Rajeev Minerals-1

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MINERALS
MINERALS IN FOOD
CALCIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
SODIUM
IODINE
IRON
MAGNESIUM
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DEFINITION OF MINERALS
• “Minerals in food are the elements present in food that are required by our
body to develop and function properly.”
• A naturally occurring, solid, inorganic element or compound having a uniform
composition and a regularly repeating internal structure.
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TYPES OF MINERALS
1. Macrominerals
Macrominerals are those minerals which are required in relatively large doses. Therefore,
they are also called major minerals.
Macrominerals include sodium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and
sulfur
2. Microminerals
Also called trace minerals, these are minerals which are required in small amounts.
Therefore, they are also called minor minerals.
Trace minerals include iron, copper, iodine, zinc, manganese, fluoride, cobalt and selenium.
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DEFICIENCY DISEASES / SYNDROME OF MINERALS
• “Deficie diseases/syndrome
diseases that are caused by
the lack of certain essential
nutrients, especially vitamins
and minerals, in one’s diet
over a prolonged period of
time.”
• Such as
calcium,phosphorous,iron,
sodium, iodine,
magnesium,copper etc.
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1. Iron deficiency: Iron is necessary for the production of red blood cells and oxygen
transport. Insufficient iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia, characterized by fatigue,
weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
2. Calcium deficiency: Calcium is vital for healthy bones and teeth, as well as for proper
muscle and nerve function. Inadequate calcium intake can result in conditions like
osteoporosis, characterized by weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and dental
problems.
3. Iodine deficiency: Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones, which
regulate metabolism. Insufficient iodine can cause goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland
in the neck, as well as hypothyroidism, leading to weight gain, fatigue, and impaired
mental development in children.
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4. Zinc deficiency: Zinc is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions and plays a role in
immune function, wound healing, and growth. Zinc deficiency can result in delayed
growth and sexual maturation in children, impaired immune function, hair loss, and skin
problems.
5. Magnesium deficiency: Magnesium is involved in various biochemical processes,
including energy production and muscle function. Insufficient magnesium can lead to
muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, and irregular heartbeat.
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RISK POPULATION FOT MINERALS DEFICIENCY

• Certain populations may be at a higher risk of mineral deficiency due to various factor
*Here are some examples:
1. Pregnant women: Pregnancy increases the nutritional demands on the body, including the need for
minerals. Deficiencies in iron, calcium, iodine, and other minerals can be common during pregnancy
due to increased requirements for fetal development. Supplementation and proper dietary intake are
important for maintaining adequate mineral levels.
2. Infants and young children: Rapid growth and development in infants and young children make them
susceptible to mineral deficiencies. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months can provide
essential nutrients, but after that, the introduction of solid foods rich in minerals, such as iron -fortified
cereals, is important. Lack of proper nutrition in this stage can lead to deficiencies, particularly in iron
and calcium.
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CONTINUED.....
3.Vegetarians and vegans: Plant-based diets can be deficient in certain minerals, such as iron,
zinc, calcium, and vitamin B12, which are primarily found in animal products.Vegetarians and
vegans need to be mindful of their nutrient intake and ensure they include alternative
sources of these minerals in their diet or consider supplementation .
4. Elderly individuals: Older adults may have reduced appetite, altered digestion, and
decreased absorption of nutrients, including minerals.This can increase their risk of
deficiencies, especially in calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium. Osteoporosis, a condition
characterized by weakened bones, is more prevalent in the elderly due to calcium and
vitamin D deficiencies.
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CONTINUED....
5.Chronic Alcoholics:Alcohol abuse can lead to poor dietary intake and impaired
absorption of essential nutrients, including minerals such as magnesium, zinc, and
thiamine.
6.Individuals with Kidney Disorders: People with kidney disorders, especially those on
dialysis, may have imbalances in minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, and calcium.
7 .Individuals with Malabsorption Conditions: Conditions such as celiac disease,
inflammatory bowel disease, and gastrointestinal surgeries can impair the absorption
of minerals and lead to deficiencies. People with these conditions may have an
increased risk of deficiencies in iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc.
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CONTINUED....
Elderly age
Chronic alcoholic
Pregnant women Infant or child

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IODINE DEFICIENCY
PREVENTION MEASURES IN
NEPAL
• Iodine deficiency is a significant public health issue in
Nepal, as it can lead to various complications, including
goiter, intellectual impairment, and cretinism.
• Iodine deficiency is a type of pandemic in nepal before
1970AD .
• A lot of people use to suffer from goiter,impaired growth
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CONTINUED....
• Here are some of the key prevention measures:
1. Universal Salt Iodization (USI):The most effective
strategy to prevent iodine deficiency is through the
iodization of salt. The government of Nepal has made it
mandatory to iodize all salt produced or imported into
the country.This ensures that every household has
access to iodized salt, which is an essential source of
iodine.
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CONTINUED....
2. Public Awareness and Education:The government, along with
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international
partners, conducts awareness campaigns to educate the
population about the importance of iodine in their diet and the
consequences of iodine deficiency.These campaigns target both
urban and rural areas to reach a wider audience
3. Dietary Diversification: Promoting dietary diversification to
include iron-rich foods such as dark leafy greens, lentils, beans,
meat, fish, and poultry is essential. Encouraging home gardening
and community farming can contribute to increased availability
and consumption of iodine-rich foods.
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CONTINUED....
4. Supplementation Programs: In certain vulnerable populations, such as

pregnant women, lactating mothers, and young children, iodine
supplementation may be provided in the form of iodine tablets or
drops.These programs ensure that individuals who are at higher risk of
iodine deficiency receive adequate iodine intake
5.Early Infant Nutrition: Promoting exclusive breastfeeding for the first
six months and introducing iron-rich complementary foods at the
appropriate time can help prevent iron deficiency in infants.
Additionally, educating caregivers on proper infant feeding practices is
crucial.

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1

DEFICIENCY DISEASES / SYNDROME OF MINERALS

RISK POPULATION FOT MINERALS DEFICIENCY

Pregnant women Infant or child

4. Supplementation Programs: In certain vulnerable populations, such as

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