LESSON 1 PERDEV Development

Developmental scientists identified the three  the act or process of growing or causing
aspects or domains of human development something to grow or become larger or
(Papalia & Feldman, 2012) more advanced;
 the act or process of creating something
 Physical Development
over a period of time; and the state of
 Cognitive Development
being created or made more advanced.
 Psychosocial Development
Personal Development
Human development spans the entire lifespan
across biological, psychological, and social  may be defined as a process in
domains. Personal development focuses on which persons reflect upon
individual growth within this context. Influences themselves, understand who they
on human development include biological, are, accept what they discover about
psychological, and social factors. themselves, and learn (or unlearn)
new sets of values, attitudes,
 Heredity behavior, and thinking skills to
 Environment reach their fullest potential as
 Maturation human beings.
PERSONAL VS PERSONALITY &  "The process of striving to be the
DEVELOPMENT best that you can be in order to
reach and realize your full potential.
Personal It is a journey of self-discovery,
self-improvement, and self-
 belonging or relating to a particular
realization." Zorka Hereford (2007)
person
 made or designed to be used by one Psychology and Personal Development
person
Psychology - being the study of human thinking
 someone whose job involves working
and behavior, serves as a foundation for personal
for or helping a particular person; and
development.
 of, relating to, or affecting a particular
person.  The school of thought that gave birth to
the contemporary understanding of
Personality
personal development started during the
 the set of emotional qualities, ways of flourishing of humanistic and positive
behaving, etc., that makes a person psychology in the 1950s, which dealt
different from other people with personal growth and meaning as a
 attractive qualities (such as energy, way of reaching one's fullest potentials.
friendliness, and humor) that make a
person interesting or pleasant to be with
 attractive qualities that make something
unusual or interesting;
 distinction or excellence of personal and
social traits; also, a person having such
quality; and
 a person of importance, prominence,
renown, or notoriety.
Humanistic Psychology In the Philippine context, authors Corpuz,
Lucas, Borabo, and Lucido (2010) defined the
 Abraham Harold Maslow - theorized the three stages of adolescence as:
five stages of human development based
on a hierarchy of needs, peaking in what  Early adolescence - between 10 and 13
he termed as "self-actualization," years of age
 Carl Rogers - in his psychotherapy  Middle adolescence - between 14 and 16
practice, theorized that "the individual years of age
has within himself the capacity and the  Late adolescence - between 17 and 20
tendency, latent if not evident, to move years of age
forward toward maturity" (Rogers,
1961). Adolescence starts with the biological changes
called puberty. The physical body undergoes
Martin Seligman - A noted psychologist and growth spurts at this time, for both male and
president of the American Psychological female, leading toward physical maturity.
Association observed that post-World War II,
psychology increasingly prioritized diagnosing, Biological changes bring about cognitive
treating, and preventing psychological disorders, (thinking and reasoning) and affective (feelings
emphasizing a disease model of human nature. and emotions) changes.

Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi The child, who has reached adolescence, is now
redirected psychology's focus from solely capable of reasoning about abstract concepts and
addressing disorders to emphasizing the positive problems. At this point, the adolescent becomes
aspects of human nature and the pursuit of full more inquisitive about things like philosophy,
potential. Positive psychology, building on religion, and politics.
humanistic principles, acknowledges both the This is also the stage when adolescents begin to
strengths and weaknesses of human nature, ask questions about their identity. Relationships
promoting a balanced perspective that highlights with family and friends are also affected by
inherent goodness alongside areas for growth. puberty during adolescence. Friends become the
Positive Psychology - positive psychology as the center of relationships more than family (Feist &
scientific study of the strengths and virtues that Rosenberg, 2012).
enable individuals and communities to thrive. Spirituality and Religious Beliefs in Personal
The field is founded on the belief that people Development
want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to
cultivate what is best within them, and to Feist and Rosenberg (2012) infer that during
enhance their experiences of love, work, and adolescence, young people will start asking
play. about abstract questions, like about politics or
religion, and eventually form their own beliefs.
Personal Development in Adolescence
This reflection is left to the student to find out
Adolescence is the transition period between how his or her religious beliefs influence one's
childhood and early adulthood. Although identity development and understanding of
scientists and psychologists may slightly differ personal development. Personal development
in pegging the exact age of adolescence, it is may be approached from different religious
widely believed to be between ages 11 or 12, perspectives: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism,
and lasting to about 18 years of age (Feist & Islam, and Judaism, among others, whose
Rosenberg, 2012). teachings may serve as the core or basis in
developing one's self.
 Plato
LESSON 2 PERDEV  The essence of knowledge is self-
knowledge.
Self
Other Understanding of “Self”
 In Philosophical terms, it is the being,
which is the source of a person’s  The ancient Hindu writings Upanishads
consciousness. It is the agent confirmed, “Enquiry into the truth of the
responsible for an individual’s thoughts ‘self’ is knowledge.”
and actions. It is an intangible entity that  The Persian poet Rumi ruminated,
directs a person’s thoughts and actions. “Who am I in the midst of all this
It is outside the physical realm of the thought traffic?”
person.  The American Poet Walt Whitman
 In Psychology, the” Self” is the essence celebrated his “self” as “a simple,
of a person: his thoughts, feelings and separate person.”
actions, experiences, beliefs, values,
principles, and relationships. Personality – set of behaviors, feelings,
 In religion or in the spiritual realm, the” thoughts, and motives that identifies and
Self” includes a person’s life purpose, individual.
meaning, aspirations, and one’s Big 5 Traits
relationship with a higher being.
 In Sociology, the “Self” is said to be Openness – The tendency to appreciate new art,
defined by the roles we take when we ideas, values, feelings and behaviors.
relate with others, such as being your Conscientiousness – The tendency to be careful,
parents’ child, being a classmate, a on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to
friend, or teammate. be hardworking
 Our approach to Personal Development
is holistic, we will integrate the various Extraversion – The tendency to be talkative,
definitions of “self” from the sociable, and to enjoy others: to have a dominant
philosophical, spiritual, and style
psychological realms, but we will focus
Agreeableness – The tendency to agree and go
and give more emphasis on its
along with others rather than to assert one’s own
psychological definition.
opinions and choices.
 When the “self” is defined as the
cognitive and affective representation of Neuroticism – The tendency to frequently
one’s identity, it is then described in experience negative emotions such as anger,
terms of human characteristics such as worry, and sadness, as well as being
behavior and thought. interpersonally sensitive.
Socrates “Know Thyself” Personality Traits - is a disposition to behave
consistently in a particular way, while
 the most important thing to pursue was personality is a broader term that comprises
self-knowledge, and admitting one’s traits, motives, thoughts, self-concept, and
ignorance is the beginning of true feelings. Examples of personality traits are
knowledge. shyness or social awkwardness, loyalty, and
honest.
Measuring Personality - There are different ways characteristics or being able to simply describe
to measure personality. One is by observing oneself. Being aware involves understanding
people’s behavior. This is quite limited as other one’s characteristics, as well as the factors that
people may not be able to observe all aspects of contribute to one’s being.
personality such as loneliness, which is internal
Self-awareness is reflective
and is observed by others very subjectively.
In understanding oneself, objectivity is
Personality can be measured using different
important.
kinds of tests like…
Open-mindedness is a virtue of a person with
 Rorschach Inkblot Test
self-awareness. Being open to others’ comments
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
and criticisms can be beneficial to us.
 Keirsey Temperament Sorter

LESSON 4 PERDEV
LESSON 3 PERDEV
Four Main types of Growth and Development
Development - process of change, however, it
does not necessarily mean that all changes are  Physical – Body Growth
developmental. There are certain criteria that  Mental – Mind Development
should be present for a change to be considered  Emotional – Feelings
developmental.  Social – Interactions and Relationships
Development should be Progressive - It must with others
entail ‘increasing’ or ‘advancing’ in quantity or Erik Erikson’s Stages of Human Development
quality or both.
Erik Erikson is best known for his famous
Development is time-oriented - It is a process, theory of psychosocial development and the
and it is not something that happens overnight. concept of the identity crisis. His theories
There is a right time for a developmental change marked an important shift in thinking on
to take place and become apparent. A right time personality; instead of focusing simply on early
must come first before a particular childhood events, his psychosocial theory looks
developmental skill can be learned. at how social influences contribute to our
personalities throughout our entire lifespans.
 Example: Riding a Bicycle.
Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial
Development can be both natural and self
development generated interest and research on
regulated - A natural course of development is
human development through the lifespan. An
innate among human beings. Many if the
ego psychologist who studied with Anna Freud,
changes in this course of development are
Erikson expanded psychoanalytic theory by
biologically predisposed characteristics.
exploring development throughout life,
 Physical Development (Body) - Natural including events of childhood, adulthood, and
 Learning Development - processed, old age.
controlled, and regulated.
Self-awareness - plays a crucial role in the
individual’s ongoing development in various
stages of the lifespan. Being aware is not as
simple as knowing one’s attributes and
Erikson’s theory of Psychosocial Development are focused on developing a greater sense of
self-control.
Infancy - The trust vs. mistrust stage is the first
stage, it lasts until a child is around 18 months  In the second stage, toddlers respond to
old. caregivers who either promote
independence or dependence.
Age: Birth to 1 year old
Encouraging independence fosters self-
Conflict – Trust vs Mistrust efficacy, while excessive dependence
leads to reduced confidence.
Physical Development – roll over, crawl, walk,
grasp objects. Preschool Psychosocial Development

Mental Development – respond to cold, hunger,  Psychosocial Conflict: Initiative vs.

and pain by crying. Begin to recognize Guilt
surroundings and become aware of surroundings  Basic Virtue: Purpose
and people.
Preschool - Initiative vs. guilt is the third stage,
Emotional Development – show anger, distrust, between 3 and 5, children begin to assert their
happiness, excitement, etc. power and control over the world through
directing play and other social interactions.
Social Development – self-centeredness concept
of the newborn to recognition of others in their  In preschool years, children learn to
environment. assert themselves by expressing their
needs. If met with positivity, they
 infants learn to trust based on how well
understand that taking initiative is
their caregivers meet their basic needs
beneficial. Conversely, if they face guilt
and respond when they cry.
or shame for speaking up, they may
 When their needs are met, infants learn become timid and avoid taking the lead.
that relying on others is safe; when their
needs go unmet, infants grow up to be Early Childhood (Preschool)
less trusting.
Physical Development – growth slower than in
Early Childhood infancy. Muscle coordination allows the child to
run, climb, move freely. Can write, draw, use a
 Toddler – 1 to 3 years old (Autonomy fork and knife.
Vs Shame and Doubt)
 Preschool - 3 to 6 years old (Initiative Mental Development – verbal growth
Vs. Guilt) progresses, short attention span, at end of stage
ask questions, recognize letters, and some
Important Tasks in Psychosocial Stage 2 words.
 Picking out her own clothes and Emotional Development- develop self-
dressing herself awareness and recognize the effect they have on
 Developing food preferences of her own other people and things. Children feel
 Choosing which toys she likes by impatience and frustrations as they try to do
herself things beyond their abilities. This will lead to
 Mastering toilet training temper tantrums.
Toddlerhood - Autonomy versus shame and Social Development - at beginning of stage very
doubt is the second stage, between 18 months self-centered one year old to sociable six-year-
and around 2 or 3 years. Children at this stage
old. Strong attachment to parents. Needs are Psychosocial Conflict: Identity vs Confusion
food, shelter, protection, love and security.
 Major Question: “Who am I?”
 Basic Virtue: Fidelity
Late Childhood  Important Event: Social
Relationships
Age: 6-12 years old
Identity versus role confusion is the 5th stage of
Conflict – Industry vs Inferiority ego in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development.
School-Age Psychosocial Development
This stage occurs during adolescence between
 Psychosocial Conflict: Industry vs the ages of 12 and 18. During this stage,
Inferiority adolescents explore their independence and
 Basic Virtue: Competence develop a sense of self.
Physical Development – Slow but steady. Identity vs. role confusion is a stage
Muscle coordination is well developed and characterized by asking "Who am I," and
children can engage in physical activity that learning more about your own goals, values, and
require complex motor-sensory coordination. beliefs.
Mental development – developing quickly and The adolescent stage is where the term “Identity
much of the child’s life centers around school. crisis” originated and for good reason.
Reading and writing skills are learned, Adolescence is all about developing a sense of
understand abstract concepts like honesty, self.
loyalty, values and morals.
Dependence on parents for guidance can lead to
Emotional development – the child achieves more role confusion in teens than in those
greater independence and a more distinct pursuing their interests. Clear self-identity
personality. Fears are replaced by the ability to fosters stronger goals and self-knowledge in
cope. adolescents compared to those struggling against
Social development – changes from activities by parental or peer influences.
themselves to more group oriented. They are Physical Development - Growth spurts, muscle
more ready to accept the opinions of others and coordination slows. Sexual organ and secondary
learn to conform to rules, and standards of sexual characteristic development (puberty)
behavior. Needs are the same as infancy and occurs, triggered by sex hormone secretion,
early childhood along with the need for leading to menstruation in girls and sperm and
reassurance, parental approval, and peer semen production in boys. There are also
acceptance. changes in body shape and form.
 In early school years, children begin Mental Development - Most foundations have
comparing themselves to peers. Feeling been set. Development primarily involves an
accomplished boosts self-esteem, while increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills.
noticing peers' achievements can lead to Learn to make decisions and accept
self-doubt. For instance, a first grader responsibility for actions.
consistently scoring lower on spelling
tests may feel inferior over time. Emotional Development - Emotional
development is often stormy and in conflict.
Adolescent Psychosocial Development Adolescents try to establish their identities and
independence. They respond more and more to  Failure in school
peer group influences.  Inability to meet expectations
Social Development - Spending less time with  Influence of suicidal friends or parents
family and more time with peer groups. They  Lack of self-esteem.
attempt to develop self-identity and  Family history of suicide
independence and seek security from their peers.  A major loss or disappointment
Toward the end of this stage, they develop a  Previous suicide attempts
more mature attitude and develop patterns of  Recent suicide of friends, family, or role
behavior that they associate with adult behavior. models (heroes or idols)

Eating Disorders Early Adulthood

 Often develops from an excessive Age: 20 – 40 years old

concern for appearance.
Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation
 Anorexia nervosa
 Bulimia nervosa Psychosocial Development in Young Adulthood
 More common in females
- Psychosocial Conflict: Intimacy vs
 Usually, psychological or Isolation
psychiatric help is needed to treat - Major Question: “Will I be loved or will
these conditions. I be alone?”
Substance Abuse - Basic Virtue: Love
- Important Event: Romantic relationships
 Use of alcohol or drugs with the
development of physical and/or Intimacy vs. isolation is the sixth stage of Erik
mental dependence on the chemical. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,
 Can occur at any life stage, but which happens after the fifth stage of identity vs.
frequently begins in adolescence. role confusion. The intimacy vs. isolation stage
 Can lead to physical and mental takes place during young adulthood between the
disorders and diseases. ages of approximately 19 and 40.
 Treatment towards total The major conflict at this stage of life centers on
rehabilitation. forming intimate, loving relationships with other
people. Success at this stage leads to fulfilling
Suicide
relationships. Struggling at this stage, on the
 One of the leading causes of death other hand, can result in feelings of loneliness
in adolescents and isolation.
 Permanent solution to a temporary
In young adulthood, which begins roughly at age
problem
20, people begin to solidify their lifelong bonds;
 Impulsive nature of adolescents many people enter committed relationships or
 Most give warning signs marriages, while others form lifelong
 Call for attention friendships. People who can create and maintain
these relationships reap emotional benefits,
while those who struggle to maintain
Reasons for Suicide relationships may suffer from isolation. A young
adult who develops strong friendships in college
 Depression may feel more intimacy than one who struggles
 Grief over a loss or love affair to form and maintain close friendships.
Physical Development –complete. Muscles are Social Development – Family relationships can
developed, and strong motor coordination is at decline as children begin lives of their own and
its peak. parents die. Divorce rates are high. Friendships
are with people with similar interest and
Mental Development – Young adults seek
lifestyles.
additional education, choose careers, and
independence.
Emotional development – Young adults are
subjected to many emotional stresses related to
Late Adulthood
career, marriage, family, etc.
Age: 65 years of age and up
Social Development – Moving away from peer
groups, adults tend to associate with others who Conflict – Ego Integrity vs Despair
have similar ambitions. Most find a mate and
begin a family Psychosocial Development in Maturity

 Psychosocial Conflict – Integrity vs

Despair
Middle Adulthood  Basic Virtue – Wisdom
Age: 40-65 years of age. Integrity vs. despair is the eighth and final stage
Conflict: Generosity vs Stagnation This stage begins at approximately age 65 and
Middle Adulthood Psychosocial Development ends at death.

 Psychosocial Conflict: Generativity vs • As adults reach the end of life, they look
Stagnation back on their lives and reflect. Adults
who feel fulfilled by their lives, either
 Basic Virtue: Care
through a successful family or a
Generativity vs. stagnation is the seventh stage meaningful career, reach ego integrity,
in which they can face aging and dying
between the approximate ages of 40 and 65.
with peace. If older adults don’t feel that
In middle age, individuals focus on leaving a they’ve lived a good life, they risk
lasting impact, often through parenting or falling into despair.
making positive changes for others. Contributing
Physical Development – on the decline. Skin
to society and fostering the well-being of future
becomes dry and wrinkles, “age spots” appear.
generations become essential during the
Hair thins, muscles lose tone and strength.
generativity vs. stagnation stage of development.
Memory loss can occur and reasoning ability
Physical Development – Hair grey’s and thins, can diminish.
skin wrinkles, muscle tone decreases, hearing
Mental Development – varies. People who
loss, visual activity losses, weight gain.
remain mentally active and are willing to learn
Mental Development – can continue to increase. new things tend to show fewer signs of
Confident decision makers and excellent at decreased mental ability.
analyzing situations.
Emotional Development – Emotional stability
Emotional Development – can be a period of also varies.
contentment and satisfaction.
Social Development – retirement can lead to
loss of self-esteem, lost identity. Death of spouse
and friends cause changes in social
relationships.

LESSON 1

MADE BY: CALVIN & DUSTIN (love u)