Geodesy, Its Datum &

Projection
 Basic Geodesy
2

Geodetic Datum

Geoid
SCOPE
Ellipsoid

Coordinate System

Different Projection
 BASIC GEODESY

Greek “geodaisia ”, Geo – Earth & Daisia – dividing

 Deals with the measurement and representation

of Earth Shape.
 Technological developments allowing geodesy
to observe the Earth on global scales with high
accuracy.
 Determines the geometry, gravity field, earth
rotation and evolution and interrelation of
selected points on the earth surface.
Tool to define the shape & size of the earth

A point, line or surface used as a

reference in surveying & mapping.

 Vertical Datum
 Horizontal Datum

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 Vertical Datum
 Reference point, plane or surface.
 Zero surface.
 Measure elevations or height.

 Mean Sea Level

 Geoid
 Ellipsoid
 International Datum of 1985

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 Horizontal Datum
 Reference point on the surface.
 Measure the position on the earth.

 Ellipsoid
 World Geodetic System (WGS 1984)
 North American Datum (NAD 1983)
 Coordinate
 Global/ Geographic
 Local/Projected
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 Introduction to GIS

Geoid
 3 Dimensional Surface
of the earth
 Equipotential
Surface

 Density not uniform

 Heavy rock –
stronger attraction
Geoid Model

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 GEODETIC
ACTIVITIES

GEOID MODEL

185 3D GCP
Accuracy: 10-20 cm
GEODETIC ACTIVITIES TIDAL STATION
 Determination 0f Mean Established: 1993
Sea Level (MSL)

 And Fixation Of
Vertical Datum
MSL
High Tide Level

Data Records:
Every After 6 Sec
Mean Sea Level
3.478 m
Rangadia,
Chattogram

Low Tide Level

 Ellipsoidal Parameters
Reference
Real Earth

Semi-minor Axis (b)

Ellipsoid

6356752 m
Semi-major Axis (a)
6378137 m

(c) Flattening [f=(a-b)/a]: 1/298. (d) Eccentricity= [e2 = 1–a2/b2]

Reference ellipsoid Equatorial Polar Inverse
Where used
name radius (m) radius (m) flattening
Everest (1830) 6,377,299 6,356,098 300.8 India
Airy (1830) 6,377,563 6,356,256 299.3 Britain
Bessel (1841) 6,377,397 6,356,078 299.15 Europe, Japan
Clarke (1866) 6,378,206 6,356,583 294.97 North America
Clarke (1880) 6,378,249 6,356,514 293.46 France, Africa
Helmert (1906) 6,378,200 6,356,818 298.3 Egypt
International (1924) 6,378,388 6,356,911 297 Europe
Krassovsky (1940) 6,378,245 6,356,863 298.3 USSR, Russia
Australian National 6,378,160 6,356,774 298.25 Australia
South American 69 6,378,160 6,356,774 298.25 South America
WGS-72 (1972) 6,378,135 6,356,750 298.26 USA/DoD
GRS-80 (1979) 6,378,137 6,356,752 298.257 Global
WGS-84 (1984) 6,378,137 6,356,752 298.257 Global
IERS (2003) 6,378,136 6,356,752 298.256 Global (Nearly)
 Local vs Global
Reference Ellipsoid

GRS80 & WGS84 CLARKE 1866

Earth Mass Approximately

Center 236 meters

GEOID

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CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM & MAP PROJECTION
USED IN SOB
Before 1994 1994 - 2010 Present
(1:25K & 1:5K Map)
Ellipsoid Everest 1830 Everest 1830 WGS 84
(Everest (Everest
Adjusted 1937) Adjusted 1937)

Map Datum Kalianpur 1937 Gulshan 303 WGS 84

Map Lambert Transverse Transverse Mercator

Projection Conformal Mercator
Conic (LCC)
Map Grid Lambert Grid BUTM BUTM 2010
IIB
Unit of Grid Yard (Indian) Meter Meter
Co-ordinates
1 Indian Yard = 0.91439523m 1 Yard = 0.9144m
Simplified Concept of ITRF 00 vs. NAD 83

h83
h00 Earth’s
Surface

ITRF 00
Origin

NAD 83 Identically shaped ellipsoids (GRS-80)

Origin
a = 6,378,137.000 meters (semi-major axis)
1/f = 298.25722210088 (flattening)
 Topography, Geoid & different Ellipsoids

Ellipsoid 1

Ellipsoid 2

Ellipsoid 3
 Topography, Geoid & WGS-84 Ellipsoid

WGS-84 Ellipsoid

Geoid

17
World Geodetic System of
1984 (WGS 84) is the best
current global ellipsoid

6378137.0 m semi-major axis

6356752.3142 m semi-minor axis
Flattening: 1/298.257223
 WGS 1984
• Global & Worldwide

• Uses in most of the Survey, Fighting and RS Equipment.

• Mostly accurate (Global & regional level)

• Easily convertible to Local

• Pre-requisites for implementing the Flood Action Plan.

• Requirement for ICAO for international airports

POSITION IN EVERET 1830 & WGS84

E-W : 286m
N-S : 78m
Diagonal : 297m

Lat. 23°54ʹ Long. 90°12ʹ

 Projection
Transformation

Earth Globe Map

Peters
Projection
Globe distance Map distance
Earth distance Globe distance

Rendering of lat & lon graticule to rectangular coordinate system.

 CHARACTERISTICS
1. Area.
2. Shape.
Distortions
3. Scale/ Distant.
4. Direction.
5. Special characteristics.
6. Method of construction.
Map Projections
CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

North Pole

Equator

South Pole
MERCATOR PROJECTION
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
PROJECTION
MERCATOR PROJECTION
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Alabama is in UTM Zone 16

CONICAL PROJECTION

One Standard Two Standard

Albers Equal-Area Conic
Projection (1805)
 LAMBERT CONIC PROJECTION
(Northern Hemisphere)
Polar Axis North Standard
Central Meridian Parallel
South Standard
Parallel
Parallel of
Grid Origin
(Base Parallel)
ZENITHAL/AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION
180˚

90˚E
90˚W
90˚N

0˚
Stereographic Projection
EXAMPLE OF ZENITHAL/AZIMUTHAL
PROJECTION
 Projection Parameter
 Linear parameters
 False Easting.
 False Northing

 Angular parameters
 Azimuth.
 Central meridian/ Longitude of origin.
 Central parallel/Latitude of origin.
 False Northing
 Standard parallel 1 and standard parallel 2.
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM & MAP PROJECTION
USED IN SOB
Before 1994 1994 - 2010 Present
(1:25K & 1:5K Map)
Ellipsoid Everest 1830 Everest 1830 WGS 84
(Everest (Everest
Adjusted 1937) Adjusted 1937)

Map Datum Kalianpur 1937 Gulshan 303 WGS 84

Map Lambert Transverse Transverse Mercator

Projection Conformal Mercator
Conic (LCC)
Map Grid Lambert Grid BUTM BUTM 2010
IIB
Unit of Grid Yard (Indian) Meter Meter
Co-ordinates
1 Indian Yard = 0.91439523m 1 Yard = 0.9144m
Consideration:
 Extent.
 Location.
 Axis.
 No projection Mercator projection

2451 miles
3,142 miles

Peters Equal-Area Cylindrical projection Equidistant Conic (U.S.)

2,452 miles
2,238 miles
 Projections and Datums

• The datum forms the reference for the

projection, so...
– Maps in the same projection but different
datums will not overlay correctly
• Tens to hundreds of meters
– Maps in the same datum but different
projections will not overlay correctly
• Hundreds to thousands of meters.
 COORDINATE SYSTEM

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)

 GCS uses 3D spherical surface to the earth.
 Includes angular unit, prime meridian and datum.
 Point is referenced by longitude, latitude and Altitude in degree.
 Origin at the earth's center as (0,0,0)

Projected Coordinate System (PCS)

 PCS uses 2D surface on a flat sheet.
 Has constant lengths, angles and areas.
 Points are identified by x,y coordinates on a grid
 Origin at the grid center as (0,0)
Coordinate Systems

1. Cartesian / Geocentric
coordinates : X, Y, Z
2. Spherical / Geographical /
Geodetic coordinates : , , h
3. Plane / Rectangular coordinates : E, N
 Brief History
Dehra Dun
End Point
Karachi

 Surveying from Mughal and

Kalyanpur Triangulation Survey from British.

 Great Arc Triangulation Survey 1802-

1830.

 Everest 1830 Ellipsoid was defined.

Kolkata
 Kalyanpur was the was the origin.
Cape Comorin
Start Point
 GEODETIC ACTIVITIES – Cont.

NATIONAL
DATUM YARD
- Established: 1994
- Gulshan, Dhaka

Vertical Datum

Rangadia
 GEODETIC ACTIVITIES – Cont.
HORIZONTAL DATUM FIXATION

Tsukuba (Japan)
Wettzell
(Germany)
Horizontal Datum
Gulshan 303

IGS

Hartebeesthoek Yaragadee45
(South Africa) (Australia)
GEODETIC ACTIVITIES

Horizontal GCP Vertical GCP

1st Order (X,Y) – 278 1st Order - 741
2nd Order (X,Y) – 817 2nd Order - 1450
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM & MAP PROJECTION
USED IN SOB
Before 1994 1994 - 2010 Present
(1:25K & 1:5K Map)
Ellipsoid Everest 1830 Everest 1830 WGS 84
(Everest (Everest
Adjusted 1937) Adjusted 1937)

Map Datum Kalianpur 1937 Gulshan 303 WGS 84

Map Lambert Transverse Transverse Mercator

Projection Conformal Mercator
Conic (LCC)
Map Grid Lambert Grid BUTM BUTM 2010
IIB
Unit of Grid Yard (Indian) Meter Meter
Co-ordinates
1 Indian Yard = 0.91439523m 1 Yard = 0.9144m
Global vs. Local Geoid
 Height Difference of old and new MSL
3cm
4cm

20cm
40cm

48cm
30cm
The differences
35cm
between old MSL and
New MSL at several
points were found not
uniform.
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM & MAP PROJECTION
USED IN SOB
Before 1994 1994 - 2010 Present
(1:25K & 1:5K Map)
Ellipsoid Everest 1830 Everest 1830 WGS 84
(Everest (Everest
Adjusted 1937) Adjusted 1937)

Map Datum Kalianpur 1937 Gulshan 303 WGS 84

Map Lambert Transverse Transverse Mercator

Projection Conformal Mercator
Conic (LCC)
Map Grid Lambert Grid BUTM BUTM 2010
IIB
Unit of Grid Yard (Indian) Meter Meter
Co-ordinates
1 Indian Yard = 0.91439523m 1 Yard = 0.9144m
ORIGIN OF LAMBERT GRID IIB
90˚E

26˚N
FN: 10,00,000 yd

FE: 30,00,000 yd
 ORIGIN OF BUTM GRID
EVERET 1830
ADJUSTED 1937

CENTRAL MERIDIAN
90˚E

FALSE EASTING:
5,00,000 m 0˚N
FALSE NORTHING:
0m GRID ORIGIN
 ORIGIN OF BUTM-2010 GRID
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
90˚E

WGS84

FALSE EASTING:
5,00,000 m
0˚N
FALSE NORTHING:
0m GRID ORIGIN
ORIGIN OF BUTM & BUTM-2010 GRID

E-W : 284m
N-S : 263m
Diagonal : 387m
 UTM Grid, BUTM Grid & BUTM 2010 Grid

UTM Grid BUTM/BUTM 2010 Grid

Latitude of origin: 0° Latitude of origin: 0°

Longitude of origin: Central Meridian of Zone Longitude of origin: 90°
False Easting: 5,00,000 m False Easting: 5,00,000 m
False Northing: 0 m False Northing: 0 m
S. F. at Central Meridian: O.9996 S. F. at Central Meridian: O.9996
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM & MAP PROJECTION
USED IN SOB
Before 1994 1994 - 2010 Present
(1:25K & 1:5K Map)
Ellipsoid Everest 1830 Everest 1830 WGS 84
(Everest (Everest
Adjusted 1937) Adjusted 1937)

Map Datum Kalianpur 1937 Gulshan 303 WGS 84

Map Lambert Transverse Transverse Mercator

Projection Conformal Mercator
Conic (LCC)
Map Grid Lambert Grid BUTM BUTM 2010
IIB
Unit of Grid Yard (Indian) Meter Meter
Co-ordinates
1 Indian Yard = 0.91439523m 1 Yard = 0.9144m
 Lambert Grid Coordinate System
N
Projection: Lambert Conical
Conformal (LCC)
Latitude of Origin: 26 00 00.000
Longitude of Origin: 90 00 00.000
False Easting: 3000000 yds. (ind.)
False Northing: 1000000 yds. (ind.)
Scale Factor: 0.9987864077669903
(E=3000000)
(N=1000000)
26 E

Standerd Parallel 1: 23 09 28.17201

Datum: Indian Datum (Kalyanpur)
Standerd Parallel 2: 28 49 08.17762
Ellipsoid: Everest 1830
Linear Unit: Yard Indian (1 Ind.
Yard=0.91439523 m)
Semi-Major Axis:
6974310.5999999996 Yds. (Ind.)
Inverse Flattening:
90
300.80169999999998
 BUTM-2010 Coordinate System
N
Projection: Transverse Marketor
Latitude of Origin: 00 00 00.000
Longitude of Origin: 90 00 00.000
False Easting: 500000.00 m
False Northing: 00.00 m
Average Scale Factor: 0.9996
Linear Unit: m
00
E
(E=500000 m)
(N= 00.00 m)

Datum: Gulshan
Ellipsoid: WGS-84
Semi-Major Axis: m
Inverse Flattening:
90
THANK YOU