Senior Chemistry Ipe Imp Q.bank 2024

SECOND YEAR
IPE CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ` KKP / MYP CENT RE
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
1. (a) State and Explain Kohlrausch’s law of Independent migration of icons and its applications?
(b) What are fuel cells? How are they different from galvanic cells? Give the construction of H2, O2 fuel
cells?
2. (a) What is electrolysis?
(b) State faraday’s first and second law of electrolysis?
(c) A solution of CuSO4 is electrolyzed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the mass of
Copper deposited at the Cathode.
3. What are electrochemical cells? How are they constructed? Explain the working of the different types of
galvanic cells?
CHEMICAL KINETICS
4. (a) What is Arrhenius equation? Derive the equations for the half life value of zero and first order reaction?
(b) A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant k  5.5  10 14 s1 . Find the half life of the reaction?
5. (a) What is order of reaction and molecularly of the reaction.
(b) How order of reaction is different from the molecularity of a reaction. Give examples of first order and
second order reactions.
6. (a) Describe salient features of the collision theory of reaction rates of bimolecular reactions.
(b) Explain the effect of temperature and catalyst on the rate of reaction.
(c) Name one bimolecular and one tri molecular gaseous reaction.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
7. (a) How is ammonia manufactured by Haber’s process with a neat diagram
(b) Explain the reaction of ammonia with
(a) ZnSO4 (b) CuSO4 (c) AgCl (d) FeCl3
8. How is nitric acid manufactured by ostwald’s process? How does it react with following?
(a) Copper (b) Zn (c) S8 (d) P4
9. Explain in detail the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process?
10. (a) How is Ozone prepared from oxygen?
(b) Explain its reaction with (i) C2H4 (ii) KI (iii) Hg (iv) Pbs (v) Ag
11. (a) How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory by deacon’s method?
(b) How does it react with the following
(a) Iron (b) Iodine (c) H2S (d) Na2SO3 (e) hot conc NaOH (f) acidified FeSO4
12. (a) How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic method?
(b) Explain its reaction with (a) NaOH (b) NH3 under different conditions
13. (a) Explain structure of XeF4, XeF6 and XeOF4
(b) How are Xenon fluorides XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 obtained
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
14. (a) Explain
(i) Cannizaro reaction (ii) Decarboxylation (iii) Aldol condensation (iv) Cross aldol condensation
(b) Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare it with that of alcohols.
15. Explain the following with one example.
(i) Esterification (ii) Swart reaction (iii) Hell volhard – Zelinsky reaction
(iv) Aldol condensation (v) Diazotization (vi) Williamson’s synthesis
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16. Explain the following with one example
(a) Reimer – Tiermann reaction (b) Kolbe’s reaction (c) Wurtz fitting reaction (d) fitting reaction
17. Explain the following with one example
(a) esterification reaction (b) Williamson synthesis
(c) Hoff mann bromamide degradation (d) Gabriel Pthalamide synthesis (e) Gatterman reaction
18. Write any two methods of preparation of Phenol. Give their corresponding equations.
19. (a) Explain the preparation of ethyl alcohol from molasses?
(b) How does ethylalcohol react with the following? Write equations.
0
(i) Metallic Na (ii) CH3COOH (iii) CH3MgI (iv) Conc.H2SO4 at 170 C
1 2
20. (a) Explain SN and SN reactions with mechanism?
(b) What happens when n-butyl chloride is treated with alc.kOH
(c) What happens when bromo benzene is treated with Mg in presence of dry ether.
21. Explain the following conversions
(1) Propene to propanol (2) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(3) 1-Bromopropane to 2-Bromo propane (4) Aniline to chloro bezene
(5) Benzyl chloride to Benzyl alcohol (6) Ethyl magnesium bromide to propanol
(7) 2-butanone to 2-butanol (8) Acetic acid to acetyl chloride
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

SOLID STATE
1. Derive Bragg’s equation.
2. Explain Schottky defect and frenkel defect in Solids?
SOLUTIONS
3. (a) State Raoult’s law
(b) Calculate the Vapour Pressure of the solution at 293 K when 25 grams of glucose is dissolved in 450
grams of Water.
4. (a) What is meant by positive deviation from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of mixH related to positive
deviation from Raoult’s law?
(b) Calculate the molarity of solution containing 5 g NaOH in 450 solution.
5. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of mixH related to negative
deviation from Raoult’s law?
6. What is relative lowering of Vapour Pressure? Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass
–1
40gram.mol ) which should be dissolved in 114 gram octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%?
7. (a) What is ideal solution?
(b) Calculate the mole fraction of H2SO4 in a solution containing 98% H2SO4 by mass?
8. (a) What is molality, molarity, molefraction of solution?
(b) Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 grams of NaOH in 450 mL solution?
9. A solution of sucrose in water is labelled as 20% w/w. What would be the mole fraction of each component
in the solution.
10. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure? How is it useful to determine the molar mass of solute?
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
11. (a) State and Explain Nernest equation with the help of a metallic electrode and a non-metallic electrode?
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction Cu  S   2Ag  aq   Cu2  aq   2Ag  s  .
12. (a) Give the construction and working of a standard hydrogen electrode with a neat diagram.
(b) The standard emf of Danlell cell is 1.1 V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the cell reaction
Zn  s   Cu2   aq  Zn2   aq  Cu  s 
13. What is metallic corrosion? Explain it with respect to iron corrosion.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
14. Give any four differences between Physisorption and Chemisorption.
15. What is Catalysis? How it is classified? Give two examples for each type of Catalysis?
16. What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols? Compare the two terms in terms of stability and reversibility?
17. (a) What is emulsion? How are they classified? (b) Name two emulsifiers.
18. (a) Define Gold number. (b) Explain formation of micelle.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
19. Derive integrated rate equation for zero order reaction?
20. Derive integrated rate equation for first order reaction?
21. A reaction has a half-life of 10 minutes. Calculate the rate constant for the first order reaction.
22. Define and explain the order of a reaction. Calculate the half life of first order reaction whose rate constant
is 200s1 ?
METALLURGY
23. Define Calcination and Roasting. Give one example of each?
24. Explain the purification of Sulphide ores by froth flotation method?
25. Explain following methods.
(a) Zone refining (b) Electrolytic refining (c) poling (d) vapour phase refining
26. Explain the process of extraction Aluminium from bauxite?
27. Explain the extraction of Zinc from zinc blende.
28. Explain the purpose of Vulcanization of rubber.
29. Write any two ores with formula of the following metals?
(a) Aluminium (b) Zinc (c) Iron (d) Copper
30. Give two uses of each of the following metals
(a) Zinc (b) Copper (c) Iron (d) Aluminium
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
31. How is chlorine obtained in the laboratory? How does it react with the following?
(a) Cold. dil NaOH (b) excess NH3 (c) KI
32. Write the names and formulae of the oxo acids of chlorine
d-BLOCK, f-BLOCK AND CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

33. Explain Werner’s theory of co-ordination compounds with suitable examples?
34. Using IUPAC norms write the formulas for the following
(a) Tetrahydroxo zincate (II) (b) Hexaammine cobalt (III) sulphate
(c) Potassium tetra chloropalladate (II) (d) Potassium tri(oxlato) chromate (III)
(e) Tetra Carbonylnickel (O)
35. Using IUPAC norms write the systematic names of the following
+3 2–
(a) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (b) [Ti(H2O)6) (c) [NiCl4] (d) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl
36. What is lanthanide contraction? What are the consequences of lanthanide contraction?
37. Discuss the nature of bonding and magnetic behaviour in the following co-ordination entities on the basis of
valence bond theory?
4 3
(b) FeF6  (d) CoF6 
3 3
(a) Fe  CN6  (c) Co  C2O 4 3 
38. What are interstitial compounds? How are they formed? Give two examples?
POLYMERS
39. (a) What are additional polymers? Give example? (b) What is PHBV? How it is useful to man?
40. Explain (i) additional polymerization (ii) condensation polymerization
41. What are synthetic rubbers and explain the preparation and uses of the following:
(i) neoprene (ii) buna-N (iii) buna-S
42. What are LDP and HDP and how they are formed?
43. Explain co-polymerisation with an example?
44. What is Zeigler-Natta catalyst?
BIOMOLECULES
45. Give the sources of the following vitamins and name the diseases caused by their deficiency.
(a) A (b) D (c) E (d) K
46. What are hormones? Give one example of each?
(A) steroid hormones (B) polypeptide hormones (C) amino acid derivatives
47. Explain denaturation of proteins?
48. Explain structures of RNA and DNA?
CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE

49. Write short notes on (i) analgesics (ii) food preservatives
50. Write notes on antiseptics and disinfectants?
51. What are artificial sweetening agents and food preservatives and give one example of each?
52. Explain the cleaning action of soap.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
53. (i) Explain sandmeyer reaction (ii) carbylamine reaction
54. Explain SN1 and SN2 reactions?
55. Compare the basicity of the following in gaseous and in aqueous state and arrange them in increasing
order of basicity?
CH3NH2 ,  CH3 2 NH,  CH3 3 N and NH3
56. Give structures of A, B and C in the following reaction.
H O H
  A   B   C
CuCN NH ,
C6H5N2 Cl  2 3
57. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their acidic strength.
Benzoic acid, 4-methoxy benzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-methylbenzoic acid
58. Write the IUPAC name of the following compounds.
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
OH OH
OH
CH3
OH CH3
(A) (B) (C) (D)

59. Ethanol with H2 SO4 at 443 K forms ethane while at 413K it forms ethoxy ethane. Explain the mechanism?
60. Write the products of the following
OC 2H5 OC 2H5
HBr Conc. H2SO4
(A) (B)
Conc. HNO3
61. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes faster in SN1 reactions.
(i) Cl Cl
and
(ii) Cl
and
Cl
62. Explain why the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride?
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
SOLID STATE
Previous Year Questions
1. Explain Antiferromagnetism with suitable examples.
Ans. Substances like MnO showing anti-feromagnetism having domain structure similar to ferromagnetic
substance, but their domains are oppositely oriented and cancel out each other magnetic moment.
2. Why ionic solids are hard and brittle.
Ans. In ionic solids the formation of solid compound is due to the arrangements of cations and anions bound by
strong coloumbic force i.e., electro static force. So ionic solids are hard and brittle in nature. These have
high melting and boiling points.
3. Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting point. Comment.
Ans. Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting point.
Explanation:
i) The stability of a crystal mainly depends upon the magnitude of forces of attraction between the
constituent particles.
ii) As the attractive forces between the constituent particles increases stability of the crystal also increases.
iii) As the stability of crystal increases melting point of solid will be higher.
4. Define the term amorphous.
Ans. An amorphous solid is the compound which does not have orderly arrangement of particles. In amorphous
solids the constituent particles, atoms, molecules has short range order only. Amorphous solids are
isotropic in nature.
E.g.: Glass, rubber, plastics etc
5. How do you distinguish between hexagonal close-packing and cubic close packing structures.
Ans. Hexagonal close packing: The spheres of the 3rd layer are exactly aligned with those of first layer. This
pattern is repeated in alternate layers. Tetrahedral voids of the 2nd layer may be covered by the spheres of
3rd layer. This structure is called hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure. Cubic close packing: The spheres
th
of 3rd layer cover the octahedral voids of 2nd layer. But the spheres of 4 layers are aligned with those of
first layer. This structure is called cubic close packing. Hexagonal close packing has ABABABAB……
pattern arrangement. Cubic close packing has ABCABC…… pattern arrangement.
6. Classify the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent network (i) Si (ii) I2 (iii) P4 (iv) Rb
Ans. (i) Si - Covalent network solid (ii) I2 - Molecular solid with covalent bonds
(iii) P4 - Molecular solid with covalent bonds (iv) Rb - Metallic solid
7. What are Schottky defects in crystalline solids?
Ans. Schottky defect:
1) “It is a point defect in which an atom or ion is missing from its normal site in the lattice”.
2) In order to maintain electrical neutrality, the number of missing cations and anions are equal.
3) This sort of defect occurs mainly in highly ionic compounds, where cationic and anionic sizes are similar.
In such compounds the coordination number in high. Ex: NaCl,CsCl, etc
4) Illustration:
5) This effect decreases the density of the substance.
8. How do you distinguish between crystal lattice and unit cell?
Ans. Crystal lattice: A regular arrangement of the constituent particles of a crystal in the three dimensional space
is called crystal lattice.
Unit cell: The simple unit of crystal lattice which when repeated again and again gives the entire crystal of a
given substance called unit cell.
9. What are the characteristics (a, b, c and  ,  ,  values) in a tetragonal system?
Ans. Characteristics of tetragonal system: a  b  c ;       90 Ex: SnO2
10. What is Tetrahedral hole?
Ans. Tetrahedral hole: A hole formed by three spheres of a layer in contact with each other and another sphere
of next layer of a crystal.
11. Calculate the number of particles present in a fcc crystal structure.
1
Ans. Number of particles present in fcc unit cell: particles occupy six face centres ( 6   3 ) and one body
2
centre 1 1  1 so total effective number of particles = 4.
12. What are octahedral holes? How are they formed?
Ans. Octahedral holes: It is the hole in a crystal surrounded by six spheres lying at the vertices of a regular
octahedron.
13. What is meant by Frenkel and Schottky defects?
Ans. Frenkel defect:. It is a point defect due to displacement of atom or ion from its regular position in a crystal.
Ex. AgBr
Schottkey defect: It is a point defect due to missing of equal number of cations, anions from their
regular positions in the crystal. Ex. NaCl
14. What is Doping?
Ans. Doping: It is the method of adding an impurity to a semi conductor to enhance its conductivity ex. P or B is
used for doping Si.
Additional Very Important Questions

15. What makes a glass different from quartz
Ans. Quartz is Crystalline solid where it has long range order of SiO2 units Glass is amorphous solid where it has
short range order of same units.
16. Classify the following solid as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent network or amorphous.
(i) Si (ii) I2 (iii) P4 (iv) Rb
(v) SiC (vi) LiBr (vii) Ammonium phosphate(NH4)3PO4
(viii) Plastic (ix) graphite (x) tetra phosphorous decoxide (xi) brass
Ans. Si – Covalent network
I2 – Non - polar molecular solid
P4 – Non - polar molacular solid
Rb – Metallic solid
SiC – Covalent or Network solid
LiBr – Ionic Solid
(NH4)3PO4 – Ionic solid
Plastic – Amorphous
Graphite – Covalent or Network solid
P4O10 – Molecular solid
Brass – Metallic solid
17. What are F-centres?
Ans. The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called F-centres.
18. Explain Ferromagnetism with suitable example.
Ans. The substance which is very strongly attracted by a magnetic field is ferromagnetic substance.
Eg: Fe, Co, Ni, Gd, CrO2
19. Explain Paramagnetism with suitable example.
Ans. A substance which is weakly attracted by a magnetic field is known as paramagnetic substance.
+2 +3 +3
Eg: O2, Cu , Fe , Cr
20. Explain Ferrimagnetisms with suitable example.
Ans. A substance which is weakly attracted by magnetic field as compared to ferromagnetic substance and is
observed when the magnetic moments of the domains in the substance are aligned in parallel and anti-
parallel directions in unequal numbers.
Eg: Fe3O4, MgFe2O4, NiFe2O4
SOLUTIONS
21. What is ppm of a solution?
Ans. ppm-parts per million: It is a convenient method of expressing concentration when a solute is present in
trace quantities. Parts per million is defined as the
Number of parts of the component
ppm   106
Total no. of parts of all components of the solution
22. What is Ebullioscopic constant?
Ans. Ebullioscopic constant: The elevation of boiling point observed in one molal solution containing non-volatile
solute is called Ebullioscopic constant (or) molal elevation constant.
23. Given an example of a solid solution in which the solute is solid.
Ans. Example of a solid solution in which the solute is solid, is copper dissolved in gold.
24. Calculate the mole fracion (x) of 98% of H2SO4 by mass.
Ans. Given a solution containing – 98% H2SO4 by mass.
It means 98 gms of H2SO4 and 2 gms of H2O mixed to form a solution.
Weight 2 1
nH2SO4   
GMW 18 9
Weight 98
nH2SO4   1
GMW 98
nH2SO4 1 9
Mole fraction of H2SO4, XH2SO4     0.9
nH2O  nH2SO4 1/ 9  1 10
25. State Raoult’s law.

Ans. i) Raoult’s law for volatile solute: For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.
ii) Raoult’s law for non-volatile solute: The relative lowering of vapour pressure of dilute solution containing
non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of solute.
26. Calculate the mole fraction of sodium hydroxide in 10% w/W NaOH solution.
w
Ans. 10%   NaOH solution means
W
10 gms of NaOH in 90 gms of water
10 1 90
nNaOH   ;nH2O  5
40 4 18
nNaOH 0.25 0.25
XNaOH     0.048
nNaOH  nH2O 0.25  5 5.25
27. Define Osmotic Pressure.
Ans. Osmotic pressure: It is the excess pressure that has to be applied on dil. solution to prevent osmosis when it
is separated from pure solvent by semi permeable membrane.   CST .
28. 4 gm of NaOH are dissolved in 4 litres of the solution. Find the Molarity of the solution.
Ans. Molarity of solution containing 4 gm NaOH dissolved in 4 lit solution.
W 1000 4 1000
M     0.025M
GMW V  ml  40 4000

29. State Henry’s law.
Ans. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (P) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (X) in the
solution.
P = KH . X
KH = Henry Law Constant
30. What are isotonic solutions?
Ans. The solutions which exert same osmatic pressure are known as ISOTONIC solutions.
Eg: 0.1 M glucose solution and 0.1 M Urea solution are isotonic.
31. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 ml of 0.15M solution in
methanol.
W 1000
Ans. M 
GMW V (ml)
W 1000
0.15  
122 250
W  4.575 g
32. What is Van’t Hoff’s factor ‘t’ and how is it related to ‘  ’ in the case of a binary electrolyte (1:1)?
Ans. The Von’t Hoff factor is defined as
Total Number of molecules after association / dissociation
i
Total Number of molecules before association / dissociation
For Binary electrolyte
2
i
1 
33. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure?
Ans. The Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of the solute.
P0  P P0  P nA
 XA (or) 
P0 P0 nB
P0 = Vapour of pure solvent
P = Vapour pressure of solution
XA = Mole fraction of solute
34. Calculate the mole fraction of H2SO4 in a solution containing 98% H2SO4 by mass.
Ans. WH2SO4  98 g
WH2O  2 g
98 2 1
nH2SO4  1 ; nH2SO4   0.11 ; XH2SO4   0.9
98 18 1.11
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
0
35. How is E cell related mathematically to the equilibrium constant KC of the cell reaction?
Ans. Relation between E0 cell and equilibrium constant KC of the cell reaction.
0 2.303RT
E(cell)  logK c
nF
n = number of electrons involved
–1
F = Faraday = 96500 C mol
T = Temperature
R = gas constant
36. Define molar conductivity ∧m  and how it is related to conductivity (k)?
Ans. Molar conductivity: The conductivity of a volume of solution containing one gram molecular weight of the
electrolyte placed between two parallel electrodes separated by a distance of unit length of 1 meter is called
molar conductivity ∧m  .
k
Relation between conductivity and molar conductivity : ∧m  ;  c  constant
c
37. Write the Nernst equation for the EMF of the cell.
Ni s  | Niaq
2 
 || Ag aq | Ag
RT  Ag 

Ans. Nernst equation for the cell is Ecell  E0cell  ln

nF Ni2
38. What is galvanic cell? Give one example.

Ans. Galvanic cell: A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy by the use of spontaneous
redox reaction is called Galvanic cell (or) voltaic cell. Ex: Daniell cell.
39. How is change in Gibbs energy  G  related to the emf (E) of a galvanic cell?
Ans. Relation between Gibb’s energy (G) and emf (E) mathematically
G  nFE(cell)
G = change in Gibb’s energy

n = number of electrons involved
–1
F = Faraday= 96500Cmol

40. Write the cell reaction taking place in the cell
2+ +
Cu(s)/ Cu (aq)//Ag (aq)/ Ag(s)
Ans. Oxidation Half Reaction Cu / Cu2
Reduction Half Reaction Ag / Ag
The cell reaction is Cu  2Ag  Cu2  2Ag

41. What is standard hydrogen electrode?
Ans. Standard Hydrogen Electrode is a reference electrode. Which consists of a Pt electrode coated with Pt
block which is dipped in 1M HCl and pure H2 gas is bubbled through it, at 1 atm.
RT [Mg2 ]
42. Write the cell reaction for which Ecell  E0cell  ln
2F [Ag ]2
Ans. The cell reaction can be represented as Mg  2Ag  Mg2  2Ag
Cell Reaction is Mg / Mg2 / /Ag Ag

43. What is metallic corrosion? Give one example?
Ans. Coating of metallic surface with oxides or other salts of the metal is known as Corrosion.
Eg: rusting of Iron
3
2Fe2  xH2O  O2  Fe2O3 .xH2 O
2
CHEMICAL KINETICS
44. Give two examples of gaseous first-order reactions.
Ans. The following are the examples for gaseous first order reactions.
1
N2 O5(g)  N2O4(g)  O2(g)
2
SO2Cl2  SO2(g)  Cl2(g)
45 Define order of reaction.

Ans. Order of a reaction: It is the sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate equation of the
reaction.
46. Define Rate of reaction.
Ans. Rate of reaction: Change in molar concentration of either reactants or products per unit time (sec) unit
– moles lit 1 sec 1 .
47. Define “Order” and “Molecularity” of a reaction.
Ans. Order: It is the sum of the exponents of concentration terms involved in rate equation.
Molecularity: It is the total number of atoms or ions or molecules involved in the rate determining step of a
reaction.

48. What are complex reactions? Name one complex reaction? What is rate determining step in a
complex reaction?
Ans. The reaction which involve sequence of elementary reactions for the conversion of reactants into products is
called complex reaction. In complex reactions molecularity is equal to 3 or greater than 3.
Ex: KClO3  6FeSO4  3H2SO 4  KCl  3Fe2  SO 4 3  3H2O
The slowest step in multi step reaction is called rate determining step.
49. What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant?
0
Ans. For a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 10 C, the rate constant is nearly doubled.
50. What is pseudo first order reactions? Give one example?
Ans. The bimolecular reactions in which one of the reactant taken in excess are pseudo first order reactions. In
pseudo first order reaction molecularity = 2 and order = 1.
Ex: Ester hydrolysis

H
CH3 COOC2H5  H2 O  CH3 COOH  C2H5 OH
Rate  K CH3 COOC2H5  [H2O]0

1
Order with respective ester is first order.

Order with respective water is zero order.
51. What is half life? Write the equation useful to calculate half-life (H/2) values for zero and first order
reactions.
Ans.
52. What is activation energy?

Ans. The additional amount of energy absorbed by the reactant molecules so that their energy becomes equal to
threshold energy value is called activation energy.
53. Write the Arrhenius equation for the rate constant (k) of reaction?
–Ea /RT
Ans. k = Ae
A = Arrhenius factor or the frequency factor
R = Gas constant
–1
Ea = Activation energy measured in J mol .
K = rate constant
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
54. What is adsorption? Give one example.

Ans. The accumulation of molecular species on the surface of solid is termed as adsorption.
Ex: Hydrogen gas adsorbed on platinum surface.
55. What is absorption? Give one example.
Ans. The uniform distribution of molecular species into the bulk of a solid is termed as absorption.
Ex: A sponge placed in water absorbs water.
56. The critical temperature of SO2 is 630 K and that of CH4 is 190K. Which is adsorbed easily on
activated charcoal? Why?
Ans. SO2 is easily adsorbed on activated charcoal than CH4.
Higher the critical temperature of a gas, more easily it is liquefiable.
Easily liquefiable gases accumulate on the surface of adsorbent with strong intermolecular forces.
57. Amongst SO2 , H2 which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and why?
Ans. As SO2 has higher critical temperature than H2, it is more easily liqufiable and hence more readily adsorbed
on the surface of charcoal.
58. Explain why lyophilic colloids are relatively more stable than lyophobic colloids?
Ans. Lyophilic sols are more stable than lyophobic sols. This is due to the fact that lyophilic colloids are
extensively solvated, i.e., colloidal particles are covered by a sheath of the liquid in which they are
dispersed.
59. What are micelles? Give one example.
Ans. Micelles; Micelle is a colloidal sized particle formed in water due to the association of simple molecules
containing a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end.
Ex: Sodium stearate in water form micelle
60. Sky appears blue in colour. Explain.
Ans. Sky appears blue in colour due to scattering of light by dust particles. This is due to Tyndall effect.
61. What is Brownian movement?
Ans. The Zig–zag motion of colloidal particles in the dispersion medium is called Brownian movement. It occurs
due to unbalanced bombardment of particles by the molecule of the dispersion medium.
62. What is electrophoresis?
Ans. The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric field is called electrophoresis or
cataphoresis.
63. Define flocculation value.
Ans. The minimum amount of electrolyte in millimoles that must be added to one litre of a colloidal solution so as
to bring about complete coagulation is called the flocculation (or) coagulation (or) precipitation value of the
electrolyte.
Thus, smaller is the coagulation value of an electrolyte greater is its coagulating or precipitating or
flocculating power.
64. State Hardy – Schulze rule.
Ans. Greater the valence of the coagulating ion added, the greater is its power to cause coagulation. This is
known as Hardy – Schulze rule.
65. What is an emulsion? Give two examples.
Ans. The dispersion of finely devided droplets of a liquid in another liquid medium is called an emulsion.
(or)
A colloidal system in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids, is called an
emulsion.
Ex : Milk – In this liquid fat is dispersed in water.
66. Define Gold number?
Ans. Capacity of lyophilic colloid in protecting lyophobic colloid is measured in terms of gold number.
Gold Number is defined as the weight (in mg) of a protective colloid which prevents the coagulation of
10 ml of a given gold sol on adding 1 ml of 10% solution of sodium chloride.
Ex: Gelatin having gold number 0.005 — 0.01.
67. Name the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in the following colloidal systems (i) fog
(ii) smoke (iii) milk.
Ans.
Colloidal system Dispersed phase Dispersion medium
(i) fog Water droplets Air
(ii) Smoke Carbon particles Air
(iii) Milk Liquid fat droplets Water
METALLURGY
68. How is leaching carried out in the case of low grade copper ores?
Ans. In case of low grade ores of copper, hydrometallurgy technique is used for extraction. Here leaching
process can be done by using acids (or) bacterial. The solution containing Cu 2 is trated with scrap iron
(or) H 2 .
Cu(aq2 )  H 2( g )  H 2( s )  2 H(aq )
69. Why copper matte is put in silica lined converter?
Ans. Copper matte contains Cu2O, sand Fes. In this mixture FeS is gangue. For removing the gangue, silica
present in the lining of the Bessemer’s converter acts as acidic flux and forms slag.
2Fes  3O2  2FeO  2SO2
gangue
FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3

Gangue flux Slag
70. State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper.
Ans. The role o silica in the metallurgy of copper is to acts as an acidic flux. Silica reacts with the impurities of
iron and form slag.
Gangue flux Slag

71. Give the composition of the following:
a) German Silver b) Brass
Ans. a) Composition of German silver: 50-60% Cu, 10-30% Ni, 20-30% Zn
b) Composition of Brass: 60-80% Cu, 20-40% Zn
72. What is the role of cryolite in the extraction o aluminium.
Ans. By adding the cryolite to the pure Alumina, the melting point of pure Alumina is lowered (which is very high
2324K) and electrical conductivity of pure alumina is increased.
73. Give the composition of Brass.
Ans. Composition of Brass: 60-80% Cu, 20-40% Zn.

74. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation?
Ans. It is possible to separate a mixture of two sulphide ores by adjusting proportion of oil to water or by using
depressants in froth floatation process. For example, in the case of an ore containing ZnS and PbS, the
depresent used is NaCN. It selectively prevents ZnS from coming to the froth but allows PbS to come with
froth. NaCN forms a layer of Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS.
75. Explain “poling”.
Ans. Poling is a metal refining process. The molten metal is stirred with logs (poles) of green wood. The
impurities are removed as gases. Blister copper is purified by this method. The reducing gases evolved from
the wood, prevent the oxidation of copper.
76. How is cast iron different from pig iron?
Ans. The iron obtained from blast furnace contains about 4% carbon and many impurities in smaller amount
(eg: S, P, Si, Mn). This is known as pig iron.
Cast iron is different from pig iron and is made by melting pig iron with scrap iron and coke using hot air
blast. It has slightly lower carbon content (about 3%) and is extremely hard and brittle.
77. Explain the terms gangue and slag.
Ans. One is usually contaminated with earthy materials and undesired chemical compounds. These are
collectively known as gangue or matrix.
Flux reacts with gangue forming slag. Slag can be removed in the liquid form as it has lower melting point,
than gangue.
Flux + gangue  slag
Eg. FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3
78. What is blister copper? Why is it so called?
Ans. The solidified copper is obtained by the reaction,
2Cu2O + Cu2S  6Cu + SO2. It has blistered appearance due to evolution of SO2 and so it is called blister
copper.
79. What is flux? Give an example.
Ans. During metallurgical operations, substance called flux is used. The added substance ‘flux’ combines with
gangue to form slag. Slag separates more easily from the ore than the gangue. Slag has lower melting point
than gangue. This can be removed in liquid form.
In the extraction of Copper SiO2 is used as a flux to remove FeO
FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3
Impurity flux slag
Gangue
80. Give two uses each of the following metals.
(a) Zinc (b) Copper (c) Iron (d) Aluminium
Ans. Uses:
a) Zinc
i) Zinc is used for galvanising iron.
ii) Zinc is used as reducing agent in the manufacture of paints, dye-stuff’s etc.
iii) Used in large quantities in batteries.
b) Copper
i) Used in several alloys. Eg: Brass (Cu and Zinc)
ii) Making wires in electrical industry
c) Iron
i) Cast iron is used for casting stoves, railway sleepers, etc.
ii) Wrought iron is used making wires, bolts, agricultural implements.
d) Aluminium
i) Aluminium foils are used as wrapers for chocolates.
ii) Aluminium is used in the extraction of chromium and manganese from their oxides
iii) Aluminium wires are used as electrical conductors.
81. Between C and CO, which is a better reducing agent for Zno?
Ans. Coke is better reducing agent for ZnO and not CO
82. Give the uses of (a) Cast iron (b) Wrought iron (c) Nickel steel (d) Stainless steel
Ans. a) Cast iron is used for casting stoves, railway sleepers, gutter pipes, toys etc.
It is used in the manufacture of wrought iron and steel.
b) Wrought iron is used in making anchors, wires, bolts, chains and agricultural implements
c) Nickel steel is used for making cables, automobiles and aeroplane parts, pendulum measuring tapes.
d) Stainless steel is used for cycles, automobiles, utensils, pens etc.
p – BLOCK ELEMENTS
83. How are XeO3 and XeOF4 prepared?
Ans. XeF6 on hydrolysis produce XeO3
XeF6  3H2 O  XeF3  6HF
Partial hydrolysis of XeF6 gives XeOF4
XeF6  H2 O  XeOF4  2HF
84. Write any two used of argon.

A. Use of Ar :
1) 'Ar' is used to create inert atmosphere in high temperature metallurgical process
2) 'Ar' is used in filling electric bulbs
85. How is nitrogen prepared in the laboratory? Write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
A. Preparation of di Nitrogen:
1. Very pure nitrogen is obtained by the thermal decomposition of sodium (or) barium azide
Ba(N3 )2  Ba  3N2
2. In the laboratory dinitrogen is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of NH4 Cl with NaNO2
NH4 Cl(aq)  NaNO2(aq)  N2(g)  2H2O(1)  NaCl(aq)
3. Nitrogen can also be obtained by the thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate


(NH4 )2 Cr2O7   N2  4H2O  Cr2 O3
86. Give two reactions in which transition metals (or) their compounds acts as catalysis.
A. (1) V2 O5 is used as catalyst in manufacturing of SO3 from SO2
VO
2SO2 g  O2 g   2 5  2SO3 g
(2) Fe is used as catalyst in manufacturing of NH 3

Fe S
N2 g  3H2 g f      2NH3 g
87. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in making Holme’s signal. Explain
A. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in Holme’s signal. This mixture containing containers are pierced and
thrown in the sea, when the gas is evolved burn and serve as a signal. The spontaneous combustion of PH3
is the technical use of Holme’s signal.
88. Give one example each of normal oxide and mixed oxide of nitrogen.
A. Nitric oxide (NO) is an example of normal oxide of Nitrogen.
Dinitrogen trioxide ( N2 O3 ) is an example of mixed oxide of nitrogen.
89. Why H 2O is a liquid while H2 S a gas?
A. H 2O is liquid due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. While H 2 S is gas because it is not
having such type of bonding.
90. Nitrogen molecule is highly stable. Why?
A. Nitrogen molecule is more stable because in between two nitrogen atoms of N2, a triple bond is present.
To break this triple bond high energy is required (941.4KJ/mole).
91. Ammonia is a good complexing agent. Explain with an example.
A. NH3 is a Lewis base and it donates electron pair to form dative bond with metal ions. This results in the
formation of complex compound.
2
Cu(aq)  4NH3(aq)  Cu(NH3 )4 (aq)
2
blue deep blue

92. Write the reactions of F2 and Cl2 with water.
A. Fluorine produces O2 and O3 on passing through water.
3F2  3H2O  6HF  O3
2F2  2H2O  4HF  O2
Chlorine dissolves in water giving a solution of chlorine water. A freshly prepared solution of chlorine water
contains HCl and HOCl .
Cl2  H2 O  HCl  HOCl
HOCl is unstable and dissociates to give nascent oxygen.
HOCl  HCl   O 
93. What is tailing of mercury. Explain?
A. Mercury loses it’s lustreness, meniscus and consequently sticks to the walls of glass vessel when it reacts
with ozone. This phenomenon is called tailing of mercury.
2Hg  O3  Hg2O  O2
It is removed by shaking it with water which dissolves Hg2O.
94. Which oxides of Nitrogen are neutral oxides?
A. Neutral oxides of N2 : N2 O , NO .
95. Draw the structure of P4 O10 .
Ans. Structure of P4 O10 O

P
O O
O
O P O P O
O O
P
O
96. What is nitrolim? How is it formed?

1000C
A. Nitrolim: A mixture of calcium cyanamide and graphite is called nitrolim. CaC2  N2 
 CaCN2  C .
nitro lim
It is used to prepare NH3 by hydrolysis.

97. Give two examples each for amphoteric oxides and neutral oxides.
Ans. Examples of amphoteric oxides are Al2O3 and ZnO. Examples of neutral oxides are CO, NO and N2O.
98. Why is H2O a liquid while H2S is a gas?
Ans. The O – H bond in H2O is highly polar. There are hydrogen bonds among the molecules of H2O.
Hence it is present as a liquid.
There are no hydrogen bonds among H2S molecules. So it exists as a gas at room temperature.
99. Give the hybridisation of sulphur in the following
100. Explain the structures of SF4 and SF6
101.
102. List out the uses of neons

Ans. i) Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs for advertisement display purposes.
ii) Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and In green houses.
103.
d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS AND COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

104. Scandium is transition element. But Zinc is not. Why?
A. Scandium has electronic configuration [Ar]4s2 3d1
Zinc has electronic configuration [ Ar ]4s 2 3d 10

Scandium has one unpaired d-electron where as Zinc has zero unpaired d-electrons so Scandium is
transition element but Zinc is not.
105. What are complex compounds? Give examples.
A. Complex compounds: Transition metal atoms or ions form a large number of compounds in which anions or
neutral groups are bound to metal atom or ion through co-ordinate covalent bonds. Such compounds are
called co-ordination compounds (or) complex compounds.
4 3
Eg: Fe  CN6  , Co NH3 6 
106. CuSO4.5H2O is blue in colour whereas anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless. Why?
A. CuSO4.5H2O is blue in colour whereas anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless because in the absence of ligand,
crystal field splitting does not occurs.
107. Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of Fe2(aq) ion
A. Fe2 ion has electronic configuration [Ar]4s0 3d6

It has four unpaired electrons n = 4
Spin only magnetic moment   n(n  2)BM  4(4  2)  24BM  4.9BM
108. Write the formulae for the following compounds.
a) Tetraamminecopper (II) Sulphate b) Potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (II).
A. a) Tetraamminecopper (II) Sulphate Cu NH3 4  SO4
b) Potassiumtetrachloropalatinate (II) K 2 PtCl4 
109. Write the systematic names of the following: a) K  Ag  CN2  b) Co  NH3 3  Cl3  
A. K  Ag  CN2  -potassium dicyano Argentate (I) CO  NH3  Cl3  -triamine trichloro cobalt (III).
 3 
110. Define effective Atomic Number. Calculate the EAN of Fe in K 4 Fe  CN6  .
A. EAN= Z  O.N  2xC.N. i.e. total number of electrons present around central metal ion in a complex.
[O.N = Oxidation Number, C.N = Co-ordination Number]
for K 4 , Fe  CN6 .
EAN of Fe = 26 – 2 – 12 = 36

111. Calculate EAN of central metal ion in Co NH3 4 Cl2  ion.
2
A. EAN of Co in Co NH3 4 Cl2  = Z  0.N  2  CN  27  3  2  6  36 .
112. Write the systematic names for the following. a) Cr H2O 6  Cl3 b) K 2 PtCl4 
A. Cr H2O   Cl3 - Hexaaquacobalt (III) chloride; K 2PtCl4 -potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (II).

 6

113. Write the electronic configuration of chromium(Cr) and copper (Cu).
2 2 6 2 6 5 1 18 5 1
Ans. Cr 24) - 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (or) [Ar] 3d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 10 1 18 10 1
Cu (29) - 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (or) [Ar] 3d 4s
2+ 3+ 4
114. Why is Cr reducing and Mn oxidizing even though both have the same d electronic
configuration.
2+ 4 3
Ans. Cr is reducing as its configuration changes from d to d , the latter having a half-filled dxy, dyz, dzx orbitals.
2+ 3+
On the other hand, the change from Mn to Mn results in the half-filled d5 configuration which has extra
stability.
2+ 2+
115. Why Zn is diamagnetic whereas Mn is paramagnetic?
2+ 10 2+
Ans. Electronic configuration of Zn is [Ar]3d . As there are no unpaired electrons, Zn is diamagnetic.
2+ 5 2+
Electronic configuration of Mn is [Ar]3d . As there are unpaired electrons, Mn is paramagnetic.
116. What is an alloy? Give example.
Ans. When metals are mixed and the resulting liquid is allowed to solidify, the product formed is called an alloy. It
may also contain non-metals.
Ex. German silver 25 – 50% Cu,
10 – 30% Ni
25 – 35% Zn
Nichrome 60% Ni, 25% Fe, 15% Cr
Bell metal 80% Cu, 20% Sn
2+ 2+
117. Aqueous Cu ions are blue in colour, where as Aqueous Zn ions are colourless. Why?
2+ 2+
Ans. Cu contains unpaired electron. It is coloured due to d – d transition. Zn does not contain unpaired
electron. Hence it is colourless.
2
118. Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of Fe(aq) ion.
119. What is lanthanoid contraction?

Ans. Gradual decrease in atomic and ionic sizes from La to Lu is called Lanthanoid contraction.
Reason:
1) Imperfect shielding of one electron by another in the same set of orbitals (4f).
2) The shielding of one 4f electron by another is less than that of one d electron by another.
3) Nuclear charge increases along the series from La to Lu.
4) Due to poor shielding of 4f electrons, there is fairly regular decrease in the size of the entire 4f orbitals.
120. What is misch metal? Give its composition and uses.
Ans. Misch metal is an alloy of cerium.
Composition: Ce 50%, 25% L.a,15% M.o,10% other rare earths and iron (4-5%) and trace amounts of S, C,
Ca and Al.
It is used in making tracer bullets.
121. What is a double salt? Give example.
122. What is a chelate ligand? Give example.

Ans. When a di- or polydentate ligand uses its two or more donor atoms to bind a single metal ion, is said to be a
chelate ligand. It forms a cyclic ring around metal ion of complex. Ex: EDTA
( ethylenediaminetetraacetic acetate).
123. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give example.
–
Ans: Ligands, such as (NCS) , that can bond to a central atom through either of two or more donor atoms are
termed ambidentate.
3+ 2–
124. [Cr(NH3)6] paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4] is colourless. Why?
2– 2+
125. [Fe(CN)4] and [Fe(H2O)6] are of different colours in dilute solutions. Why?
3+
126. What is the oxidation state of cobalt in (i) K[Co(CO)4] and (ii) [Co(NH3)6]
POLYMERS
127. How are the polymers classified on the basis of structure?
A. On the basic of structure, polymers are classified into three types:
1) Linear polymers: These contains long and straight chains.
E.g.: PVC, polythene (high density) etc.
2) Branched chain polymers: These contains linear chains having some branches. E.g.: low density
polythene.
3) Cross linked polymers (or) Network polymers: These are usually formed from bi functional and tri
functional monomers an contain strong covalent bond between various linear polymer chains.
E.g: Bakelite, melamine etc..
128. Write the name and structure of one of the common initiators used in free radical polymerization
reaction.
A. One of the common initiator used in free radial – polymerisation reaction is benzoyl peroxide.
Structure:
129. Is [NH  CHR  CO]n a homopolymer or a copolymer?

A. [NH  CHR  CO]n is a homopolymer. It is formed by the polymerisation of single monomer   amino
acid (NH2  CHR  COOH)
130. Give the structure of nylon 2-nylon -6
A. Nylon 2- Nylon 6:
NH2
It is an alternating polyamide copolymer of glycine |
 CH2  COOH
and amino caproic acid (H2N  (CH2 )5  COOH] . It is a biodegradable polymer.
Structure of Nylon 2-Nylon-6
 NH  CH2  C  NH  CH2 5  C  n

|| ||
O O
131. PCl3 can act as an oxidising as well as a reducing agent. Justify.
A. PCl3 acts as reducing agent. It is evidented by the following reaction.
PC3  Cl2  PCl5

 3   5 
PCl3 acts as oxidising agent. It is evidented by the following reaction.
H
2PCl3 vapour  
2
 P2Cl4
 3   2 
132. What are thermosetting, thermo plastic polymers? Give examples.

A. Thermo setting polymers: These polymers are cross linked (or) heavily branched molecules which on
heating undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and again become infusible.
E.g: Bakelite, urea – formaldehyde resin etc…..
Thermoplastic polymers: These are the linear (or) slightly branched long chain molecules capable of
softening on heating and hardening or cooling. E.g: Polystyrene, polythene.
133. How can you differentiate between addition and condensation polymerisation?
A.
134. What are Copolymers? Give examples.

A. Copolymers: A polymer which is formed by the polymerisation of two (or) more chemically different types of
monomer units is called copolymer.
Ex: Butadiene – Styrene polymer (Buna-S)
135. What is PHBV? How is it useful to man?
A. Poly  - hydroxy butyrate-CO-  -hydroxy Valerate (PHBV): It is a copolymer of 3-hydroxy butanoic acid
and 3-hydroxy pentanoic acid.
Properties and uses: The properties of PHBV vary according to the ratio of both the acids, 3-hydroxy
butanoic acid provides stiffness and 3-hydroxy pentanoic acid imparts flexibility to copolymer.
It is used in medicine for making capsules.
PHBV also undergoes degradation by bacteria.
136. Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers.
a) Bakelite and b) Nylon 6,6
A. a) Bakelite:
Monomers:
Phenol, Formaldehyde
b) Nylon 6,6:
Monomers: Hexa methylene diamine
Adipic acid
137. What is Vulcanization of Rubber?

A. The process of heating the natural rubber with sulphur (or) sulphur compounds at 373-415 K to improve its
properties is called vulcanisation of rubber.
138. What is PHBV? How is it useful to man?
A. PHBV is the poly  -hydroxy butyrate-Co-  -hydroxy-valerate.
It is a copolymer of 3-hydroxy butanoic acid and 3-hydroxy pentanoic acid.
Uses:
It is used in the field of medicine for making capsules
It is used in special packaging
It is used in orthopaedic devices
139. Give any two examples for Semi-synthetic Polymers.
A. Semi-synthetic polymers: Ex: cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate i.e. rayon.
140. Write the names of monomers present in Terylene.
A. Terylene: it is a polymer made from monomers i) terepthalic acid ii) ethylene glycol.
O
H2C CH2 
OH
+ COOH COOH H O OC C O CH2 CH2 OH
OH
n
141. Mention the names of the monomers used for preparing the following polymers.
a) Bakelite b) Nylon
A. Bakelite: A polymer of HCHO, Ph  OH ; Nylon: A polymer of caprolactum
142. Mention the names of the monomers for preparing Bakelite and Teflon.
A. Polymers: Bakelite – Formaldehyde + phenol; Teflon – Tetrafluoro ethylene CF2  CF2 .

143. What are polymers? Give example.
Ans. Polymers are very large molecules having high molecular mass which are formed by linking together
repeating units of small molecules called monomers.
Ex. Polythene
144. What is polymerisation? Give an example of polymerisation reaction.
Ans. The process of formation of a polymer from its monomer(s) is called polymerisation.
Ex :The formation of polythene from ethene.
145. What are homopolymers? Give example
Ans. Addition polymers formed by the polymerisation of a single monomeric species a re called homopolymers.
Ex: Polythene
146. What are copolymers? Give example
Ans. Polymers formed by addition polymerisation of two different monomeric species are called copolymers.
Ex :Buna - S.
147. What are elastomers? Give example.
Ans. Elastomers are rubber like solids with elastic properties. Ex :Buna - S.
148. What are fibres ? Give example.
Ans. Fibres are the thread forming solids which possess high tensile strength and high modulus. Ex :Terylene.
149. What is Ziegler- Natta catalyst ?
Ans. Trialkyl aluminium and titanium tetra chloride is called Ziegler- Natta catalyst.
Formula is Al  C2H5 3  TiCl4
150. What is the difference between Buna-N and Buna-S .?

Ans. Buna-S obtained by the copolymerisation of 1, 3 -·butadiene and styrene whereas Buna- N is obtained by
the copolymerisation of 1, 3 butadiene and acrylonitrile.
151. What is PDl (Poly Dispersity Index)?
Ans. The ratio between weight average molecular mass ( Mw ) and number average molecular mass ( Mn ) of a
polymer is called Poly Dispersity Index (PDI).
152. What is biodegradable polymer ? Give one example of a biodegradable polyester?
Ans. Polymers which undergo environmental degradation are called biodegradable polymers.
Ex :Nylon 2 - nylon 6.
BIOMOLECULES
153. Write any one method of preparation of Glucose. Write the equation.
A. Preparation of glucose:
From Sucrose: Sucrose when boiled with dil.HCl in alcoholic solution then glucose, fructose are obtained in
equal portions.
H
C12H22O11  H2O 
 C6H12 O6  C6H12O6
sucrose glu cos e fructose
154. What is Peptide Linkage? Give an example.

A. Peptide linkage: It is amide linkage (  C NH  ) present in proteins formed from amino acids.
||
O

155. What are anomers ?
Ans. The two cyclic hemi acetal forms of glucose differ only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group at C-1
called anomeric carbon (the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation). Such isomers i.e.,  -form and  -form are
called anomers.
156. What are amino acids? Give two examples.
Ans. Compounds containing both amino ( - NH2) and carboxyl ( - COOH) functional groups are called amino
acids.
Ex. Glycine, Alanine.
157. What is Zwitter ion ? Give an example.
Ans. In an amino acid both acidic (carboxyl group) and basic (amino group) groups are present in the same
molecule. In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and amino group can accept a proton,
giving rise to a dipolar ion known as Zwitter ion
HO +
Ex : H2N – CH2 – COOH   2 
 H3 N - CH2 - COO
Zwitter ion
158. What are globular proteins ? Give examples.

Ans. Proteins in which the polypeptide chains coil around to give a spherical shape are called globular proteins.
Ex: Insulin
159. What are reducing sugars?
Ans. Carbohydrates which reduce Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent are called reducing sugars.
160. What is glycogen? How is it different from starch ?
Ans. Carbohydrates are stored in animal body as glycogen. It is also known as animal starch. The structure of
glycogen is similar to amylopectin, a component of starch, but it is more highly branched.
161. What are the hydrolysis products of i) sucrose and ii) lactose ?
Ans. i) Sucrose on hydrolysis gives D- (+)- glucose and D- (-)-fructose.
ii) Lactose on hydrolysis gives galactose and glucose.
162. What happens when D – glucose is treated with the following reagents.
i) HI ii) Bromine water iii) HNO3
Ans. i) On prolonged heating with HI, glucose forms n – hexane
ii) When glucose is treated with bromine water it gets oxidised to gluconic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with
the molecular formula C6H12O7
iii) On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose gives a dicarboxylic acid called saccharic acid, with molecular
formula, C6H10O8
CHO COOH
| |
 CHOH4 HNO

3
  CHOH4
| |
CH2OH COOH
Saccharic acid
163. Define the following as related to proteins.

i) Peptide linkage ii) Primary structure iii} Denaturation
Ans. i) Peptide linkage : Peptide linkage is an amide formed between -COOH group of one amino acid
molecule and the NH2 group of another molecule of the same or different amino acid.
ii) Primary structure : The primary structure of proteins refers to the sequence of amino acids held
together by peptide linkages.
iii) Denaturation :The loss of biological activity of a protein due to the destruction of the highly organized
tertiary structure is called denaturation
164. What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?
Ans. The secondary structure of proteins is of two common types :
1)  - helix and
2)  - pleated sheet structure
165. Differentiate between globular and fibrous proteins.
Ans. In globular proteins the polypeptide chains coil around to give a spherical shape. These are usually soluble
in water.
In fibrous proteins the polypeptide chains run parallel and are held together by hydrogen and disulphide
bonds. These proteins have a fibre - like structure. These are usually insoluble in water.
166. What are nucleic acids ? Mention their two important functions.
Ans. Nucleic acids are chains of five- membered ring sugars linked by phosphate groups. The anomeric carbon
of each sugar is bonded to a nitrogen of a heterocyclic compound in a  - glycosidic linkage.
Functions of nucleic acids :
1) DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information.
2) Nucleic acids have an important role in protein synthesis. Actually the proteins are synthesised by various
RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA
167. Write short notes on Sucrose
Ans. Sucrose (C12H22O11) is the most common disaccharide widely present in plants. It is mainly obtained from
sugarcane or beetroot.
It is a colourless crystalline substance sweet to taste. It is dextrorotatory.
Sucrose on hydrolysis gives equimolar mixture of D- (+)-glucose and D - (-)-fructose. These two
monosaccharide units are held together by a glycosidic linkage between C -1 of  - glucose and C - 2 of
 - fructose. Since the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond formation,
sucrose is a non - reducing sugar.
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

168. What is the difference between a soap and a synthetic detergent?
A. 1) Generally soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
2) synthetic detergents are cleansing agents having all the properties of soaps and do not contain any soap
3) soaps do not work in hard water but synthetic detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they
give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water.
169. What are antacids? Give an example.
A. Antacids: Chemicals that remove the excess of acid in the stomach and maintain the pH to normal level are
antacids.
Ex: Omeprazole.
170. Define Antibiotics. Give an example.
A. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth or destroy
microorganisms.
Ex: Penicillins, chloramphenicol, sulphadiazine etc.
171. What are Antacids? Give an example.
A. Antacids: Chemicals that remove the excess acid in the stomach and maintain the pH to normal level are
antacids.
Ex: Omeprazole, Lansoprozole etc.
172. Define Hormone. Given an example.
A. Hormone: Hormone is defined as an “Organic compound synthesised by the ductless glands of the body
and carried by the blood stream to another part of the body for its function.”
Ex: Estradiol, Estrone etc.
173. Give two biological functions of Lipids.
A. Biological functions of lipids are as
1) Energy sources 2) Food reserves 3) structural Components of cell membrane
174. Give the deficiency diseases caused by A, D, E, K Vitamins.
Ans. S.NO. VITAMIN DEFICIENCY DISEASES
1 A Night blindness, Redness in eyes
2 D Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
3 E Sterility
4 K Blood coaqulation is prevented
175. What are Food preservatives? Give example.
A. Food preservatives: Chemical which are used to enhance the appeal and preservation of the food are called
food preservatives.
Ex: sodium benzoate, salts of propionic and sorbic acids etc.
Anti oxidants are more reactive towards oxygen and retard the action of oxygen so preserve the food.
Ex: BHT, BHA, SO2 , etc.
176. Give the sources and deficiency diseases of vitamin E and K.
A. Sources of Vitamin E – wheat, egg yolk ; Vit K – Green vegetables. Deficiency diseases of Vitamin E –
sterility; Vitamin K – Blood co-agulation is prevented.
177. What are Waxes? Give one example.
A. Waxes: Esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain monohydric alcohols. Ex. Bee’s wax.
178. What are lipids? Give one example.
A. Lipids: Esters of long chain fatty acids with alcohols. Soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in H2 O .
Ex. Fats, glycolipids, uses:energy sources, heat insulators.
179. What are vitamins? Give one example.
A. Vitamins: These are accessory factors which are essential for growth and healthy maintenance of
body. Ex. Vit. A, Vit B-complex Vit C.
180. Define antiseptics. Give examples.
A. Antiseptics: These are chemical substances that kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Ex.
Dettol, Bithioniol.
181. What are Hormones? Give two examples.
A. Harmones: Chemicals released into blood stream by ductless glands in body to perform specific metabolic
actions. Ex: Estradiol, Estrone, Insulin.
182. Give the sources of vitamins A and C and diseases caused by their deficiency.
A. Vitamin A sources – Liver, fish oil, rice polishing deficiency diseases – Night blindness. Vitamin C source:
citrous fruits, disease-scurvy.
183. What are artificial sweetening agents? Give an example.
A. Artificial sweetening agents: chemicals that cause sweetness with zero calorific value. Useful for diabetic
patients. Ex. Sucralose, Aspartame.
184. What are analgesics? Give an example.
A. Analgesics: Pain reducers or pain abolishing chemicals. Ex. Morphine, aspirin, heroin.
185. Define Antihistamines. Give an example.
A. AntiHistamines: These are the chemicals which prevent the interaction of histamine with receptors present
on stomach walls. Ex: Ranitidine, Cimetidine.

186. What are narcotic analgesics? Give example.
Ans. Morphine and many of its homologues when administered in medicinal dose relieve pain and produce sleep.
These are called narcotic analgesics became they have additive properties.
Ex: heroin, Morphine and Codeine
187. What are non-narcotic analgesics? Give example.
Ans. Analgesics having no additive properties are called non-narcotic analgesics. These drugs have many other
effects such as reducing fever and preventing platelet coagulation.
Eg. Aspirin.
188. What are antifertility drugs? Give example.
Ans. Drugs used to control population are called antifertility drugs.
Ex. Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol)
189. What is the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
Ans. Antiseptics are applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surfaces whereas
disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc…
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
190. What are Enantiomers?
A. Enantiomers: The stereo isomers related to each other as non-superimposable mirror images are called
enantiomers.
These have identical physical properties like melting point, boiling points, refractive index etc.
They differ in rotation of plane polarised light.
2 –
191. Which compound will react faster in SN reaction with – OH ? CH3Br or CH3I.
2
A. CH3 – I reacts faster in SN - reaction with OH than CH3Br.
Reason: The bond dissociation enthalpy of C – I bond (234 KJ/mole) is less than that of C – Br bond
(293 KJ/mole).
192. Compare the acidic strength of acetic acid, chloro acetic acid, benzoic acid and phenol.
A. Benzoic acid  Chloro acetic acid  Acetic acid  Phenol
 C6H5COOH  ClCH2COOH  CH3COOH  C6H5OH
193. How do you carry out the following conversion?

Aniline to p-Bromo aniline.
A. Conversion of Aniline to p – bromo aniline
194. Write the possible chain isomers of the compound having molecular formula C4H9Br
A. Compound having molecular formula C4H9Br has five isomers.
195. How is ethane converted to bromoethane?

A. Conversion of Ethane to Bromo Ethane.
sunlight
CH3  CH3  Br2   CH3  CH2  Br  HBr
Ethane BromoEthane
196. What is Reimer-Tiemann reaction? Give equation.

A. Reimer-Tiemann reaction: Chloroform in the presence of alkali reacts with phenol to form salicylaldehyde,

C6H5OH  CHCl3  3NaOH   C6H4  OH CHO  3NaCl  3H2 O
Phenol Chloroform Salicylaldehyde
Salicylaldehyde is ortho hydroxyl benzaldehyde
CHO
OH
Salicylaldehyde
197. What is Williamson’s Synthesis? Give equation.
A. Ethyl chloride reacts with sodium ethoxide to form diethyl ether. This reaction is called Williamson synthesis.
C2H5 Cl  NaOC2H5  C2H5 OC2H5  NaCl
198. Write Hell Volhard Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction with equation.
A. When acetic acid is treated with chlorine in presence of red phosphorus mono, di and trichloro acetic
acids are formed. This reaction is known as HVZ rection.
Cl2 / red P Cl Cl Cl2 / red P
Cl2 / red P
CH3COOH CH2COOH
CHCOOH CCl3COOH
(-HCl) Cl trichloro acetic acid
199. What is Carbylamine test (iso-cyanide test)? Give equation.

CHCl
A. Carbylamine reaction: It is used to detect 1 amines. 1A mine 

3
 Isocyanide ( Bad smell)
OH

Ph  NH2  CHCl3  KOH   PhNC  KCl  H2O ..
200. Explain the action of HI on Diethyl ether ( C2H5OC2H5 ) in cold and hot conditions.
HI HI
A. Action of HI on diethyl ether: C2H5 OC2H5 
cold
 C2H5I  C2H5OH C2H5 OC2H5 
hot
 2C2H5I  H2 O
NaOC H Na, dry ether
201. Complete the following reactions: a) C2H5 Cl 
2 5
 ............... b) C2H5 Cl   ...............
A. Williamson synthesis: Alkyl Halide  sod. alkoxide  ether+sodium halide
NaCl
Ex: C2H5 Cl  C2H5 ONa   C2H5OC2H5
Na ether
Wurtz reaction: alkyl halide 
ether
alkane , C2H5 Cl  2Na  Cl  C2H5 
NaCl
 C4H10 (n-butane).
202. How Aspirin is prepared? Give equation.

A. Aspirin: It is antipyretic (Acetyl Salicyclic Acid).
COOH
COOH
+ AC2O
-CH3COH
O C CH3
OH O
Salicylic acid Aspirin

203. Mention the Reimer-Tiemann reaction with an equation.
A. Reimer – Tiemann reaction: Reaction of phenol with CHCl3  KOH to form salicylaldehyde
OH CHO
+ CHCl3 + KOH 
+ NaCl + H2O
OH
LiAlH P4O10
204. Complete the following statements: a) CH3COOH 
4
 b) CH3 COOH 


LiAlH4 P4 O10
A. (a) CH3 COOH   CH3  CH2  OH (b) 2CH3 COOH  
 CH3  C O  C CH3
 || ||
E t hanol
O O
Acetic anhydride

205. Write the structures of the following compounds.
(i) 2-chloro-3-methylpentane (ii) 1-Bromo-4-sec-butyl-2-methylbenzene
Ans. H H H Br
CH3
H3C CH3
H CH3 Cl
H
H3C C C CH3
H H
2  chloro  3  Methyl pentane 1  Bromo  4  sec  butyl  2  methyl benzene
206. What are ambident nucleophiles?
Ans. The groups which contain two nucleophilic centres are called ambident nucleophiles.
Θ Θ
E.g: cyanide group C  N  : C  N
Cyanide group has two nucleophilic centres carbon and nitrogen
 Θ .. 
E.g: Nitrate ion O N  O 
 
The linkage through oxygen form alkyl nitrites while through nitrogen atom form nitro alkanes.
2
207. Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN reaction with OH?
(i) CH3Br or CH3I (ii)  CH3 3 CCl or CH3Cl
Ans. (i) CH3I reacts faster than CH3Br

C  I bond break easily than C  Br bond
(ii) CH3Cl reacts faster than  CH3 3 CCl
Primary alkyl halides reacts faster than tertiary alkyl halide. As bulkiness increases rate of reactivity of alkyl
halide in SN2 reaction decreases.
208. Explain why the alkyl halides though polar are immiscible with water.
Ans. Alkyl halides cannot form H-bonds with water. The molecular interactions between alkyl halides and water
molecules are very weak compared to the molecular interactions either between alkyl halide molecules (or)
water molecules. So alkyl halides immiscible with (slightly soluble) water.
208. Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more easily hydrolysed by aqueous KOH?
Ans.
209. Give the structures and IUPAC names of monohydric phenols of molecular formula, C7H8O.
Ans. Three monohydric phenols are possible for the molecular formula C7H8 O
210. What type of isomerism is exhibited by ortho, meta and para chloro benzenes?
Ans. Positional isomerism is exhibited ortho, meta and para chloro benzenes.
Ortho, meta and para chloro benzenes are positional isomers
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
o-isomer m-isomer p-isomer
211. Treatement of alkyl halide with aq.koH leads to formation of alcohols, while in presence of alc.koH.
What are formed?
Ans. Treatment of alkyl halides with alc.kOH produce alkenes by dehydrohalogenation process while aq.kOH
produce a substitution product i.e., alcohol. In reactions, aq.kOH acts as strong nucleophile while alc.koH
acts as strong base.
212. Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with methoxymethane.
Ans. The reaction of ether with concentrated HI follows SN2 mechanism.
It proceeds in three steps
Step-1: Protonation of ether molecule
Step-2: Nucleophile attacks least substituted carbon of oxonium ion formed in step-1
Step-3: When HI is in excess and the reaction is carned out at high temperature. Alcohol react with another
molecule of HI and is concentrated to alkyl iodide.
213.
214. Write the equations for the following reactions.

(i) Oxidation of primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
(ii) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid
Ans.
215. Write the structures for the following compounds

(i) Ethoxyethane (ii) Ethoxybutane (iii) Phenoxyethane
Ans. (i) C2H5  O  C2H5 (ii) C2H5  O  CH2  CH2  CH2 CH3 (iii) C6H5  O  C2H5
216. How do you distinguish acetophenone and benzophenone?
Ans. Acetophenone Benzophenone
(1) It gives haloform test (1) It does not give haloform test
(2) It gives aldol condensation (2) It does not give aldol condensation
(3) It does not give cannizaro reaction (3) It gives cannizaro reaction

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SECOND YEAR

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

d-BLOCK, f-BLOCK AND CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE

(A) (B) (C) (D)

5) This effect decreases the density of the substance.

Additional Very Important Questions

25. State Raoult’s law.

Additional Very Important Questions

Ans. Nernst equation for the cell is Ecell  E0cell  ln

38. What is galvanic cell? Give one example.

G = change in Gibb’s energy

Additional Very Important Questions

The cell reaction is Cu  2Ag  Cu2  2Ag

Ans. The cell reaction can be represented as Mg  2Ag  Mg2  2Ag

Cell Reaction is Mg / Mg2 / /Ag Ag

45 Define order of reaction.

Additional Very Important Questions

Rate  K CH3 COOC2H5  [H2O]0

Order with respective ester is first order.

52. What is activation energy?

54. What is adsorption? Give one example.

FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3

Gangue flux Slag

Additional Very Important Questions

84. Write any two used of argon.

3. Nitrogen can also be obtained by the thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate

(2) Fe is used as catalyst in manufacturing of NH 3

89. Why H 2O is a liquid while H2 S a gas?

blue deep blue

Ans. Structure of P4 O10 O

96. What is nitrolim? How is it formed?

Additional Very Important Questions

100. Explain the structures of SF4 and SF6

102. List out the uses of neons

d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS AND COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Zinc has electronic configuration [ Ar ]4s 2 3d 10

A. Fe2 ion has electronic configuration [Ar]4s0 3d6

b) Potassiumtetrachloropalatinate (II) K 2 PtCl4 

A. Cr H2O   Cl3 - Hexaaquacobalt (III) chloride; K 2PtCl4 -potassiumtetrachloroplatinate (II).

Additional Very Important Questions

119. What is lanthanoid contraction?

122. What is a chelate ligand? Give example.

129. Is [NH  CHR  CO]n a homopolymer or a copolymer?

 NH  CH2  C  NH  CH2 5  C  n

PC3  Cl2  PCl5

132. What are thermosetting, thermo plastic polymers? Give examples.

134. What are Copolymers? Give examples.

137. What is Vulcanization of Rubber?

Additional Very Important Questions

150. What is the difference between Buna-N and Buna-S .?

154. What is Peptide Linkage? Give an example.

Additional Very Important Questions

158. What are globular proteins ? Give examples.

163. Define the following as related to proteins.

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Additional Very Important Questions

193. How do you carry out the following conversion?