ABSTRACT:

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is

the property of an electrical conductor by which a
change in current through it induces an electromotive
force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby
conductors by mutual inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental
observations of physics: a steady current creates a
steady magnetic field described by Oersted's law, and a
time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described by
Faraday's law of induction. According to Lenz's law a
changing electric current through a circuit that
contains inductance induces a proportional voltage,
which opposes the change in current (self-inductance).
The varying field in this circuit may also induce an
EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual inductance).

OBJECTIVE:
To study the factor on which the self-inductance
of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil,
when put in series with a resistor(bulb) in a circuit
fed up with an A.C source of adjustable frequency .
THEORY:
Self-inductance is the property of a coil which
opposes the change in current through it. The self-
inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
L=(μ0μrN2A)/I
Here μr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic
material, μr=μ/μ0
N = Total number of turns in solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
L = Length of solenoid
Hence, the self-inductance depends upon
No. of turns in solenoid
Geometry of coil, LA,L1/I
Nature of core material, μ
When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor
(bulb) with a variable source of frequency, then
current flowing in the bulb is I rms=Erms/Z, where
Z = √R2+ω2L2 = Impedance of the
a.c circuit
R = Resistance of bulb
L = Self-inductance of coil
ω = 2πf(angular frequency of a.c
source)
The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is
 H = ZIrmsT
P = H/t = IrmsZ
P= Irms√R2+ω2L2

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
A coil of large turns, a.c source of adjustable
frequency, an electrical bulb, (6V) a.c ammeter of
suitable range rheostat, a soft iron rod, one way key,
connecting wires, etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Make all connections as shown in circuit diagram.

• Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant

current in the circuit by using the variable resistor
(R1).(let frequency of source is 60 Hz and voltage is
6V).
• Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the
brightness of bulb.
• Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core
and record the current in A.C. ammeter and again check
the brightness of bulb. The current and brightness both
decrease.
• Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency
of A.C. source (say 50 Hz).
• Again, switch on the supply and adjust the current in
circuit at same constant voltage 6V by using the
rheostat. Note the current in the ammeter and
brightness of the bulb. The current and brightness both
will increase.
• Again, insert the iron in the core of coil and note
the current and brightness. The current and brightness
both decrease.
• Repeat steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of
A.C. source (say 40 Hz,30 Hz and 20 Hz).

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Least count of ammeter = 0.05A
2. Zero error of ammeter = 0A
3. Range of ammeter = 0-5A
RESULT:
1. The current in the circuit decreases on
inserting the iron rod in the core of coil at constant
frequent of applied voltage and brightness of bulb
decrease and vice-versa.

2. The current in the circuit increases on

decreasing the frequency of applied voltage and vice
versa. Therefore, the brightness of the bulb increases.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The coil should have a number of turns.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to
avoid the heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the
reading of the ammeter.

SOURCE OF ERROR:
 1. The resistance of circuit mat increases
slightly due to the heating effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the
property of an electrical conductor by which a change
in current through it induces an electromotive force in
both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors
by mutual inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental
observations of physics: a steady current creates a
steady magnetic field described by Oersted's law, and a
time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described by
Faraday's law of induction. According to Lenz's law a
changing electric current through a circuit that
contains inductance induces a proportional voltage,
which opposes the change in current (self-inductance).
The varying field in this circuit may also induce an
EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual inductance).
The term inductance was coined by Oliver Heaviside in
1886. It is customary to use the symbol L for
inductance, in honors of the physicist Heinrich Lenz in
the SI system, the measurement unit for inductance is
the Henry, with the unit symbol H, named in honor of
Joseph Henry who discovered inductance independently
of, but not before, Faraday.
Lenz's law named after the physicist Heinrich Lenz who
formulated it in 1834, says:
The direction of current induced in a conductor by a
changing magnetic field due to Faraday's law of
induction will be such that it will create a field that
opposes the change that produced it.
Lenz's law is shown by the negative sign in Faraday's
law of induction: -
Which indicates that the induced voltage and the change
in magnetic flux have opposite signs. It is a
qualitative law that specifies the direction of induced
current but says nothing about its magnitude. Lenz's
Law explains the direction of many effects in
electromagnetism, such as the direction of voltage
induced in an inductor or wire loop by a changing
current, or why eddy currents exert a drag force on
moving objects in a magnetic field.
Lenz's law can be seen as analogous to Newton's third
law in classic mechanics.
For a rigorous mathematical treatment, see
electromagnetic induction and Maxwell's equations.
Inductors do this by generating a self-induced EMF
within itself as a result of their changing magnetic
field. In an electrical circuit, when the EMF is
induced in the same circuit in which the current is
changing this effect is called Self-induction, (L) but
it is sometimes commonly called back-EMF as its
polarity is in the opposite direction to the applied
voltage.
When the EMF is induced into an adjacent component
situated within the same magnetic field, the EMF is
said to be induced by induction and mutual induction(M)
is the basic operating principal of transformers,
motors, relays etc. Self-inductance is a special case
of mutual inductance, and because it is produced within
a single isolated circuit, we generally call self-
inductance simply, Inductance.
The basic unit of measurement for inductance is called
the Henry(H) after Joseph Henry, but it also has the
units of Weber per Ampere 1H = 1Wb/A.
Lenz's Law tells us that an induced EMF generates a
current in a direction which opposes the change in flux
which caused the EMF in the first place, the principle
of action and reaction. Then we can accurately define
Inductance as being: "a coil will have an inductance
value of one Henry when an EMF of one volt is induced
in the coil where the current flowing through the said
coil changes at a rate of one ampere/second".
In other words, a coil has an inductance(L) of one
Henry(1H) when the current flowing through it changes
at a rate of one ampere/second(A/s) inducing a voltage
of one volt(VL) in it.
This mathematical representation of the rate of change
in current through a coil per unit time is given as:
=di/dt (A/s)
Where: di is the change in the current in Amperes and
dt is the time taken for this current change in
seconds. Then the voltage induced in a coil(V L) with an
inductance of L Henries as a result of this change in
current is expressed as:
VL = -Ldi/dt (V)
Note that the negative sign indicates that voltage
induced opposes the change in current through the coil
per unit time (di/dt).
From the above equation, the inductance of a coil can
therefore be presented as:
L = VL/(di/dt) = Henry

INDUCTANCE OF A COIL:
L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the
voltage across the coil and di/dt is the rate of change
of current in Amperes per second(A/s).
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors
"resistance" to the change of the current flowing
through the circuit and the larger its value in
Henries, the lower will be the rate of current change.
We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor,
that inductors are devices that can store their energy
in the form of a magnetic field. Inductors are made
from individual loops of wire combined to produce a
coil and if the number of loops within the coil are
increased, then for the same amount of current flowing
through the coil, the magnetic flux will also increase.
So, by increasing the number of loops or turns within a
coil, the coil's inductance increases. Then the
relationship between self-inductance(L) and the number
of turns(N) and for a simple single layered coil can be
given as:
L = NΦ/I

SELF INDUCTANCE OF COIL:

L = NΦ/I
Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns is the magnetic flux
linkage
I is in Ampere
This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage
divided by the current flowing through each turn. This
equation only applies to linear magnetic materials
REFERENCES:

1.http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-
ii/magnetic effects-electric-current/force.current-
carrying-conductor.php
2. http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-10th
Course/Magnetic
Effects of/Force-on-a-Current-/15035-2998-4742-study-
wtw
3.http://hyperphysics.phy
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/forwir2.htm