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    Biology IGCSE Notes

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    Charxd zz
    1) Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration as a result of random molecular movement. 2) Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane down its water potential gradient. 3) Active transport moves ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using energy from cellular respiration by carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

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    Biology IGCSE Notes

    Uploaded by

    Charxd zz
    10 views4 pages
    1) Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration as a result of random molecular movement. 2) Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane down its water potential gradient. 3) Active transport moves ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using energy from cellular respiration by carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

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    1) Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration as a result of random molecular movement. 2) Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane down its water potential gradient. 3) Active transport moves ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using energy from cellular respiration by carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views4 pages

    Biology IGCSE Notes

    Uploaded by

    Charxd zz
    1) Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration as a result of random molecular movement. 2) Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane down its water potential gradient. 3) Active transport moves ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using energy from cellular respiration by carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Diffusion:

    The netmovementof molecules of a


    gas or liquid from an area high
    of to an area of

    low concentration down a concentration gradientas a resultof the random movement

    of the molecules
    ↳
    Molecules stop diffusing when itreaches an

    equilibrium (spread out


    evenly)
    ↳
    passive cells
    movement do notneed energy
    to move the molecules

    energy comes from kinetic energy random


    of

    movementof molecules and ions

    Factors thataffectthe rate of diffusion:


    1) distance that molecules have to travel-cell membranes are very thin

    2) concentration gradient-maintain a steep concentration gradient


    3) surface area- large surface area

    4) temperature -
    diffusion is faster atwarmer temperatures

    Everything transported in plants and animals has to dissolve in water and mostof the

    chemical reactions thatoccur in cells happen in water

    solution:made up of solute and solvent


    OSMOSIS:
    The diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration dilute
    solutions to a
    region of their lower concentration (concentrated solutions through a

    partially permeable membrane:

    molecules to pass butnotlarge solute molecules


    through
    he
    allows small

    -> water molecules diffuses down a water potential gradientfrom a


    region of

    higher water potential to a region of lower water potential

    Osmosis is importantfor plantsupport: Turgid cell:water enters by osmosis, vacuole

    swells and pushes againstcell wall ->

    plasmolyzed cell:extreme water loss from plantcell with lower water potential than its

    surroundings

    S
    cells, the membrane and cytoplasm will absorb

    will detach from the

    Wall

    Flacid cell:Water loss from cell,

    vacuole

    ->
    plant
    shrinks, cell

    cell thathas
    loses

    higher
    shape y pressure from vacuole:Tugor pressure

    water potential than its surroundings


    will lose water

    High water potential more =


    water

    molecules

    Low water potential = less water

    molecules
    Osmosis in red blood cells:

    Turgid then burstChaemolysis):no cell wall

    shrinks serenated) as water is passed to stop the


    swelling -> bursts ->
    haemolysed
    out by Osmosis

    &
    ↓

    size
    normal;notchanged in

    as they are in

    solution with the same


    a
    /Hypotonic:higher
    cell
    water potential outside the

    water potential Isotonic:same water potential


    Hypertonic:higher water potential inside the

    Importance osmosis:
    of (e)

    plants:
    he
    transportwater to leaves for photosynthesis
    -> ensure thatall cells and structures within a
    planthave correct water pressure and

    volume

    ↳
    tugor pressure needed to maintain their rigidity and sturdiness

    Animalcells and tissues:


    -> influence the distribution of nutrients and the release ofmetabolic waste products
    such as urea

    dialysis tubing
    practical
    Active transport:
    The movement of ions or molecules across the cell membrane, against a concentration

    gradient, using energy from respiration


    ->
    substances can continue to move even after reaching an equilibrium
    ↳ The cell membrane contains carrier proteins thatchanges its shape to
    carry
    the particles

    Energy from respiration enables the

    S
    Molecule or ions carrier protein to change
    combines with a its shape to carry the

    protein
    carrier ion or molecule to the

    inside of the membrane

    ↑
    molecule or ion is released to the inside of the

    membrane and the carrier protein reverts to its

    original shape

    Factors affecting active transport:


    1) relies on respiration -
    lackofoxygen-reduce rates

    2) increase in temperature -
    greater rate

    3) presence ofpoison -
    stops itcompletely

    Examples ofactive transport:

    plants:concentration of minerals in soils is lower than inside, minerals are absorbed againsta
    concentration gradient
    humans:continue the transportofthe small amounts of remaining nutrients thatthe villiin

    the small intestine absorb

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