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 −153 Yield Intersection (PNT D)
𝜎𝑎 = 684 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Yield Line:
𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 + 1520 𝜎𝑚 = 837 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Yield
𝑆𝑛 = 456

Load Line: 𝐷
𝜎𝑎 = −𝜎𝑚 − 246 Fatigue Intersection (PNT C) Fatigue Failure
𝐶
𝜎𝑎 = 327 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Goodman Line: 𝐵
𝜎𝑚 = 480𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝜎𝑜 )𝑎 = 153 𝝈𝒎
𝜎𝑎 = 𝜎𝑚 + 1520
𝐴 (MPa)
(𝜎𝑖 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝜎𝑜 )𝑚 = 306 𝑆𝑦 = 1520 𝑆𝑢 = 1689
= 153
Finding safety factor: Same as the inner radius
Outer radius analysis, we predict to have
alternating stress be the
more extreme variable. So
Safety Factor for Yielding: designing based on 𝝈𝒂 (MPa)
alternating stress
Yield Intersection: (predicting mean stress will
𝜎𝑎 = 684 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜎𝑚 = 837 𝑀𝑃𝑎 not vary too significantly
based on given conditions)
𝑆𝑦 = 1520
(𝜎𝑝𝑛𝑡 𝐷 )𝑎 684
𝑛= = = 4.47 ≈ 4.5 ANS
(𝜎𝑜 )𝑎 153

Yield
Safety Factor for Fatigue: failure

𝑆𝑛 = 456 𝐷
Fatigue Intersection:
𝜎𝑎 = 327 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜎𝑚 = 480 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐶 Fatigue Failure
(𝜎𝑜 )𝑎 𝐵
(𝜎𝑝𝑛𝑡 𝐶 )𝑎 327 = 153 𝝈𝒎
𝑛= = = 2.14 ≈ 2.1 ANS 𝐴 (MPa)
(𝜎𝑜 )𝑎 153
(𝜎𝑖 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝜎𝑜 )𝑚 = 306 𝑆𝑦 = 1520 𝑆𝑢 = 1689
= 153
Inner Radius: Outer Radius:

Safety Factor for Yielding: Safety Factor for Yielding:

n=2.6 n=4.5

Safety Factor for Fatigue: Safety Factor for Fatigue:

n=1.9 n=2.1
See you next
week!