acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my English teacher Mr. Sakthi.G as
well as our principal Mr. Innaci Muthu who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic Migration.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents

and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.

Lastly, I like to thank all my supporters who have

motivated me to fulfill my project before the
timeline.
 certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled Migration
is authentic work under my supervision as part of
the CBSE curriculum of class 12th English and that
it is as per the guidelines issued by ‘CBSE’ to the
best of my knowledge the project is original and
bond fide work.
Under taken by Muhammed Shizin. A

Name of the English Teacher:

Mr. Sakthi.G

Teacher sign: Principal

sign:
 OBJective
This project is based on Migration inspired by
Homo erectus. The objectives of selecting this
topic are:
 Changing pattern of migration

 Women migration in India is increasing at

a faster pace than men.Why?

 Plight of migrant

 10 reasons for migration

 Incident from Lost spring

 INTRODUCTION
Migration is a way to move from one place to another in
order to live and work. Movement of people from their
home to another city, state or country for a job, shelter or
some other reasons is called migration. Migration from
rural areas to urban areas has increased in past few years
in India.
Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a
better life. Employment opportunities are the most
common reason due to which people migrate. Except
this, lack of opportunities, better education, construction
of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and
drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to
migrate to cities.

Positive Impact
 Umemployment is reduced and people get better job
opportunities.
 Migration helps in improving the quality of life of
people.
 It helps to improve social life of people as they learn
about new culture, customs, and languages which
helps to improve brotherhood among people.
 Migration of skilled workers leads to a
greater economic growth of the region.
 Children get better opportunities for
higher education.
 The population density is reduced and the birth rate
decreases.
Negative Impact
 The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the
level of output and development of rural areas.
 The influx of workers in urban areas increases
competition for the job, houses, school facilities etc.
 Having large population puts too much pressure
on natural resources, amenities and services.
 It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas
because in urban areas there is no natural
environment and pure air. They have to pay for each
and everything.
 Migration changes the population of a place,
therefore, the distribution of the population is uneven
in India.
 Many migrants are completely illiterate and
uneducated, therefore, they are not only unfit for
most jobs, but also lack basic knowledge and life
skills.
 Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and
healthy life.
Changing pattern of migration:
 Patterns of global migration and remittances have
shifted in recent decades, even as both the number of
immigrants and the amount of money they send home
have grown, according to a new Pew Research Center
analysis of data from the United Nations and the World
Bank.
 A rising share of international migrants now lives in
today’s high-income countries such as the United States
and Germany, while a growing share was born in
today’s middle-income nations such as India and
Mexico, the analysis finds.


These shifts occurred as the total number of

international migrants rose from 154 million in 1990 to
232 million in 2013 – but remained steady as a 3%
share of the globe’s growing population.
 During this period, the U.S. remained the largest
destination country by far and increased its share of the
world’s migrants. One-in-five (46 million) migrants
now live in the U.S., compared with slightly less than
one-in-six (23 million) in 1990.
 The U.S. is not the only wealthy destination country
whose share of the world’s migrants has increased. All
told, an estimated 160 million, or 69%, of international
migrants now live in high-income countries (nations
 with an average per capita income of $12,616 or
higher), up from 87 million, or 57%, in 1990, the Pew
Research analysis finds. These high-income countries,
many of them in North America and Europe, may
appear increasingly attractive to modern migrants,
whose principal reason for moving is to pursue
economic opportunity.

 W
here do today’s migrants come from? Increasingly, they
were born in what the World Bank designates as
middle-income countries, those with per capita annual
income between $1,036 and $12,615. About six-in-ten
(135 million) of today’s international migrants were
born in such countries, compared with fewer than half
(74 million) of all migrants in 1990. Over the same
period, the share of immigrants born in high- as well as
low-income nations has declined.
 Remittances
 Once they move across borders, many migrants send
money, known as remittances, back to families in their
countries of origin. Despite a marked dip during the
2009 global recession, the overall annual flow of such
remittances has nearly tripled since 2000 and now tops
$500 billion.
 And according to the Pew Research analysis of World
Bank data, the rise in the stock of
emigrants from middle-income countries has been
accompanied by a concomitant increase in the flows of
remittances back to middle-income countries.
 The share of all remittances received by today’s middle-
income countries has risen to an estimated 71% in 2013
from 57% in 2000. The share to low-income nations has
doubled, while remaining a small proportion of the total
—6% in 2013 compared with 3% in 2000. The share to
high-income nations has declined, to 23% in 2013 from
40% in 2000.


The economic importance of remittances is larger in

poorer countries than in richer ones. Remittances
account for 8% of the gross domestic product in low-
income nations, 2% in middle-income nations and less
than 1% in high-income nations, according to analysis
of World Bank data. Total remittances to low- and
middle-income nations are nearly three times the
amount of foreign aid to those countries, the World
Bank says. Since 2009, the World Bank has recognized
the importance of remittances by including them in its
measure of creditworthiness, allowing nations with high
remittance levels to borrow more money than they
otherwise could.


The shifting patterns in the flows of both migrants and

remittances have a regional as well as economic
dimension. The Middle East and North America have
grown as destination regions of international migrants
from 1990 to 2013, as have several Western European
countries. A smaller share of international migrants
lives in Asia in 2013 than three decades ago.
Meanwhile, the shares of international migrants living
in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America have not
changed markedly.
 Although policy and geography are important factors in
changing patterns of migration, migration researchers
often cite economics to explain migration trends. The
pattern of migrants increasingly living in today’s high-
 income countries but coming from middle-income
nations reflects broader changes in the global economy.
As free trade agreements for goods and services
increased between middle- and high-income countries,
so has the movement of people. Moreover, as the
human capital and economic aspirations of people in
middle-income countries have grown during the past
quarter century, more of them have been able to take
advantage of opportunities in high-income countries.
By contrast, people living in lower-income countries
may want to move but most do not have the resources
to undertake the journey.
 Despite global shifts in international migration, one
constant remains: The U.S. has the world’s largest
number of international migrants.
 The number of immigrants in the U.S. doubled from 23
million people in 1990 to 46 million in 2013. During
this time, no other country has come close to the
number of foreign-born people living within its borders.
For example, second-ranked Russia had about 11
million immigrants in both 1990 and 2013 (many of
whom had moved within the former USSR prior to
1990). Consequently, the U.S. has bolstered its lead in
the number of international migrants, doubling second-
place Russia in 1990 and quadrupling it by 2013.
 The U.S. has also become a major recipient of migrants
from key countries with large numbers of emigrants.
Although the U.S. was not a leading destination of
migrants born in top origin countries in 1990, things
have changed considerably in a quarter century. By
2013, nearly 1-in-6 (2.1 million) migrants born in India
—the top country of birth for international migrants in
2013–lived in the U.S. Almost the entirety of the 13
 million migrants born in Mexico–the second highest
country of birth for international migrants in 2013—
also lived in the U.S.
 And the U.S. is the top recipient of migrants from about
a quarter of the world’s countries. In 1990, the U.S. was
the top destination of migrants born in 53 countries. In
2013, that number was about the same at 52 countries.

Even with this growth, the foreign born as a share of the

total population is still considerably lower in the U.S.
than in a number of other major destination nations.
About 14% of the U.S. population in 2013 was foreign
born, a smaller share than in Australia (28%) and
 Canada (21%), and significantly less than in some
countries in the Persian Gulf, where the vast majorities
of their populations are foreign-born workers.
 In fact, the regional origins of U.S. immigrants have
become more concentrated over time with a greater
share born in Latin America and the Caribbean. About
47% of all migrants living in the U.S. in 1990 were
from Latin American and Caribbean countries. By
2013, 55% of all foreign-born people living in the U.S.
were born in the same region.
 U.S. Emigrants—A Rising Number, but Still
Relatively Few

 T
he U.S. receives many more migrants than it sends.
 Nonetheless, nearly 3 million Americans lived outside
of the U.S. in 2013, up from 1.8 million in 1990.
 Compared with other origin countries, the U.S. is a
relatively small source of international migrants. The
U.S. ranks 20th in the list of top origin countries of
international migrants, far behind world leaders such as
India, Mexico and China, which together comprised
about 16 million migrants in 1990 and nearly 37 million
migrants in 2013.
 The U.S. also has a significantly lower rate of
emigration than most countries. For example, about 1%
of Americans currently live outside of their country of
birth, compared with about 20% of people born in
several Eastern Europe countries and more than 4% of
people born in countries such as the United Kingdom
and Canada.
 This report examines trends in international migrant
population from 1990 to 2013 and in international
remittance flows from 2000 to 2013. The migration
estimates in this report refer to the total number (or
cumulative “stocks”) of migrants living around the
world rather than to the annual rate of migration (or
current “flows”). Migration and remittance patterns are
analyzed for groups of low-, middle- and high-income
nations, using World Bank categories; migration
patterns also are analyzed for regions and individual
nations. Analysis is based on migration stock data from
the United Nations and migrant remittance data from
the World Bank.
 Research associate Phillip Connor wrote the overview
and migration sections of this report; senior writer
D’Vera Cohn wrote the section on remittances, based
on the analysis of research associate Ana Gonzalez-
 Barrera. Editorial guidance was provided by Paul
Taylor, executive vice president of the Pew Research
Center; Michael Dimock, director of the Pew Research
Center for the People & the Press; Jeffrey S. Passel,
senior demographer; and James Bell, director of
international survey research. Anne Shi, research
associate, number-checked the report. Eileen Patten,
research analyst, formatted the report. Marcia Kramer
of Kramer Editing Services copy-edited the report.

Women migration in India is increasing at a

faster pace than men.Why?
 Between 2001 and 2011, the number of women
migrating for work grew by 101%.
 Women migrating for work and education between 2001
and 2011 grew at a rate that outpaced men who moved
for similar reasons, shows an IndiaSpend( a nonprofit that
utilises open data to analyse a range of issues with the
broader objective of fostering better governance, transparency
and accountability in the Indian government) analysis of
Census data.
 Though women in India migrate for work, the main
reason for shifting base is driven primarily by marriage.
 In this period, the number of women migrating for work
grew by 101%, more than double the growth rate for men
(48.7%). Also, the number of women who cited business
as a reason for migration increased by 153% in 2001-11,
more than four times the rate for men (35%).
 Women’s migration is still driven primarily by marriage.
In absolute numbers, 97% of Indians migrating for
marriage were women in Census 2011,
IndiaSpend reported on December 15, 2016, a marginal
drop from 98.6% in Census 2001.
 Scholars have, however, argued that women do work
post-migration even if their first reason for the move was
matrimony. “Women’s migration is not adequately
captured because the surveys ask for only one reason for
migration to be stated. This is usually stated as marriage
and the secondary reason, that is finding work at the
destination, may not be mentioned,” Priya Deshingkar
 and Shaheen Akhtar of London’s Overseas Development
Institute’s had argued in an April 2009 UNDP paper.
 “Many of the women who migrate for marriage do join
the labour force,” said a January 2017 housing and urban
poverty alleviation ministry report on migration, echoing
Deshingkar and Akhtar.
 Between Censuses 2001 and 2011, the number of men
who migrated for education rose by 101%, less than half
that for women, at 229%.

Source: Census , 2011

 Migration for work usually results in relief from poverty
even if it means a rough life in India’s metros,
IndiaSpend reported on June 13, 2016. A migrant from
Maharashtra’s drought-stricken Marathwada region, for
example, triples her income temporarily after moving to
Mumbai, according to the report.
 A two-round survey of 904 households spread across
Bihar in 1998-2000 and 2011 by Amrita Datta at the
Institute for Human Development showed that on
 average households with migrants earned about Rs
11,000 more than households without migrants in 2011,
the business newspaper Mint reported on August 4, 2016.
The study was published in the Economic and Political
Weekly on July 30, 2016.
Marriage remains the biggest reason for
migration

 In the 11 years to 2011, the rise in the number of men

who migrated for marriage grew by 176.6%, more than
four times the growth rate for women who moved for
similar reasons (41.5%).
 Between the two Censuses, marriage has remained the
biggest reason for migration, dropping marginally to
49.35% of all migrants in 2011 from 50% in 2001.
 The number of men saying they migrated either after
birth or with the household rose at a slightly faster pace
than women in 2001-11: 207% and 74% for the first
reason and 199% and 54% for the latter.
 Numbers dropped for both genders reporting other
reasons in 2001-11, but it fell more for women (17.5%)
than men (15%).

Plight of migrant:

 An unplanned Lockdown
Despite forming the backbone of our country’s
economy and struggling so damn hard for survival these
forlorn migrant workers have been ignored badly by the
government before announcing the lockdown. The
government pretended that migrant workers did not
exist. There wasn’t any guideline, contingency plans or
any coherent response by them. Nirmala Sitharaman,
the finance minister of our country also withdrew her
hand by announcing nothing for these globe-trotters
except an unworkable scheme for construction workers.
They just became the invisible part of our ecosystem
that never seems to be much of a consideration for
politicians. Despite their number they have no political
clout because when Election Day comes they are
usually in the city where they work and thereby do not
cast a ballot. Not only this, the nationwide lockdown
was also accompanied by complete suspension of all
transport facilities and strict sealing of inter-state
borders as a precaution against the rapid spread of
coronavirus disease. In a matter of four hours, the
unforeseen public health catastrophe provoked an even
larger humanitarian crisis, the burden of which has to be
carried by the most susceptible section of its population.
The decision unleashed such chaos that India is still
struggling to deal with.

 Desperation to go home
Thousands of destitute migrant labourers without the
availability of basic needs and services such as food and
shelter were compelled to abandon the very cities they
have built with their sweat, toil and hard work.“Many
indigent migrant workers with bags perched on their
heads and children in their arms were seen walking
down highways in a desperate attempt to return to their
villages hundreds of miles away.” Each of them realized
that they could not afford to stay in the city if they had
no income. They are rarely part of a trade union and
typically work without any contract or benefits. They
are hired through multiple contractors on casual basis
and face precarity of employment, low pay scales and
are deprived of pay hikes, paid leaves etc. and due to
the unanticipated crisis of corona virus the workers are
exposed to the exploitative condition. The plight faced
by these workers was revealed through the unjustified
treatment that they had to face during this lockdown at
the construction site of metro in Bangalore.

 Starvation
It was very difficult for the poverty-stricken workers
who were trying to make it home through the thin line
between possible infection and starvation. “A 12 year
old female migrant of Telangana died on her way while
walking to her home during this lockdown. Jamlo
Madkam also lost her life when her frail body
succumbed to exhaustion.” There are numerous
horrifying instances occurring each day and still the
responsible ones are silent for the loss. The backbone of
our country’s development is on the verge of hunger.
Due to lack of proper planning, stringent measures,
blatant neglect and brutalities faced by the workers the
persistent hunger has turned into mass starvation.
  10 reasons for migration:

 For Education purposes

 For Career Enhancement
 Overpopulation
 Social and religious reasons
 Poverty
 Better Healthcare
 Political causes
 War or Conflict Zones
 Environmental factors
 The ‘Why NOT?’ Factor
 As funny and bizarre as it might sound, there is a
good set or chunk of people who migrate with the
factor of why not try or explore something new.
Also, sometimes out of influence, as if the other
can go what’s wrong in me going or moving.
 Basically, these are the migrants prone to
influence, be it friends, family or surrounding
people.

Incident from Lost spring:

Callousness of society and the political class to the

sufferings of the poor:
 The question refers to the story “Lost Spring” by Anees
Jung. The author interacts with underprivileged children
and gives the readers an insight into their lives, while
also exposing the callousness of society and the
politicians, to the suffering of the poor.
 In the story, the author highlights the case of Saheb.
Saheb is a young ragpicker whose daily routine revolves
around “scrounging for gold in the garbage dumps”. He
has not known any other life. He walks barefoot, and his
simple dream is to own a pair of shoes. Saheb is trapped
in his routine until he finds work at a local tea stall. The
child has not had the opportunity to enjoy his childhood
because he has been busy trying to help his family make
ends meet. Education is a tool that can help fight poverty,
but there is no school around Saheb’s home, because the
politicians are not bothered about the poor, their fight for
survival and their living conditions. Society in general
also does not try to help the poor.
 The poor are completely on their own, without any
support or even guidance of any sort from anyone.
 The same is the case of the bangle makers of
Firozabad. Society has such strongly defined caste
rules that a bangle maker’s son is destined to follow his
family traditions. Opting for any other profession is
rebellion, and not acceptable. This, despite the fact that
the bangle-makers lose their eyesight because of
professional hazards. Yet, the younger generations are
expected to voluntarily become bangle-makers.
 Speaking of politics, the bangle makers are exploited by
the middlemen who pay them very little for the bangles.
The middlemen sell the bangles at much higher rates,
pocketing a huge profit themselves, while the original
creator is left to struggle in poverty and blindness. The
politicians and local officials do not bother about the
exploitation and the plight of the bangle makers. They
are indifferent to the sufferings of the poor, despite being
aware of it. If society wants, awareness can be spread,
safety can be improved, middlemen can be punished,
poverty can be reduced and the life of the poor can be
improved, but the unfortunate bit is that neither society
nor the politicians have the will to do anything for the
poor.

CONCLUSION
 Migration is an important part of the human
development process and it plays a key role in
achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,
so preventing it could be counterproductive.
In order to ensure inclusive growth and
development and reduce distress-induced
migration, India must develop migration-
centric policies, strategies, and institutional
mechanisms. This will improve India's
poverty-reduction prospects.
 Student Reflection

I would like to share that Migration has been a

common characteristic of life on Earth ever since
the first organisms. It is often defined as the
seasonal movement of animals from one habitat
to another and can be seen in most animal and
human groups. Human migration is the fact that it
is often a more permanent relocation rather than
the seasonal movement of animals. Human
migration can happen for any number of reasons
and is more often a combination of factors that
make an individual or group decide to migrate.
Those who do migrate are often known
as migrants when they move from one place to
another. Human migration is very important to
study and understand because it affects the
culture and demographics of many countries and
societies today. From this I would like to
conclude that Human patterns of movement
reflect the conditions of a changing world and
impact the cultural landscapes.
 bibliogRAPHY
 Pew Research Centre
 Hindustan Times
 ipleaders.in
 Global Immigration Services