Nervous Tissues Handouts
Nervous Tissues Handouts
Nervous Tissues Handouts
Nervous Tissues Handouts
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory input
Information gathered by sensory receptors
about internal and external changes
Integration
Interpretation of sensory input
Motor output
Activation of effector organs (muscles and
glands) produces a response
Divisions
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Integration and command center
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages
to and from the CNS
PNS CENTRAL
NERVOUS
Two functional divisions SYSTEM
Sensory (afferent) division brain
Somatic afferent fibers—convey
spinal
impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, cord
and joints axons of
sensory
Visceral afferent fibers—convey nerves motor nerves
impulses from visceral organs
Motor (efferent) division
Transmits impulses from the CNS to somatic
subdivision
effector organs (motor functions)
Motor Division of PNS
Somatic (voluntary) nervous system
Conscious control of skeletal muscles
autonomic
Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system (ANS) subdivision
Visceral motor nerve fibers (visceral
functions)
Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Two functional subdivisions
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic para-
sympathetic sympathetic
nerves
nerves
peripheral nervous system
Histology of Nervous Tissue
Two principal cell types Microglia
Neurons—excitable cells that transmit electrical Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes
signals Migrate toward injured neurons
Neuroglia (glial cells)—supporting cells: Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal
Astrocytes (CNS) debris
Microglia (CNS) Ependymal Cells
Ependymal cells (CNS) Range in shape from squamous to columnar
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) May be ciliated
Satellite cells (PNS) Line the central cavities of the brain and
Schwann cells (PNS) spinal column
Separate the CNS interstitial fluid from
Neuroglia in CNS the cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes
Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched Branched cells
glial cells Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming
Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and insulating myelin sheaths
capillaries
Support and brace neurons
Help determine capillary permeability
Guide migration of young neurons
Control the chemical environment
Participate in information processing in the
brain
Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells
Satellite cells
Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
Surround peripheral nerve fibers and form
myelin sheaths
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral
nerve fibers
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
Special characteristics:
Long‐lived ( 100 years or more)
Amitotic—with few exceptions
High metabolic rate—depends on continuous supply
of oxygen and glucose
Plasma membrane functions in:
Electrical signaling
Cell‐to‐cell interactions during development
Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)
Biosynthetic center of a neuron
Spherical nucleus with nucleolus
Well‐developed Golgi apparatus
Rough ER called Nissl bodies (chromatophilic
substance)
Axon hillock—cone‐shaped area from which axon
arises
Clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS
Processes
Dendrites and axons
Bundles of processes are called
Tracts in the CNS
Nerves in the PNS
The Axon
One axon per cell arising from the axon
hillock
Long axons (nerve fibers)
Occasional branches (axon collaterals)
Numerous terminal branches (telodendria)
Knoblike axon terminals (synaptic knobs or
boutons)
Secretory region of neuron
Release neurotransmitters to excite
or inhibit other cells
Axons: Function
Conducting region of a
neuron
Generates and transmits
nerve impulses (action
potentials) away from the
cell body
Molecules and organelles
are moved along axons by
motor molecules in two
directions:
Anterograde—toward axonal terminal
Examples: mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes
Retrograde—toward the cell body
Examples: organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, and bacterial toxins
Myelin Sheath
Segmented protein‐lipoid sheath around most long or
large‐diameter axons
It functions to:
Protect and electrically insulate the axon
Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
Myelin Sheaths in the PNS
Schwann cells wraps many times around the axon
Myelin sheath—concentric layers of Schwann
cell membrane
Neurilemma—peripheral bulge of Schwann cell
cytoplasm
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin sheath gaps between adjacent Schwann
cells
Sites where axon collaterals can emerge
Unmyelinated Axons
Thin nerve fibers are unmyelinated
One Schwann cell may incompletely enclose 15 or more unmyelinated
axons
Myelin Sheaths in the CNS
Formed by processes of oligodendrocytes, not the whole cells
Nodes of Ranvier are present
No neurilemma
Thinnest fibers are unmyelinated
White and Gray Matter
White matter
Dense collections of myelinated fibers
Gray matter
Mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
Structural Classification of Neurons
Three types:
Multipolar—1 axon and several dendrites
Most abundant
Motor neurons and interneurons
Bipolar—1 axon and 1 dendrite
Rare, e.g., retinal neurons
Unipolar (pseudounipolar)—single, short
process that has two branches:
Peripheral process—more distal
branch, often associated
with a sensory receptor
Central process—branch entering
the CNS
Functional Classification of Neurons
Three types:
Sensory (afferent)
Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS
Motor (efferent)
Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
Interneurons (association neurons)
Shuttle signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within the
CNS
Structure of a Nerve
Cordlike organ of the PNS
Bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by
connective tissue
Connective tissue coverings include:
Endoneurium—loose connective tissue that encloses axons
and their myelin sheaths
Perineurium—coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers
into fascicles
Epineurium—tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
Classification of Nerves
Most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers and somatic and autonomic (visceral) fibers
Pure sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) nerves are rare
Types of fibers in mixed nerves:
Somatic afferent and somatic efferent
Visceral afferent and visceral efferent
Peripheral nerves classified as cranial or spinal nerves
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Wallerian degeneration
Axon distal to injury degenerates
Schwann cells
Form path for new growth
Wrap new axon in myelin