1

Suggested Answer for 2019 H2 Chemistry Paper 4

1 (a) Table 1.1

test observations

Add 2 cm depth of aqueous silver nitrate

to clean dry boiling tube.

Add 1 cm depth of aqueous sodium brown/black ppt. formed

hydroxide slowly to the same tube. Note:
2Ag+ + 2OH– → Ag2O + H2O
brown/black ppt

Add aqueous ammonia slowly, with brown/black ppt dissolves to form a

shaking, until the precipitate just colourless solution
dissolves. You may use a clean glass rod Note:
to help dissolve the ppt. Ag2O(s) ⇌ 2Ag+(aq) + O2–(aq)
Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ⇌ 2Ag(NH3)2+(aq)
The formation of Ag(NH3)2+ will cause
[Ag+] to drop. IP of Ag2O drops below
Ksp of Ag2O. Hence Ag2O dissolves.

Add 2 cm depth of FA 1 to this mixture no observable change

and shake the tube.

Place the boiling tube in the test-tube rack silver mirror forms
and leave it for 3 minutes. Note:
This indicates that FA 1 contains an
aldehyde functional group.

Important: After about 3 minutes, pour the mixture down the sink and wash out
the boiling tube several times with tap water.

(b) (i) (alkaline) oxidation

(ii)

Note:
Although the linear form of D-glucose undergoes (alkaline) oxidation in (a), it
is incorrect to draw the structure below as it doesn’t satisfy the molecular
formula of C6H12O7. Always make sure that the question requirement is met!
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(iii) The reagent undergoes reduction, with the oxidation state of silver decreasing
from +1 in Ag(NH3)2+ to 0 in Ag.

Note:
Ag(NH3)2+ is behaving as an oxidising agent in the Tollen’s test.

(c) (i) aldehyde or ketone

Note:
When the question asks for a functional group, the answer given have to be
specific. The term “carbonyl” is not specific enough.

(ii) Since less than 1% of D-glucose are present in the linear form, the majority of the
D-glucose exists in isomeric forms that do not contain an aldehyde functional
group. Hence, condensation reaction with 2,4-DNPH is insignificant, and a
yellow ppt. will not be observed.

Propanone contains a ketone functional group that can undergo condensation

reaction with 2,4-DNPH. Hence a yellow ppt. will be observed.

2 (a) (i) CO32–, Cl–, Br–, I–, SO42–

(ii) test 1:
Add dilute H2SO4(aq) OR dilute HNO3(aq) OR dilute HCl(aq).
If effervescence of CO2 is produced which give white ppt. with limewater,
CO32– is present.

test 2:
Add dilute AgNO3(aq), followed by NH3(aq).
If white ppt. formed which is soluble in NH3(aq), Cl– is present.
If pale cream ppt. formed which is partially soluble in NH3(aq), Br– is present.
If yellow ppt. formed which is insoluble in NH3(aq), I– is present.

test 3:
Add Ba(NO3)2(aq), followed by dilute HNO3(aq) OR dilute HCl(aq).
If a white ppt. is formed which is insoluble in dilute acids, SO42– is present.

Note:
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For test 3, dilute H2SO4(aq) cannot be used because it will contribute SO42–
ions which will interfere with the test to show whether SO42– was present.

(iii) test 1:
No observable change

test 2:
White ppt. formed, which is soluble in NH3(aq)

test 3:
No observable change

identity of anion
Cl–

Note:
This means that the identity of FA 2 is KCl.

(b) (i) Mass Recordings

Mass of capped bottle containing solid FA 2 / g 14.098
Mass of capped bottle with residual FA 2 / g 6.396
Mass of FA2 used / g 7.702

Temperature Recordings
Time / min Temperature / °C Time / min Temperature / °C
0.0* 30.0 5.0 22.6
1.0 30.0 6.0 22.8
2.0 30.0 7.0 23.0
3.0 – 8.0 23.2
3.5* 23.4 9.0 23.4
4.0* 22.4 – –

Note:
Mass readings to be in 3 d.p.
Temperature readings to be in 1 d.p.
Time to be in nearest 0.5 min as indicated in the question.
Temperature marked ‘*’ are specific timings indicated in the instructions.
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(ii) 30
30.0 °C

29

28

27

26 ∆T
temperature / °C

25

24

23

22.2 °C
22

21

20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
point of time / min
mixing

(iii) Tmin = 22.2 °C (1 d.p.)

Tmax = 30.0 °C (1 d.p.)
∆T = 22.2 – 30.0 = –7.8 °C (1 d.p.)

Note:
When the term “change” is used, a positive or negative sign must
accompany the numerical value to reflect whether a positive or negative
change is observed. Also note that by convention, change = final – initial.

(iv) heat loss by solution, q = (50.0).(4.18).(7.8)

= 1630 J or 1.63 kJ (3 s.f.)

Note:
As far as possible, when dealing with heat, use the term “loss” or “gain”
instead of “change” because using the word “change” can be very
confusing as it requires you to account for positive and negative signs.

(v) q
enthalpy change, ∆Hsol =+
nFA 2
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1.63
= + 7.702
⁄(39.1+35.5)

= +15.8 kJ mol–1 (3 s.f.)

(vi) ∆Hsol remains unchanged if the chemical reaction taking place is the same.

V.c.∆T
Since ∆Hsol =+
nFA 2

If the volume of water i.e. V doubles, ∆T will be halved in order to satisfy the
requirement that ∆Hsol remains unchanged.

(c) ∆Hsol of KCl = –∆HLE of KCl + ∆Hhyd of K+ + ∆Hhyd of Cl–

+15.8 = –∆HLE of KCl + (–322) + (–364)
∆HLE of KCl = –702 kJ mol–1 (3 s.f.)

3 (a) (i) Table 3.1

3
final burette reading / cm 10.50 10.50
initial burette reading / cm3 0.00 0.00
volume of FA 4 added / cm3 10.50 10.50

Note:
Burette readings should be recorded to 2 d.p.

(ii) Suitable volume of FA 4, V1 = ½ (10.50 + 10.50)

= 10.50 cm3 (2 d.p.)

(b) (i) Table 3.2

3
final burette reading / cm 23.50 23.50
initial burette reading / cm3 0.00 0.00
volume of FA 4 added / cm3 23.50 23.50

Note:
Burette readings should be recorded to 2 d.p.

(ii) Suitable volume of FA 4, V2 = ½ (23.50 + 23.50)

= 23.50 cm3 (2 d.p.)

(c) (i) V1 is the volume required to convert H3PO4 to H2PO4–.

H3PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaH2PO4(aq) + H2O(l)

V2 is the total volume required to convert H3PO4 to HPO42–.

H3PO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2HPO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Using V2 from (b)(ii)

23.50
Amount of NaOH = x 0.100
1000
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= 2.35 x 10–3 mol

1
Amount of H3PO4 = x 2.35 x 10–3
2
= 1.18 x 10–3 mol

10.0
[H3PO4] in FA 3 = 1.18 x 10–3 ÷
1000
= 1.18 x 10 mol dm–3 (3 s.f.)
–1

(ii) Amount of H3PO4 = Amount of H3PO4 in 1.00 dm3 of FA 3

(26.75 cm3 rust = 1 x 1.18 x 10–1
converter) = 1.18 x 10–1 mol

26.75
[H3PO4]RC = 1.18 x 10–1 ÷
1000
–3
= 4.41 mol dm (3 s.f.)

4.41 mol [3(1.0)+31.0+4(16.0)] g 1 dm3 cm3

% mass H3PO4 = x x x
dm3 mol 1000 cm3 1.24 g
(in rust converter)
= 0.349 x 100 %
= 34.9 % (3 s.f.)

(d) (i) uncertainty

% uncertainty = x 100 %
measurement
(due to apparatus)

Since V2 is a larger measurement than V1, the % uncertainty (due to

apparatus) associated with measuring V2 will be less than that of V1. Thus V2 is
likely to be more accurate.

(ii) Assuming V2 to be correct,

1
V1 = x 23.50
2
= 11.75 cm3 (2 d.p.)

Explanation:
V1 is the volume required to convert H3PO4 to H2PO4–.
H3PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaH2PO4(aq) + H2O(l)

V2 is the total volume required to convert H3PO4 to HPO42–.

H3PO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2HPO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Since the same [NaOH(aq)] is used throughout the titration, the volume of
NaOH(aq) required to convert H3PO4 to HPO42– will be twice the volume of
NaOH(aq) required to convert H3PO4 to H2PO4–.

(iii) difference = |10.50 – 11.75|

= 1.25 cm3 (2 d.p.)

1.25
% uncertainty = x 100 %
11.75
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= 10.6 % (3 s.f.)

(e) The absence of a region of rapid pH change means that there is no suitable
indicator for identifying the third end-point.

4 (a) 1. Using a measuring cylinder, measure out 30.0 cm3 of CH3COCH3(aq) into a dry
and empty conical flask.
2. Using another measuring cylinder, measure out 30.0 cm3 of H2SO4(aq) into the
same conical flask.
3. Using another measuring cylinder, measure out 30.0 cm3 of I2(aq).
4. Pour the I2(aq) into the conical flask. Start the stopwatch simultaneously and
swirl the mixture thoroughly. Ensure that the stopwatch is kept running for
the entire duration of the experiment.
5. Using a pipette, transfer 10.0 cm3 of the reaction mixture into another dry and
empty conical flask. (Note that you only have a total of 90.0 cm3 of reaction
mixture. If 25.0 cm3 pipette is used, you can only have a total of 3 aliquots,
which is insufficient to study order of reaction. A minimum of 5 is needed.)
6. Using a measuring cylinder, measure out 10.0 cm3 NaHCO3(aq).
7. At 2 min, pour the NaHCO3(aq) into the conical flask in step 5. (Note that the
NaHCO3(aq) serves as the quenching agent by removing the H+ via acid-
carbonate reaction. Also note that for the continuous method, the first
reading should be obtained as soon as possible, ideally before the 3 minute
mark so that the initial rate if required can be determined accurately.)
8. Using a burette, immediately titrate the iodine present in the conical flask
against Na2S2O3(aq), until the solution turns pale yellow. (Note that without the
catalyst, the reaction can still occur, albeit more slowly. It is important to start
the titration immediately rather than collect all the aliquots first in this case as
the reaction, although much slower, is still occuring.)
9. Add 1 cm3 of starch indicator. The solution will turn blue-black. Continue to
titrate against Na2S2O3(aq) dropwise, until the blue-black colour disappears.
10. Record the total volume of Na2S2O3(aq) used.
11. Repeat steps 5-10 at five minutes interval i.e. 7, 12, 17, 22, 27 minutes until a
total of six readings are obtained.

(b) volume of S2O32–

time
Fig. 4.1
The volume of Na2S2O3 used is proportional to [I2] present in the reaction mixture.

Since the order of reaction with respect to I2 is zero, this means that the rate of
reaction is independent of [I2]. Thus, the rate of reaction, which can be estimated
from the gradient of the graph, will remain constant as time progresses.