Structure 2 Workbook

STRUCTURE 2
WORKBOOK
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
2018
Table of Contents
Unit 1: Subject Verb Agreement ...................................................................................... 1
Unit 2: Past progressive .................................................................................................. 13
Unit 3: Past progressive and Simple Past Tense .............................................................. 17
Unit 4: Future Progressive ............................................................................................... 21
Unit 5: Past Perfect .......................................................................................................... 25
Unit 6: Past Perfect Progressive ...................................................................................... 29
Unit 7: Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive ................................................... 33
Unit 8: Ability: Can, Could ................................................................................................ 37
Unit 9: Requests: Will, Would, Can, Could ...................................................................... 41
Unit 10: Permission: May, Can, Could ............................................................................. 45
Unit 11: Desires: Would like, Would rather .................................................................... 49
Unit 12: Possibility: May, Might, Could ........................................................................... 53
Unit 13: Advice: Should, Ought to ................................................................................... 57
Unit 14: Necessity: Have to, Must, Don’t have to, Must not .......................................... 61
Unit 15: The Passive: Overview ....................................................................................... 65
Unit 16: The Passive with Modals .................................................................................... 69
Unit 17: The Passive Causative ........................................................................................ 73
Unit 18: Gerunds: Subject and Object ............................................................................. 77
Unit 19: Gerunds after Prepositions ................................................................................ 81
Unit 20: Infinitives after Certain Verbs ............................................................................ 85
Unit 21: Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Certain Nouns ...................................... 89
Unit 22: Infinitives with Too and Enough ........................................................................ 93
Unit 23: Infinitives of Purpose ......................................................................................... 97
Unit 24: Gerunds and Infinitives ...................................................................................... 101
Unit 25: Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get ......................................................................... 105
Unit 26: Factual Conditionals: Present ............................................................................ 109
Unit 27: Factual Conditionals: Future .............................................................................. 113
Unit 28: Unreal Conditionals: Present ............................................................................. 117
Unit 29: Unreal Conditionals: Past .................................................................................. 121
Unit 30: Wish: Present and Past ...................................................................................... 125
1
Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject
is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
In the present tense, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: nouns ADD an s to the singular
form; verbs REMOVE the s from the singular form.
These agreement rules do not apply to verbs used in the simple past tense without any helping verbs.
The agreement rules do, however, apply to the following helping verbs when they are used with a
main verb: is-are, was-were, has-have, does-do.
1
The agreement rules do not apply to has-have when used as the SECOND helping verb in a pair.
They do NOT apply to any other helping verbs, such as can, could, shall, should, may, might, will,
would, must.
The subject-verb agreement rules apply to all personal pronouns except I and you, which, although
SINGULAR, require PLURAL forms of verbs.
1 Part 1: Each sentence below contains a choice for correct subject-verb agreement. Circle the correct
form.
1. At Yellowstone Park grizzly bears (doesn’t, don’t) have names; they have numbers.
2. In the meeting between human and bear, a wild-card factor (throws, throw) all calculations and
studies to the wind.
3. The Yellowstone authorities should (has, have) kept thorough records on each bear.
4. When some bears (encounters, encounter) people, it is the bear who runs.
5. The great national parks (holds, hold) about 200 grizzlies, with possibly 30 of them being
breeding females.
Part II: This group of sentences contains a mixture of correct and incorrect subject-verb
combinations. If the subject and verb agree, write "C" next to the question number. If the subject and
verb do not agree, change the number of the verb to make the two agree.
6. Behind an experimental fenced yard protecting campers in Glacier National Park, six visitors has
been fatally mauled by grizzlies in the past 19 years.
7. Meandering downriver toward a deer, three grizzly cubs comes within 15 yards of it.
8. To a grizzly almost anything are food except rocks.
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9. Lingering snow patches often become playgrounds for grizzlies observed making snowballs.
10. Female grizzlies mates every third year in summer, without their fertilized eggs implanting in the
womb until fall.
COMPOUND SUBJECT
The word “compound” means “made up of two or more parts.” Two or more words can be
compounded or linked by joining them with any of three words: and, or, and nor
Here are some examples of compounding:
Compound nouns can function as a “compound subject.” In some instances, a compound subject
poses special problems for the subject-verb agreement rule (+s, -s).
However, instead of using two sentences (as above), we may choose to give the above information in
one sentence.
This sentence makes use of a compound subject (two subject nouns joined by and), illustrating a new
rule about subject-verb agreement.
Although each part of the compound subject is singular (ranger and camper), taken together (joined
by and), each one becomes a part of a plural structure and, therefore, must take a plural verb (see) to
agree in the sentence.
SUBJECT-VERB RULE #1 – Two or more singular (or plural) subjects joined by and act as
a plural compound subject and take a plural verb (singular + singular = plural).
You can check the verb by substituting the pronoun they for the compound subject.
Or and nor as joiners work somewhat differently from and. While the word and seems to ADD
things together, or and nor do not. They suggest a CHOICE.
3
This sentence makes use of a compound subject (two subject nouns joined together by or). Each part
of the compound subject (ranger, camper) is singular. Even though both words function together as
subject (joined by or), the subject still remains SINGULAR (ranger or camper) since a CHOICE is
implied.
This compound subject, therefore, requires a singular verb to agree with it.
SUBJECT-VERB RULE #2 – Two or more SINGULAR subjects joined by or (or nor) act as
a singular compound subject and, therefore, take a singular verb to agree.
Note: Two or more plural subjects joined by or (or nor) would naturally take a plural verb to agree.
However, or and nor can pose a more difficult problem.

Thus far we have been working with compound subjects whose individual parts are both either
singular or plural
What if one part of the compound subject is singular and the other part is plural?
What form of a verb should be used in this case? Should the verb be singular to agree with one
word? Or should the verb be plural to agree with the other?
Solution:
1. If the individual parts of the compound subject are joined by and, always use a plural verb.
2. If the individual parts of the compound subject are joined by or or nor, use the verb form
(singular or plural) which will agree with the subject closer to the verb.
4
2 Part I: Each sentence below contains a choice for correct subject-verb agreement. Circle the correct
form.
1. Both Democrats and Republicans (is, are) electing a new leader.
2. Neither threats nor hostile action (scares, scare) the enemy.
3. The actors and the director (understands, understand) the lighting problems.
4. The surfer or the swimmers (is, are) responsible for the littered beach.
5. A good diet and a realistic exercise plan (combines, combine) to help one lose weight.
6. A sweet potato and some carrots provides Vitamin A, important for healthy eyes.
7. The eyes or the skin is often adversely affected by a lack of Vitamin A.
8. Neither bleach nor dyes really helps unhealthy hair look better.
9. Ripe tomatoes, leafy Brussels sprouts, and a handy orange is rich in Vitamin C.
10. Unfortunately for the sedentary, neither diet nor vitamins alone provide sufficient fuel for good
health.
GROUP NOUNS
Some nouns which name groups can be either singular or plural depending upon their meaning in
individual sentences.
Because they can describe either the individuals in the group (more than one – plural), or the group as
a single entity (one only – singular), these nouns pose special problems.
However, there are some guidelines for deciding which verb form (singular or plural) to use with one
of these nouns as the subject in a sentence.
If we refer to the group as a whole and, therefore, as a single unit, we consider the noun singular. In
this case, we use a singular verb.
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If, on the other hand, we are actually referring to the individuals within the group, then we consider
the noun plural. In this case, we use a plural verb.
Of course group nouns, like other nouns, can also appear in plural forms (with an s).
When used in the plural form, group nouns mean MORE THAN ONE GROUP. Thus, it uses a
plural verb.
Thus, there are three important subject – verb agreement rules to remember when a group noun is
used as the subject:
1. Group nouns can be considered as a single unit, and, thus, take a singular verb.
2. Group nouns can be considered as individual members within a single unit and, thus, take
a plural verb.
3. Group nouns can be given plural forms to mean two or more units and, thus, take a plural verb.
form.
1. In the Peace Corps, an American group (goes, go) into an underprivileged country to help the
people develop skills.
2. The family members (learns, learn) a variety of different skills that are valuable in the market.
3. The U.S. Senate (has, have) made several individual proposals for starting the Peace Corps.
4. On October 4, 1960, at the University of Michigan, a young crowd (listens, listen) to John
Kennedy propose the Peace Corps.
5. The tribe members (is, are) expressing their individual thanks to members of the Peace Corps.
6. The volunteer group is teaching forestry in Ecuador, pipe repair in Pachanillay, and sewing in
Puembo.
7. A prestigious club has contributed funds, materials, and ideas to Peace Corps volunteers.
8. The Peace Corps team members often gets together to talk over old times.
9. In the towns visited by the Peace Corps, the government repay the work of the volunteers with
gratitude.
10. A new crew are now volunteering to join the modern Peace Corps.
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PLURAL FORM / SINGULAR MEANING NOUNS
Some nouns are regularly plural in form, but singular in meaning.
Even though these nouns APPEAR to be plural because they end in s, they actually refer to
only one thing made up of smaller, uncounted parts. Therefore, they are considered singular.
You can see that substituting that pronoun it instead of they makes more sense here.
Another group of plural form nouns end in –ics.
Similarly, it is a more suitable substitute for any of these words than is they.
These nouns appear to be plural (end in s), but generally refer to only one thing and are,
therefore, generally considered singular.
NOTE: Occasionally, however, the –ics nouns can have a plural meaning: We can speak about
individual parts of these wholes. In this case, we apply the same rule as applies to group nouns when
we consider the individual members within the group. We use a plural verb.
Note the difference in meaning and, therefore, in the verb chosen (singular or plural) between the two
uses of the –ics noun, statistics.
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form.
1. Students are excited that economics (is, are) being taught this semester.
2. Unfortunately, dishonest politics (was, were) used to win the election.
3. Athletics (provides, provide) important opportunities for physical development.
4. Good news usually (travels, travel) fast.
5. Because of the mood in the Senate, statistics (was, were) compiled quickly for the report.
6. For some time now civics have been a required course in the curriculum.
7. Ceramics takes a great deal of practice for proficiency.
8. In this particular situation, the economics are hard to determine.
9. Because of constantly changing public opinion, politics offer a challenging career to both men
and women.
10. Indeed, mumps is a painful illness.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronouns can pose special problems in subject – verb agreement.

The difficulty is that some indefinite pronouns sound plural when they are really singular.
As subjects, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take singular verbs.
However, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take plural verbs.
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EXCEPTIONS:
A third group of indefinite pronouns takes either a singular or plural verb depending on the pronoun’s
meaning in the sentence.
form.
1. Among the animals, turtles cling to their basic structural design, while many others (is, are)
experimenting their way to extinction.
2. Turtles are unique; each (has, have) eight cervical vertebrea, compared with seven of most
mammals.
3. Turtles are honored in many countries; in China, for example, everyone (worships, worship) the
legendary turtle named Dwei who created the universe.
4. Turtles have specific characteristics; all (displays, display) two plated decks: the upper, called the
carapace, and the lower, known as the plastron.
5. Of the female turtles, some (has, have) been found to be twice the size of the males.
6. Among the fascinating facts about turtles, another are their patterns of dots, splashes, and
hieroglyphs.
7. Aquatic turtles are different from land turtles: most is unable to close their shells.
8. Everyone knows Ogden Nash’s celebrated poem about turtles.
9. No one is going to bother snappers, eaters of anything from snakes and wooden canoe chunks to
baby alligators.
10. However, of the early tribes, several uses turtles for food.
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PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A prepositional phrase is composed of a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun object. Study

some examples below.
Here is a list of frequently used prepositions:
A prepositional phrase may be placed between the subject and verb.
In the above example, the singular verb is agrees with the singular subject boy.
Sometimes, however, a prepositional phrase inserted between the subject and verb makes agreement
more difficult.
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Car is the singular subject. Was is the singular helping verb which agrees with car. If we aren’t
careful, however, we may mistakenly label riders as the subject since it is nearer to the verb
than car is. If we choose the plural noun, riders, we will incorrectly select the plural verb were.
form.
1. One of the many cultures studied by anthropologists (is, are) the Kwakiutl Indians.
2. This group of Indians (lives, live) on the Canadian Coast.
3. Often the leader of the Kwakiutl dances, (foams, foam) at the mouth and (tosses, toss) burning
ashes into the crowd.
4. Wealth, like cedar bark blankets, canoes, and large sculptured copper pieces, (is, are) important to
the Kwakiutl.
5. To the Kwakiutl, one of the copper pieces (equals, equal) a thousand cedar bark blankets.
6. Kwakiutl ceremonies for showing one’s wealth is called “potlatches.”
7. The host of a potlatch tries to shame his rival by displaying his wealth.
8. The host with all these goods sometimes even throw them into a giant bonfire.
9. The rival without equal amounts of riches feel greatly ashamed.
10. In our culture, some behaviors of the Kwatiutl Indian is not acceptable.
WHEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB ARE INVERTED
When a sentence begins with there is – there are / here is – here are, the subject and verb are
inverted. After all that you have learned already, you will undoubtedly find this topic a relatively
easy one!
The verb in such constructions is obviously is or are. The subject, however, does not come BEFORE
the verb. Instead, the subject in this kind of sentence comes AFTER the verb, so you must look for it
AFTER the verb.
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In this example, because the subject, book, is singular, the verb must also be singular.
If the subject is plural, however, then the verb must be plural.
In this example, because the subject, books, is plural, the verb is also plural.
And finally, sometimes creating a question will cause the subject to follow the verb as well. Here,
identify the subject and then choose the verb that agrees with it (singular or plural).
form.
1. There (is, are) two classes of pure matter: elements and compounds.
2. What (does, do) scientists know today about elements?
3. Occurring naturally (is, are) over 100 elements, or substances that cannot be separated into
different kinds of matter.
4. There (is, are) however, numerous elements that are man-made as well.
5. There (continues, continue) to be much research to add new elements.
6. How does elements form compounds?
7. There is a chemical combination of two or more elements: a compound.
8. For example, composed of the two elements, sodium and chlorine, are common table salt, a
compound.
9. There are new characteristics taken on by the compound, different from those of its elements.
10. How, for example, does one get table salt from a silvery, poisonous metal (sodium) and a
greenish, poisonous gas (chlorine)?
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STRUCTURE 2

However, or and nor can pose a more difficult problem.

Some nouns are regularly plural in form, but singular in meaning.

Indefinite pronouns can pose special problems in subject – verb agreement.

As subjects, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take singular verbs.

However, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take plural verbs.

A prepositional phrase is composed of a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun object. Study

Here is a list of frequently used prepositions:

A prepositional phrase may be placed between the subject and verb.

WHEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB ARE INVERTED

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