Stimuli

Stimuli
 The senses that evoke responses in organisms are called stimuli
Internal stimuli External stimuli

Hunger Taste
Thirst Touch
Receptors
 Receptors are specialized cells in the sense organs and other parts of the body to receive
stimuli
Neuron
 Neuron or nerve cell is the basic structural unit of the nervous system
Myelin sheath
 Myelin sheath in the nerves is formed of Schwann cells.

 Myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord is formed of specialized cells called
oligodendrocytes.
 The myelin sheath has a shiny white colour.
 The part of the brain and the spinal cord where myelinated nerve cells are present in
abundance is called white matter and the part where non-myelinated nerves cells are
present is called grey matter.
Functions
 provide nutrients and oxygen to the axon

 accelerate impulse
 act as an electric insulator
 protect the axon from external shocks
Generation and Transmission of Impulses
 The outer surface of the plasma membrane of the neuron is positively charged and the inner
surface is negatively charged.
 When stimulated, the distribution of ions in that particular part changes and hence the inner
surface becomes positively charged and the outer surface becomes negatively charged
 This momentary charge difference stimulates its adjacent parts
 As this process proceeds, impulses get transmitted as electric charges.
 Impulses are messages transmitted through the neurons.
Synapse
 Synapse is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle cell or a neuron and
a glandular cell.
 Synapse helps to regulate the speed and direction of impulses
 When electric impulses from the axon reach the synaptic knob, neurotransmitters are
secreted from there to the synaptic cleft. They stimulate the adjacent dendrite or cell and
new electric impulses are generated.
 Acetylcholine and dopamine are examples of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters
 Neurotransmitters are chemical substances secreted from synaptic knob to the synaptic
cleft.
 Acetylcholine and dopamine are examples of neurotransmitters.
various parts of the body.

Types of Neuron
Brain and spinal cord .
Sensory Neuron
Neuron neuron
Brain and spinal cord

Motor Neuron various parts of the body.
Impulse Dendrite Dendron Cell body Axon Axonite
Dendrite of adjacent Synapse Synaptic knob Axonite

neuron
Types of Nerve
carries impulses from various parts of the

Sensory nerve body to the brain and the spinal cord.
carries impulses from brain and spinal

Nerve
Motor nerve cord to various parts of the body
carries impulses to and from the brain

Mixed nerve and spinal cord
Nervous system
Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system
Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves spinal nerves

(31pair)
(12 pair)
Brain
 Skull – Hard bony covering

 Meninges – 3 layered membranes
Cerebro spinal fluid (CSF)
 Filled in membranes of meninges and ventricles of brain.
Functions
 Provide O2 and nutrients to the tissues of brain

 Regulates pressure inside the brain
 Protect the brain from injuries
Spinal cord
 It is the continuation of the medulla oblongata.

 white matter is seen outside and grey matter is seen inside
Protection
 Vertebral column
 Covering of meninges
 CSF is filled in the membranes of meninges and central canal.
Function
 Coordinates rapid and repeated movements during running and walking.

Reflex actions.
 The accidental and involuntary responses towards stimuli are called reflex actions.
Reflex actions.
Spinal reflex Cerebral reflex
The reflex controlled by the spinal cord The reflex controlled by the brain
Eg :- ⦁ Leg withdraw when we stepped upon a thorn Eg :- ⦁ Blinking of eye when light suddenly falls on eye
Reflex arc
 Reflex arc is the pathway of impulses in the reflex action
Receptor Sensory neuron
Related muscle Motor neuron Interneuron neuron
Autonomous nervous system
The autonomous nervous system, a part of peripheral nervous system controls the activities of
different organs beyond the conscious level. The sympathetic system and parasympathetic system
together form autonomous nervous system.
Nervous system
Central nervous Peripheral nervous

system system
Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

(12 pair) (31 pair)

Stimuli

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Stimuli

 The senses that evoke responses in organisms are called stimuli

Internal stimuli External stimuli

 Myelin sheath in the nerves is formed of Schwann cells.

 provide nutrients and oxygen to the axon

Generation and Transmission of Impulses

various parts of the body.

Brain and spinal cord

Impulse Dendrite Dendron Cell body Axon Axonite

Dendrite of adjacent Synapse Synaptic knob Axonite

carries impulses from various parts of the

carries impulses from brain and spinal

carries impulses to and from the brain

Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system

Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves spinal nerves

 Skull – Hard bony covering

Cerebro spinal fluid (CSF)

 Filled in membranes of meninges and ventricles of brain.

 Provide O2 and nutrients to the tissues of brain

 It is the continuation of the medulla oblongata.

 Coordinates rapid and repeated movements during running and walking.

Spinal reflex Cerebral reflex

 Reflex arc is the pathway of impulses in the reflex action

Receptor Sensory neuron

Related muscle Motor neuron Interneuron neuron

Autonomous nervous system

Central nervous Peripheral nervous

Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

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