Effect of Barley Straw Fiber As A Reinforcement On The Mechanical Behavior of Babolsar Sand
Effect of Barley Straw Fiber As A Reinforcement On The Mechanical Behavior of Babolsar Sand
Effect of Barley Straw Fiber As A Reinforcement On The Mechanical Behavior of Babolsar Sand
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00281-7
TECHNICAL PAPER
Abstract
The behavior of soil reinforced with barley straw fibers was investigated in the cur-
rent study. Several static triaxial tests were performed to assess the mechanical
behavior of Babolsar sand reinforced with randomly positioned barley straw fibers.
The soil was supplemented with fibers that ranged in length from 6 to 12 mm at
0%, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% by dry weight. In static triaxial testing, confining pressures
of 50, 100, and 200 kPa were used. The examination of sand reinforced with barley
straw showed that fibers increased the sand’s shear strength, yield strain, and stiff-
ness. The findings showed that adding fiber increased the soil’s peak strength. How-
ever, this strength improvement was minor for weight percentages of 0.3 and much
larger for weight percentages of 0.6 and 0.9. According to the results, adding fibers
at a weight ratio of 0.9% might increase the soil’s peak strength by as much as 60%.
Additionally, the failure strain was increased with the addition of barley straw fibers
compared to unreinforced soil. It is important to note that the internal friction angle
of unreinforced soil was 43 degrees. This number equated to 51 degrees when 0.9%
fiber was added to the soil.
Keywords Static triaxial test · Babolsar sand · Barley straw fiber · Reinforced sand ·
Mechanical behavior
1 Introduction
Building on weak or soft soil involves very high risk since it is vulnerable to asym-
metric settlements due to insufficient shear strength and excessive compressibility
(Htut et al. 2019; Esker and Buscetin 2022). Increments in bearing capacity, shear
strength, and soil permeability characteristics can be achieved in several ways; one
* Ali Vafaei
[email protected]
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
1Vol:.(1234567890)
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of these methods is to strengthen the soil with discrete fibers dispersed randomly
(Zhang and Russell 2021). The addition of discrete flexible fibers, which mimic the
activity of plant roots, increases the strength and stability of soil layers close to the
ground (Vafaei et al. 2022a). Engineers employ this technique for many geotechnical
engineering tasks including stabilizing thin soil layers, fixing slope failures, harden-
ing the soil surrounding foundations, defending buildings, and improving road foun-
dations (Choobbasti et al. 2015).
The use of natural and synthetic fibers and the addition of discrete elements with
random distribution are physical methods for improving soil performance (Sahin
et al. 2021). The results show that boosting the fiber content mostly enhances the
soil’s shear strength (Kutanaei et al. 2022). Studies have also shown that the strength
and stress-strain properties of reinforced soils with a random distribution of fibers
are influenced by the soil and soil type and by the amount and level of fiber friction
(Vafaei et al. 2022b).
For the construction of stabilized pavement bases, canal linings, and support lay-
ers for shallow foundations, the enhancement of local soils with fibers and cement
offers significant economic and environmental benefits by eliminating the need
for a spoiled area and the need to borrow materials from somewhere else. In ear-
lier studies, the shear strength of synthetically cementing sandy soil was examined
(Choobbasti et al. 2018). According to the literature, cement increases maximum
shear strength and dilatation. Additionally, by raising the confining pressure, soil
cement’s stiff nature is transformed into one that is more flexible (Choobbasti et al.
2015). Materials such as cement sand are simply mixed with fibers at random. Fib-
ers placed at random produce increased isotropic strength (Ghadakpour et al. 2021).
Numerous experts have studied the behavior of reinforced soil in recent years.
Application areas for reinforced soil include creating embankments, strengthening
the substrate, and minimizing cracks brought on by clay soil shrinkage and swelling
(Turk and Nehdi 2021). The use of discrete fibers to improve the engineering prop-
erties of soils is something that many specialists from all around the world are inter-
ested in. To use these strategies in geotechnical work and better understand their
benefits and disadvantages, more research is required. Several researchers performed
numerous triaxial, unconfined, CBR, direct shear, flexural, and tensile strength
experiments on reinforced soil samples. The results of this research demonstrate that
the addition of discrete fibers with a random distribution improves the soil’s strength
properties and changes its behavior from brittle to more flexible (Karimzadeh et al.
2022). The following section includes a few laboratory experiments in this area.
The impact of short polymeric fibers on crack development was examined by Zie-
gler et al. (1998). According to the test results, the fibers were successful in minimiz-
ing the amount of desiccation cracking that developed in clays that were dried. The
presence of fibers improved the clay’s tensile strength and gave it a ductile behavior
that was missing from the samples without fibers. Gray and Ohashi (1983) showed
that discrete fiber reinforcement of soil increased peak shear strength while reducing
the drop-in strength after the peak strength based on the results of direct shear stud-
ies. The number of fibers, their length, and their modulus are factors affecting the
increase in strength. During their examination, they did not notice any stiffening of
the soil-fiber mixture. Gray and Al-Refeai (1986) discovered that discrete fibers with
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2 Experimental Program
In this study, several triaxial experiments (CD tests) on Babolsar sand reinforced with
natural fibers were conducted in order to investigate the stress-strain properties and how
different factors affect the behavior of materials. The use of fibers in geotechnical and
transportation engineering can be applied to the five categories of pavement, retain-
ing walls, slope stability, foundations, and earthquake, according to a thorough assess-
ment of this research on reinforced soil. The results of this study’s investigation into
the behavior of sand reinforced with straw barley fiber will be highly helpful to civil-
geotechnical and civil-transportation engineers.
The mechanical behavior of Babolsar sand, when combined with barley straw fibers,
has been studied in numerous consolidated drained triaxial tests utilizing fiber weight
ratios of 0, 0.3, 0, 6, and 0.9 percent and confining pressures of 50, 100, and 200 kPa.
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Babolsar Sand
Sand from Babolsar was used as the subject of this study’s soil. The mean grain
size (D50) of this sand is 0.22 mm, and it has a specific gravity of 2.78, a curvature
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One of the fibers employed for reinforcing is cut barley straw. It is a member of the
grass family, barley straw. Barley straw is widely available and can be farmed in
colder areas as well as in temperate ones. A renewable material called barley straw
is made of cellulose, glucose, lignin, wax, and water. Barley straw has been used for
centuries to remove oil from soil surfaces and to stop the growth of algae. The straw
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utilized in this study was gathered from agricultural fields and is one of the typical
forms of straw in Iran. Straw strands with a length of 6 to 12 mm were selected at
random since the straw used in the studies had variable lengths and it was very dif-
ficult to utilize a certain length. The results of measuring the straw strands’ width
for a sample taken at random from a kilogram of straw indicate that the fibers’ width
falls between 0.4 and 2 mm. The barley straw utilized in this study is seen in Fig. 2.
2.2 Sample Preparation
Fiber is a ductile substance. Ang and Loehr (2003) investigated the size effect and
discovered that there were no size effects for the sample with a diameter of 70 mm
for fibers with lengths of 10, 15, 20, and 52 mm. Consoli et al. (2009) conducted
triaxial studies using a sample diameter of 50 mm and a fiber length of 23 mm with
a ratio of 2.1. Triaxial studies were performed by Malidarreh et al. (2018) using a
sample with a diameter of 38 mm and a fiber length of 15 with a ratio of 2.2. Tri-
axial tests were carried out by Noorzad and Zarinkolaei (2015) using a sample with
a diameter of 38 mm and a fiber length of 18 with a sample length to fiber length
ratio of 2.1. Because fiber-reinforced soil is employed at high densities (pavement,
slope, foundation), all samples were prepared at a constant relative density of 80%
(Choobbasti & Kutanaei 2017). At confining pressures of 50 kPa (which mimicked a
low depth, such as pavement), 100 kPa (which simulated a medium depth, such as a
foundation), and 200 kPa, triaxial tests were conducted (simulating high depth: deep
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The average of the specimen was three heights in a location 120 degrees of the spec-
imen height while calculating the specimen’s height, average diameter, and location
of each quarter of the specimen’s diameter. The various stages of specimen prepara-
tion are shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 shows the equipment used in this study to conduct the experiments. HEICO
Company’s triaxial method was used to conduct static, strain-controlled triaxial
tests. A ring-type load cell was used to assess the axial load on the sample. The
actuator and load frame, water/air bladder, distribution panel, IMACS controller, tri-
axial cell, automatic volume change device, and servo reservoir assembly were the
organization’s key components. In this study, a triaxial device had a data control
association installed on it. Sensors delivered all data to the control association. They
were given to the software by the control association as numbers. A displacement
transducer was used to measure the axial displacement with a range of 50 mm, and
the axial load was delivered to the load cell. Up to 1500 kPa and 2000 kPa of pres-
sure were applied to the load cell’s cylinder. A 15 KN load cell was used to control
the axial load. The bladder IMACS controller provided the necessary cell pressure
and also collects data and transducer communication for computer analysis. In this
investigation, several static triaxial tests were performed following ASTM D7181.
With a strain rate of 0.02%, strain-controlled consolidated drained triaxial tests were
performed.
The CD test results of sandy soil such as peak strength, residual strength, failure
axial strain, strength increase ratio, brittle index, and volumetric strain are acquired
(Table 2). By comparing the peak strength and residual strength to peak strength
ratio, the brittle index assesses the sample’s ductility. The strength increase ratio is
Fig. 3 Procedures for preparing a specimen for an experiment in this study. a Applying a standard per-
cussion instrument to compact a layer of the specimen. b Scratch the layer’s surface Before pouring the
subsequent layer. c Suction-made static specimen
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defined as the peak strength of reinforced specimens divided by the peak strength of
unreinforced specimens.
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Table 2 Strength properties and CD test results of reinforced and unreinforced sand
Test no. Weight Confining Failure Peak Residual Strength Brittle Volumet-
ratio of pressure strain deviatoric strength increase index ric strain
fibers (%) (kPa) (%) stress (kPa) ratio (%)
(kPa)
Fig. 5 Stress-strain curve of sand (unreinforced and reinforced) at different fiber weight ratios under a
confining pressure of 50 kPa
This can be due to the physical contact between dirt particles and fibers. Due to
the strain at the fiber-soil interface, the soil matrix’s fibers find it difficult to slip,
and they can withstand tensile stress, which eventually increases soil strength and
improves soil behavior. This outcome is consistent with the study performed by
Choobbasti et al. (2019a, b). The stiffness of the reinforced soil is dependent on the
density, confining pressure, and fiber contents as demonstrated by the reinforced
triaxial investigations on drained sand reinforced with PVA fibers that Choobbasti
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Fig. 6 Stress-strain curve of sand (unreinforced and reinforced) at different fiber weight ratios under a
confining pressure of 200 kPa
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interaction between the fibers and the sand reduces. At low confining pressures,
sand will interact more with the fibers because it tends to dilate (volume increase)
as a result of shear. These findings are consistent with the research done for the
published paper (Choobbasti et al. 2019a, b; Ghadakpour et al. 2021).
In this part, the volumetric behavior of reinforced specimens with random fiber
distributions is explored. The research’s conclusions about the samples’ volumet-
ric behavior are presented below. Diagrams illustrating the volume change in axial
strain for sand reinforced with strands of barley straw are shown in Figs. 8 and 9.
This pattern of decreasing volume rises with increasing confining pressure can be
found in practically all samples reinforced with barley straw fibers (see Fig. 8). Fig-
ure 9 clearly shows that the fibers of barley straw have little to no effect on the volu-
metric behavior of sand. Similar results in minimizing sandy soil dilatation due to
the addition of Kenaf fibers were reported by Koutenaei et al. (2021).
The results show that the peak strengths of reinforced specimens have always
been higher than those of unreinforced specimens. As the weight ratio of barley
straw increases, as shown in Fig. 10, the peak strength rises. For the weight ratio
of 0.3%, this rise is hardly noticeable, but for the weight ratios of 0.6 and 0.9%, it
becomes more substantial. Peak strength increases along with confining pressure,
which nearly seems to be decreasing as it increases. Two essential reinforcement
qualities are tensile strength and contact surface shear strength. Tensile strength
is undoubtedly an essential quality considering that the reinforcer needs to be
able to withstand the tensile pressures that the soil transmits. The most important
Fig. 8 Volumetric strain curve of sand (0.6% fiber-reinforced) at different confining pressures
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Fig. 9 Volumetric strain curve of sand (reinforced and unreinforced) at different fiber weight ratios under
50 kPa confining pressure
Fig. 10 Peak strength curve of sand (reinforced and unreinforced) at different fiber weight ratios and con-
fining pressures
component of the soil and reinforcing mechanism is the shear strength of the
contact surface, which is responsible for transferring stresses from the soil to the
reinforcing. Failure in reinforced soil happens as a result of the reinforcement
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materials gradually failing or slipping within the soil bulk. Ghadakpour et al.
(2020) conducted several experimental tests on cement sand reinforced with
kenaf fiber and found that the addition of hemp fiber boosted compressive and
tensile strength. Fiber tires, however, enhance tensile strength in additional ways
than merely compressive strength. These findings are consistent with the research
conducted and presented in the study (Choobbasti et al. 2019a, b).
With the addition of straw fibers, the failure strain on bare soil rises. However,
altering the weight ratio of the fibers had no appreciable effect on the fail-
ure strain. Additionally, as confining pressure rises, the failure strain does too
(Table 2). For instance, the failure strain is increased by 24% from the unrein-
forced sand’s 4.2% failure strain to 5.2% at 200 kPa confining pressure and 0.9%
barley straw weight ratio. These findings align with prior studies in the literature
(Ghadakpour et al. 2021).
Since it is the resistance that soil exhibits after failure, a strain resistance of 15%
is often regarded as residual strength. The strength the soil retains after failure
and deformation increases in direct proportion to how little damage is done to
the building built on it. This is due to a smaller strength decline following the
peak strength. According to the technical manuals, adding fibers to reinforced
soil reduces the loss of strength after peak strength. This behavior illustrates that
the presence of the fibers causes reinforced materials to act more flexibly than
unreinforced samples. This is because fiber stops the samples’ shear bands from
developing. The formation of the shear band in unreinforced sand samples is what
causes the strength loss that happens after the peak strength. Another explanation
for this is that when the specimens are loaded, the fibers act as bridges, increasing
the soil’s strength to high deformation. The samples reinforced with barley straw
fibers show no significant trend in the brittle index. In terms of the fragile index,
there is little distinction between samples with and without barley straw reinforc-
ing. According to Ghadakpour et al. (2019), when PVA fiber content increases,
the pace at which cementitious soil strength drops decreases substantially.
Stiffness is one of the factors affecting soil behavior that controls the rate of defor-
mation and settling under loads. The findings indicate that samples reinforced
with barley straw fibers have higher stiffness. However, this gain in stiffness is
minimal, especially at the weight ratio of 0.3% barley straw, where stiffness has
even been demonstrated to decrease when compared to unreinforced specimens.
According to Kutanaei and Choobbasti (2017), the inclusion of fibers decreased
the tendency of lateral deformations and increased the stiffness of the soil.
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Fig. 11 Failure envelope of sand (reinforced and unreinforced) at different fiber weight ratios
In this section, the failure envelope for discrete fibers with a random distribu-
tion on the soil strength parameters (φ and C) is studied (Table 3, and Fig. 11).
It should be noted that “apparent cohesion” refers to the cohesiveness that results
from the reinforcement of non-cohesive materials. In general, it is obvious how
soil strength characteristics or shear strength are improved by reinforcing the fail-
ure envelope. Results reveal that the strength properties of reinforced sand are
unaffected by the weight ratio of 0.3% barley straw in comparison to unreinforced
sand.
As the weight ratio increases, the barley straw’s strength properties improve.
Koutenaei et al. (2021) showed similar results on soil strength measurements related
to the addition of Kenaf fibers in sandy soils. It is interesting to note that this study
only looked at Babolsar sand and one kind of soil. Different types of soil may be
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used in future projects, and the effect of durability on reinforced soil may also be
studied and examined.
For typical building projects, sand with an internal friction angle of 43 degrees
is a great choice. However, due to the numerous loads that must be applied to the
soil, strengthening and reinforcing the soil with fibers is very practical and essential
while carrying out other tasks like erecting high-rise structures and towers. In real-
ity, the goal of fiber-based soil improvement is not only to boost resistance but also
to balance out residual behavior and make it flexible.
4 Conclusion
In order to evaluate the resistive behavior of Babolsar sand reinforced with randomly
distributed straw barley fibers, numerous static triaxial experiments were conducted
in this study, incorporating 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 percent by dry weight of straw barley
fibers into the soil. Confining pressures of 50, 100, and 200 kPa were used during
static triaxial testing. The results are summarized as follows:
The stress-strain diagrams show that adding barley straw fiber makes the soil
more resilient; however, this improvement in resistance is noticeably less promi-
nent at weight percentages of 0.3 and more pronounced at weight percentages of
0.6 and 0.9. In practically all samples equipped with straw strands, the amount of
developing volume reduces with increasing confining pressure, according to an
analysis of the test data. With increasing strength, barley straw’s weight-to-volume
ratio increases. The maximal strength rises as the confining pressure does. Barley
straw fibers enhance the failure strain in comparison to unreinforced soil. The failure
strain, however, does not significantly change when the weight ratio of the fibers was
changed. With rising confining pressure, the failure strain also rises. The samples
with barley straw fiber reinforcement do not exhibit any discernible trends in the
brittle index. The stress-strain graphs for samples reinforced with fibers from bar-
ley straw show that the sample stiffness increases. The weight ratio of 0.3% barley
straw in contrast to unreinforced sand does not affect the strength characteristics of
reinforced sand. However, the barley straw’s strength characteristics improve as the
weight ratio rises.
Author Contribution Ali Vafaei: writing—original draft; investigation; data curation; visualization; for-
mal analysis.
Asskar Janalizadeh Choobbasti: conceptualization; methodology; formal analysis; supervision; writ-
ing—review and editing; project administration.
Reza Younesi Koutenaei: methodology, data curation.
Amir Vafaei: writing—review and editing; data curation.
MobinaTaslimi Paein Afrakoti: writing—review and editing; data curation.
Saman Soleimani Kutanaei: methodology, resources, data curation, formal analysis.
Data Availability All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted
article.
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Declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate Not applicable
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