Summer Internship
Summer Internship
Summer Internship
ON
URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WATER TREATMENT IN ELURU
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
BY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the community service Project report entitled” URBAN DEVELOPMENT,
WATER TREATMENT is being submitted by the following students in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of IV B.Tech I Semester bachelor of technology in civil engineering from
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA, Andhra Pradesh is
record of bonafied workcarried out during the academic year 2023-2024.
EXTERNAL EXAMINAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many individuals have contributed towards fulfillment to this work in one or many
ways. This work could not have seen light without the help of all these people. It will
be our pleasure and responsible to acknowledge their contributions.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide HARISH (CC )
& PHANI for there valuable guidance, constant encouragement and fruitful suggestions
during the entire period of this dissertationwork.
We thank N.SHIVA KUMAR Head of the Department of civil Engineering for
his kind of cooperation, expert guidance and for showing us the right direction when
we were lost. We sincerely thank him for his valuable time and enormous patience.
We thank him from the bottom of our heart for providing and allowing us to use all
the facilities of the department. His expert guidance, untiring attitude, student centric
care is highly acknowledged.
We thank Prof. Dr. V. SRINIVASA RAO , Principal for providing us with all the
Infrastructural facilities towards successful completion of this work.
We thank Sri.K. VENUGOPAL, Secretary and Correspondent Ramachandra
college of Engineering for providing with good academic and research environment in
the department.
We thank all the Teaching and Non-Teaching members of the department for
their Help and encouragement. And my Sincere thanks to Classmates of mine for their
whole hearted encouragement and co-operation.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this internship work entitled “URBAN DEVELOPMENT &
WATER TREATMENT IN ELURU MUNCIPAL CORPORATION ” has been prepared by us
during the year 2023-24 in the partial fulfilment of Batchelor of Technology degree
prescribed by the college.
We also declare that this internship is the outcome of our own effort, that it has not
been submitted to any other university or college for the award of any degree.
• Roads and Transportation: One of the key focuses of the Engineering Wing
is the development and maintenance of road networks, including construction,
repairs, widening, and ensuring road safety measures are in place.
• Innovation and Upgrades: The department may also focus on adopting new
technologies and sustainable practices to improve infrastructure quality, energy
efficiency, and overall urban development.
The Engineering Wing collaborates closely with other departments and stakeholders
within the Eluru Municipal Corporation to ensure the city's infrastructure meets the
growing needs of its residents while adhering to safety and quality standards. For
specific details on ongoing projects or services offered by the Engineering Wing,
contacting the municipal corporation directly or accessing their official website
would provide the most accurate and updated information
As a passionate fourth-year B.Tech Civil Engineering student at Ramachandra
College of Engineering, my journey into the practical realm of civil engineering
commenced with an enriching two-month summer internship at the Eluru Municipal
Corporation's esteemed engineering wing.
Objectives
During this tenure, our primary objective was to immerse myself in the
dynamic world of civil engineering, particularly in the municipal setting. We aimed
to grasp the intricacies of road construction, building projects, and drainage systems,
honing my skills in internship management, regulatory compliance, and teamwork
within this vibrant department.
Throughout this immersive internship, our central objective was to immerse
myself in the multifaceted realm of urban development within a municipal setup. We
aimed to understand the critical components of enhancing urban infrastructure,
strategizing community-oriented development, and comprehending the pivotal role of
civil engineering in shaping urban landscapes.
ACTIVITIES AND TASKS
Contribution
My role in supervising construction works empowered me to ensure meticulous
adherence to plans and specifications. Guiding the construction teams was pivotal in
maintaining quality standards and meeting internship deadlines.
Collaborating closely with construction teams highlighted the significance of
effective communication and teamwork in achieving internship goals efficiently.
LEARNINGS AND EXPERIENCES
b) Permitting Processes: Learn about the permit acquisition process and the
essential documentation necessary for project initiation.
Water treatment :
Water treatment refers to the process of treating and purifying water to make it
safe and suitable for various purposes, including drinking, industrial use,
irrigation, and recreational activities. The goal of water treatment is to remove
or reduce contaminants, pathogens, suspended solids, and unwanted substances
from water sources.
The specific methods and processes used in water treatment can vary
depending on the quality of the source water and the intended end-use.
However, here are some common steps and techniques involved in water
treatment:
1. ALKALINITY :
The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralise acids. The
alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts of carbonate, bicarbonate, borates,
silicates and phosphates along with the hydroxyl ions in free state. However
the major portion of the alkalinity in natural waters is caused by hydroxide,
carbonate and Bicarbonates which may be ranked in order of their association
with high pH values.
2. Reagents :
2. CHLORIDE
➢ Interference : If the sample is too coloured or turbid to allow the end point
to be readily detected, this interference may be reduced by alum flocculating
followed by filtration prior to the estimation of chloride.
Reagents :
Dissolve 2.395 gm AgNO3 and dilute to 1000 ml. Standardize against NaCl, 0.141
N. 0.5 mg C1.
4. Special (SO4)2, 60°C and reagent to remove colour and turbidity: Dissolve 125
g AlK 12 H20 or AlNH4 (SO4)2.12H2O and dilute to 1000 ml Warm to add 55
ml conc. NH4OH slowly. Solution should be free from C1.
➢ Take 100 ml sample and adjust the pH between 7.0 and 8.0
➢ Take 50 ml well mixed sample adjusted to pH 7.0 8.0 and add 1.0 ml
K2CrO4
➢ Titrate with standard AgNO3 solution till AgCrO4 starts precipitating
➢ Standardize AgNO3 against standard NaCl.
➢ For better accuracy titrate distilled water (50 ml) in the same way to
establish reagent blank
➢ Calculate as follows:
Chloride mg/1 = ((A-B) x N x 35.45 x 1000)/ml sample
Where A= ml AgNO3 required for sample.
B =ml AgNO3 required for blank
N = Normality of AgNO3 used.
HARDNESS
Water hardness react with soap, produce a lather. is the traditional measure of
the capacity of water to hard water requiring a considerable amount of soap to
Hardness of water is not a specific constituent but a variable and complex
mixture of cations and anions. The principle hardness causing ions are calcium
and magnesium. The degree of hard- ness of drinking water has been classified
in terms of the equivalent CaCO3 concentration as follows
REAGENTS:
1. Buffer solution Dissolve 16.9 gm. NH4C1 in 143 ml NH4OH. Add 1.25 gm.
magnesium salt of EDTA to obtain sharp change in indicator and 780 mg dilute
to 250 ml. If magnesium salt of EDTA is unavailable, dissolve 1.179 gm.
disodium salt of EDTA (AR grade) and MgSO4.7H20 or 644 mg MgC12.6H20
in 50 ml distilled water. Add to above solution of NH4C1 in NH4OH and
dilute to 250 ml.
3. Eriochrome Black T indicator :Mix 0.5 gm dye with 100 gm Nacl to prepare
dry powder. 4. Murexide Indicator : Prepare a ground mixture of 200 mg of
murexide
(ammonium purpurate) with 100 gm of solid NaCl.
Procedure :
A total Hardness
6. Calculate as follows
5. Calcium Hardness
3. Titrate immediately with EDTA till pink colour changes to purple. Note the
vol. of EDTA used (A').
4. Run a reagent blank. Note the al. of EDTA (B) required and keep it aside to
compare end points of sample titrations.
5. Calculate as follows
Where C' volume of EDTA used by sample (A-B') Dng CaCO3 per 1.0 ml
EDTA (0.01 M) used for titration.
C. Magnesium hardness as CaCO3 mg/1 total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/1 Ca hardness as CaCO3 mg/1
These types of hardness can be calculated from total hardness and total
alkalinity data as follows I
Then
1. Alkaline Hardness Total alkalinity.
as CaCO3
Then,
1) Alkaline hardness = Total hardness.
2) II) Non alkaline hardness = Nil.
SULPHATE
Sulphate ions usually occur in natural water. Many sulphate compounds are
readily soluble in water. Most of them originated from the oxida- tion of
sulphite ores, the solution of gypsum and anhydrite, the pre- sence of shales,
particularly those rich in organic compounds. Atmos- phericsulphurdioxide
formed by the combustion of fossil fuels and emitted by the metallurgical
roasting processes may also contribute to the sulphate compounds of water.
Sulphate bearing Minerals are common in most sedimentary rocks. In the
weathering process gypsum (CaSO4) is dissolved and sulphide minerals are
partly oxidised, giving rise to soluble form of sulphate that is carried away by
water. Sulphates cause a problem of scaling in industrial water supplies, and
problems of odor and corrosion in waste water treatment due its reduction to
H2S. Inges- tion of water containing high concentration of sulphate can have
laxative effect, which is enhanced when sulphate is consumed in combina- tion
with magnesium.
Turbidimetric Method
Principle : Sulphate ions are precipitated as BaSO4 in acidic media (HCL) with
Barium chloride. The absorption of light by this precipi- tated suspension is
measured by spectrophotometer at 420 nm or scattered light by Nephelometer.
Apparatus :
1. Magnetic stirrer
3. Stopwatch
Procedure
1. Take suitable vol. of sample in 250 ml. conical flask and dilute to 100 ml.
2. Add 5.0 ml. conditioning reagent accurately. Mix well.
3.Keep the flask constantly stirred with the help of stirrer. Add BaCl2 crystals
while stirring.. Continue stirring for 1 min. after addition of BaCl2.
4. Measure the turbidity developed after every 30 sec. for 4 mincolorimeter at
420 nm.
After 2 min. Stirring, reading will remainconstant. Note this reading for
calculation purpose.
5. Prepare standard curve by carrying standard sulphate solution through entire
procedure. Space standards at 5 mg/1 increment in the 0 to 40 mg/1 range.
6. Read ng 504 present in the sample from the standard curve.
Reagents :
1 ml = 1.0 mg Na
3. Working sodium solution Dilute 10 ml of stock solution to 1 litre. 1 ml = 0.1
mg Na.
1 ml =1 mg K
1 ml = 0.10 mg K
Procedure:
2. Start the electrical supply and switch on the air compressor supply. Stabilize
the air flow. The needle should be steady at the mark.
3. Switch on the gas and maintain the gas fuel mixture so that the blue flame is
seen through the viewing window. 4. Aspirate the distilled water and adjust the
galvanometer reading to zero.
8.Put off the fuel supply first followed by air and then main switch followed by
the instructions given by the main switch.
IRON
Being it the fourth most abundant element by weight in the earth's Occurs
presence mainly in the divalent and trivalent state in water. crust, The of iron in
natural water can be attributed to the dissolution of rocks and minerals, acid
mines drainage, and engineering industries. landfill leachates, sewage
Principle: The ferric form of iron is reduced to ferrous form by boiling with
hydrochloric acid Hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Upon adding 1,10
phenanthroline (between pH 3.2 and 3.3) form a soluble chelated complex of
orange red colour. Intensity of the colour is directly proportional to
concentration of iron present in the sample
.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the integrated approach to urban development and water
treatment explored in this study underscores the imperative of addressing the intricate
challenges posed by rapid urbanization and the escalating demand for clean water.
The identified key elements, including sustainability, resilient communities, and
innovative strategies, collectively form a framework for informed decision-making in
urban planning and infrastructure development. By recognizing the symbiotic
relationship between urban growth and water resources, stakeholders can work
collaboratively to implement effective solutions. The emphasis on environmental
sustainability and engagement with various stakeholders further enhances the
potential for creating urban environments that are not only prosperous and developed
but also resilient, water-efficient, and harmonious with the broader ecosystem. This
holistic perspective serves as a valuable guide for policymakers, planners, and
communities alike, paving the way for a more sustainable and water-secure urban
future.