EXPERIMENT - 1

IAIM
To study the different stages of mitosis using permanent slides.

I ATERIALS REOUIRED
Permanent slides of mitosis, microscope.

PROCEDURE
10X.
Focus permanent slides of mitosis showing different stages under

OESERVATIONS
nuclear division and Cytokinesis or cytoplasmic
Mitosis is divided into two main stages Karyokinesis or

observed in the given permanent slides.

division. The following stages of karyokinesis are

1. Prophase:
The chromosomes begin to coil and become shorter and thicker.

of two chromatids. The two sister chromatids

E a c h chromosome is in duplicated form and consists

remain attached at centromere.

The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.

into two followed by duplication of centriole present in it. The daughter centriole
The centrosome splits
moves to opposite poles.
aster rays. Spindle fibres appears between daughter
Each centriole is surrounded by radiating rays called
centrioles.

2. Metaphase:
become thicker and shorter.
The chromosomes further coils and

arranged at equatorial plane. Each chromosome is attached to spindle fibre at

The chromosomes are

centromere.

3. Anaphase:
This results in splitting of centromere
The spindle fibres attached to chromosomes starts contracting.
and finally two chromatids of each chromosome separates.

The sister chromatids or daughter chromosomes moves toward opposite poles by the shortening of
spindle fibres.

4. Telophase
Each daughter chromosome lengthens and becomes thinner. The daughter chromosomes are transformed
into thin thread like chromatin.

Nuclear membrane reappears.

Class-X II 1
Biology Practical Work-Book I.C.s.E.
 Nucleolus reappears in each daughter nucleus.
of the cell. In plant cell. cell
In animal cell. a furrow develops in the cell membrane at the periphery a

plate is laid at the equatorial plane.

CYTOKINESIS
The furrow appeared during telophase stage in animal cell, deepens from periphery to centre and divides

one cell into two daughter cells.

n plant cell, cell plate grows from centre towards periphery and finally divides one cell into two daughter

cells.

ac
Chromosome
SOlits inio two
ne
S.ndie Equaiorial Daughter SOl
Fibres Plete m

Disapo2air.g
Early Prophase Late Prophase Metaphase Early Anaphase
agnterhimcsones
ciea
MC ing iarc: DaughiEr
eerne Spnae F:bres
Csapcearing Nucle Daugnter
Cells

Late Anaphase Early Telophase Late Telophase Cytokinesis

ig.Stages of Mitosis in an animal Cell

 EXPERIMENT - 2
AIM
IIILAM
To demonstrate the
phenomenon of osmosis in non-living system using thistle funnel.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Thistle hunnel, cellophane beaker, 20%
paper, sucrose solution, water, iron stand.

PROCEDURE
Cover the mouth of the thistle funnel with
cellophane paper and tie it securely. Invert the thistle Levei of Solution.
funnel inbeaker containing water and fix it to the iron Aiter Sometime
stand in the shown
position. Add sucrose solution to
the thistle funnel. Mark the initial level of the
sugar 20
solution on the stem of the thistle funnel. Initial Lel
Keep this Sucrosel Level
experimental set up for 4 - 5 hours.
ucrose
IN OBSERVAT!ON Beaker.
Water
The level of sucrose solution rises in the thistle Thistie
funnel. The level of water in the beaker drops. Funnei
Semipeimeabe
Memorane

I NFERENCE Fig. To demonstrate osmosis using thistle funnel.

The concentration of water molecules in beaker is more than in thistle

funnel. Water molecules from beaker
pass through the cellophane to enter in the thistle funnel. Sucrose molecules from the thistle
funnel cannot
through the cellophane paper. Thus cellophane paper acts like a semi permeable menmbrane, which allows pass
water molecules to pass through it. only

PRECAUTIONS
The sucrose solution should be poured carefuly in order to avoid air bubble in the
thistle funnel.
The initial level of the sucrose solution should be marked
only after immersing the mouth of the thistle
in beaker containing water.
 EXPERIMENT - 3
I AMA
To study the process of
transpiration using bell jar.
I MATERIALS REQUIRED
Bell jar, potted plant, polythene bag, glass plate, grease
I PROCEDURE
Take a wel-watered plant. Cover the
pot up to the stem with a polythene bag and secure
thread. Place the pot on a
glass plate and cover it with a bell jar. Grease the edges of the bell tightly
w

airtight. Keep this set up under the jar to make

surnlight.
Or
Take well watered potted
a
plant. Cover the plant with the polythene bag and secure tightly with a threa
Leave this set up under the sun.

OBSERVATIONS Water Drops

Drops liquid of found on the inner side of the bell jar.

are

The liquid droplet turn blue cobalt chloride paper pink.

FBeil Jar

Poted Plant

Covered Pot

Glass Sheet

IINFERENCE Fig.: To Show Transpiration in leaves

Leaves of the potted plant looses water in the form of water vapour. The vapours condense on the inne
surface of the bell jar

IPRECAUTIONS
1. Grease the edges of the bell jar to avoid entry of moisture from outside.
2 Cover the pot with polythene and tie tightly to avoid evaporation of water from the soil.
 EXPERIMENT - 4

IAtM
o measure the of
rate water uptake by the leafy shoot using Ganong s potometer.
MATERIALS REQUIRED

Leaty shoot. beaker, water. split cork, vaseline. Ganong s potometer. coloured water.

GAOKS
GANONG 'S FOTOMETE
POTOMETER
It consist of a horizontal graduated capillary tube. One end of capillary tube opens into a wide tube that
bears two vertical tubes. First vertical tube is called water reservoir. t has a stopcock at its base to release water
from it.
The second vertical tube is meant for holding a leafy shoot. The other end of capillary tube is bent into
a tube .The entire apparatus is mournted on a stand.

IPROCEDURE
Fill Ganong's potometer with water to make it free from air spaces. Apply vaseline to the upper opening of
the vertical tube meant for holding leafy shoot. Take a fresh leafy shoot of a herbaceous plant cut under water.
Fix it in the vertical tube through a split cork. Dip the bent capillary tube in a beaker containing coloured water.
Introduce an air bubble in the capillary tube. This can be done by lifting the bent tube above the coloured water
so that air is sucked in and dipping it again into the water. Note down the initial position of the air bubble in the
capillary tube. Place the apparatus in the sunlight.

OBSERVATIONS
The air bubble in the capillary tube moves towards the shoot.

Leafy Shoo
Reservoi
Cork

Water Stop Cock Air Bubble

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2
23::2::3::::22::::3:E333

Graduated
Capillary tube
Stand
Beaker

Fig. Ganong's Potometer

Biology Practical Work-Book I.C.s.E. Class-X 9

INFERENCE
The leafy shoot looses water through transpiration, which sets up the suction force. This suction force puls
up water and causes leafy shoot to absorb water from the vertical tube. As a result water is pulled up from
beaker through the capillary tube. The air bubble also moves along the water in the capillary tube. The distance
moved by the air bubble can be read on the capillary tube. The reading denotes the volume of water lost in a
given time. The air bubble can be brought back to its initial position by releasing some water from the reservoir.

IPRECAUTIONS
The entire apparatus should be airtight.
2 The leafy shoot should be cut obliquely to increase surface for water absorption.
3 The leafy shoot should be cut under water to prevent air bubble entering into the shoot, which will
block the passage of water.
 EXPERIMENT - 5

To show that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.

I MATERIALS REQUIRED
ATEFALS FEU.EL
Hydrilla, beaker, test tube, short stemmed funnel and water

IIPROCEDURE
short-stemmed funnel
Place Hydrilla plant in a beaker containing water. Cover Hydrilla plant by inverting a
Over it. Invert a test tube full of water over the stem of the funnel. Place the set up in the sunlight.

OBSERVATION
C er
Bubbles of gas rises in the test tube and
collects upward. Water is displaced downward. BuDbieS
Sun iigh
Allow the test tube to be filled with the gas.
Remove the test tube and introduce glowing
splinter. It burst into flames in the presence of Shor
gas. This confirms the presence of oxygen. Steme
Funne Beake

INFERENCE
Hyarilie
Funne Raised
Hydrilla is aquatic plant, which carries
an
from Bottom
out photosynthesis. During photosynthesis,
Oxygen is evolved as a bye product.
Fig.: Experiment to prove that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis

IPRECAUTIONS
1 The stem of the funnel should be below water in the beaker.
2 The apparatus should not be disturbed once the process starts.

3 Cut ends of the Hydrilla should be facing towards the stem of the funnel.
 EXPERIMENT - 6
AlM
To study the structure of human heart.

OBSERVATIONS
Its size is
Human heart is a muscular cone located in thoracic cavity between two lungs.
shaped structure
left.
heart is downwards, pointing towards
about the size of a clenched fist of the same person. The apex of
The layers of pericardium enclose
Heart is covered by a double walled membrane called pericardium.
heart from
of heart during heart beat and protects
pericardial fluid. This fluid allows frictionless movement
mechanical injuries.

1. Chambers of the heart

left auricle, right ventricle and left ventricle. Auricle
Human heart consists of four chambers: right auricle,
chamber located on broader side of the heart. The right and left auricles are
or atria are thin walled
auricle pumps deoxygenated blood into right ventricle while
partitioned by inter-atrial septum. The right
left ventricle.
left auricle pumps oxygenated blood into
wall of left ventricle is thicker than
Ventricles thick walled chambers located at pointed apex.The
are
ventricle. The inner
is the partition between left and right
the right ventricle. Inter ventricular septum ventricle pumps
called papillary muscles. The right
surface of the ventricles has muscular projections into aorta.
ventricle pumps oxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood into pulmonary artery while left

Aorta
(Main Artery)
Pulmonary Artery
- Aorta (To Right Lung)
Superior Pulmonary Artery
Vena Cava l o Let Lung
PTUPARTE
ulmonary Superior Vena Left Atrium
Veins Cava (Main Vein Pulmonary Veins
Let Atrium from Upper Body) TFrom Right å Left
Semi Lunar Lungs
RIgh Valves Bicusid Value
Airium
Let ventricie Right Atrium
nter-ventricular
Coronany Tricuspid
va us SEprum
Biood Vessals
eit venicie
InienorVena
Inienor 2ra
Cave a a a n Ven Cardaus
:cht niric rom- r oc 3.gnentricle

heart
2 Internal Structure of the
- External Structure of the heart

atrio-ventricular or tricuspid
ventricle is guarded by right
The aperture between right auricle and right thread like structure
to the papillary muscles through
valve. It consists of three flaps, which are attached
Class-X
IIBiology Practical Work-Book I.C.S.E.

16
 of blood trom
called chordae teiidinae. It holds valve in its place. Tricuspid valve prevents the back flow

right ventricle into the right auricle.

between left auricle and left ventricle
Mitral or bicuspid valve (left atrio-ventricular) quards the aperture tendinae Mitral valve
muscles through chordae
It consists of two flaps that are attached to the papillary
ventricle into left auricle
prevents back flow of blood from left
aorta while the opening of the rignt
semilunar valve guards the opening of
left ventricle into
Aortic
semilunar valve.
ventricle into pulmonary artery is guarded by pulmonary
heart
3. Blood vesseis enter ing and leaving the body above the
right auricle from the parts of
Superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood into

heart. below the

of the body
deoxygenated blood into right auricle from the parts
Inferior vena cava brings
heart.
right ventricle to the lungs.
carries deoxygenated blood from
Pulmonary artery
to the left auricle.
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs
different parts of the body.
from left ventricle to the
Aorta carries oxygenated blood
 EXPERIMENT - 7
AIM
IA
To identify the diferent types of blood
cells
4ATEPIALS FEQUIRED
Slides, disposable needle, leishman stain, distilled water, microscope, sterilized cotton, and permanent slide
of blood.

PROCEDURE
ake two glass slides and clean with 90% alcohol. Select middle or ring finger and clean the area to be
punctured with alcohol. Puncture the tip of the finger with the disposable needle. Wipe away the first drop of
blood with clean gauze. Touch the next drop of blood with a clean slide. Bring a clean spreader slide, held at a
45 angle, toward the drop of blood on the specimen slide. While holding the spreader slide at the same angle,
push it forward rapidly and smoothly. Wait until the thin film of blood completely dry. Fix the thin film with
methanol and let it dry. Put few drops of stain on the slide until it is fully covered. Then rinse the slide with
cistilled water at room temperature. Drain off the water and leave the slide to dry. A permanent slide of blood
can also be used to focus different types of blood cells.

I OBSERVATIONS
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. t consist of plasma and blood clls. The following blood cells can be
observed in the slide:
) Erythrocytes or Red bleod celis (RBC) These are minute biconcave disc like structures. The mature
red blood cells without nucleus. Thus it becomes flat in the center and
are concave on both the sides
RBCs contain respiratory pigmernt called haemoglobin.

1 2 3

18
HIBiology Practical Work-Book I.C.S.E. Class-X
 hese
WBCs are amoeboid and can produce pseudopodia.
aioebid
celis nave distinct nucleus. The can squeeze through capillary wali into the tissues b
movement. These do not contain haemoglobin. WBCs are broadly classitied as tollowing

without granules. Nucleus is single and large

Agranulocybes These types of WBCs contain cytoplasm
Agranul ocyts are of lwo pes
nucleus with dent on one side
ymphodytzs These are smallest of all WBCs.These have single large
Monocybes These have large kidney shaped nucleus.
These types of WBCs contain granular cytoplasm. The nucleus is constricted into lobes
ianulocytts:
Granulocytes are of following types:
and stain dark red with eosin (acidic dye). Nucieus is
EDSinophils; The cytoplasmic granules are large
two lobed
Basophiis The cytoplasmic granules stain with methylene blue (basic dye).
Nucleus is large and indistinctly lobed.
Neutrophils The cytoplasmic granules stain with neutrai dyes. Nucleus is 3-4 lobes.

( Thrombocytes or Platelets These are minute, oval or round structure without nucleus.

Granules
Granulocyte Nucleus
S-shaped
Nucleus
Erythrocyte
Eosinophil

Nucleus

Basophil
Monocyte
Agranulocyte
Polymorphic Lymphocyte
Nucleus
Neutrophil

Fig.: Diferent Types of Blood Cells

I AIM EXPERIMENT - 8
To study the urinary system in human.

I MATERIALS REQUIRED
Model and chart of urinary system in man.

I OBSERVATIONS
Human urinary system consist of the following parts
) Kidney : A pair of bean shaped kidneys are present in the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral
column. Last two pair of ribs protect kidneys. Kidneys are attached to body wall. Each kidney is about
10 cm long, 5 cm in breadth and 4 cm in thickness. Each kidney has a convex (outer) and a concave
(inner) side. On concave side, a fissure called hilum is present
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney. Each kidney is made of one million of nephrons
or uriniferous tubules. Nephrons are structural and functional unit of kidney.
Adrenal gland is present on each kidney.

(i) Ureter I t is tube of nearly 30 cm, which arises from funnel shaped structure called pelvis of each
kidney. It carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder.

(i) Urinary Bladder It is a median pear shaped Inferior

bag like structure that occurs in the pelvic Vena Cave- Renai Artery
Renal vein-
region of the abdominal cavity. The wall of the Right Kidney
urinary bladder is muscular. A sphincter guards - Left Kidney

the opening of urinary bladder into urethra.

(iv Urethra It is a duct that carries urine from

Dorsai Acnta
urinary bladder to outside the body.
Right Ureter Left Ureter
(v) Blood vessels
Renal artery : It carries oxygenated blood with
urea from aorta to kidney.
Renal vein I t carries deoxygenated blood
without urea from kidney to inferior vena cava.
i r a r acder

ASR ENT LESTS

 AIM EXPERIMENT - 9
To study the structure ot human brain.

MATERIALS RECJIRED
Model and chart of human brain.

OBSERVATIONS meninx)
membranes called meninges (singular:
Human brain is protected by
(brain box). A protective
craniumn

consist of following
three layers
covers the brain. Meninges

Duramater: It is the outer thick fibrous layer. with

duramater and
arachnoid is filled
web like layer. The space between
Arachnoid: middle thin

cerebrospinal fluid. with

between arachnoid and piamater is filled
vascular membrane. The space
Piamater: innermost thin
cerebrospinal fluid.
of the brain
mechanical injuries. The following parts
the brain from shocks and
Cerebrospinal fluid protects
model:
be externally viewed in the above.
other parts of the brain from
can

the largest part of the brain. It covers all

(i) Cerebrum It is or gyri and grooves
or sulci.
convoluted. It consists of ridges
of cerebrum is highly
The outer surface
accommodate large number of
neurons.
increases surface area to
These convolutions by
Both the hemisphere is joined together
called right and left hemisphere.
It is divided into two halves to
transfers impulses from one cerebral hemisphere
sheet of nerve fibres called corpus callosum. It
a

the other.
and inner cerebral medulla. Cerebral
differentiated into outer cerebral cortex
The wall of cerebrum is Cerebral
in colour, it constitutes gray matter.
cortex is made of cell
bodies of neurons. Since it is gray
neurons. Being white in colour,
it constitutes white matter
medulla is made of axons of myelinated
activities.
and reasoning. It controls all voluntary
Cerebrum is the seat of intelligence, memory
under the cerebrum. Its outer layer is
made up of gray matter
brain) : It is located
() Cerebellum (little tree. Cerebellum
matter. White matter appears like a branching
while inner layer is made up of white
muscular activities and maintains
convolutions. Cerebellum coordinates
has numerous furrows but no
body equilibrium.
hemisphere of cerebellum to other.
It carries impulses from one
(ii) Pons It is located below cerebellum.
which continues below as spinal cord. White
(iv) Medulla Oblongata It is the lowermost part of the brain,
matter. Medulla oblongata controls
matter forms the outer layer while inner layer is made of gray
movement of alimentary cana
involuntary actions of the body like breathing, heartbeat, peristaltic
coughing, sneezing, constriction and dilation of blood vessels etc.

II 21
i.c.s.E. lass-X
Biology Practical Work-Book
 Choroid pleus
of third, entriCIe
OSum

Aqueduct of sylvius

Pareta obe
Pineal body Thalamus
Hyootaamu
Corpora Opuc riasma
OcCipital
quadr:gamina(
intunaulan
b e Fourth ventrice Pituitary body

Transverse isSure Mammiilary body

Temporal lobe
Pons varol! Vermis
Pons
Meduila oblongata Cerebelium White matter of
Spinal cord cerebellum
Meduila obiongata
B: Segittal Section
A: External View

Fig. Human Brain

 EXPERIMENT - 10
AIM
To study the structure of human eye.

I
ATERALS REQUIRED
MATERIALS FREQUIRE
Model and chart of human eye.

OBSERVATIONS of eyeball
eye sockets.
The movement
Human eyes are located in deep cavities of skull called orbits or

is controlled by six sets of muscles.

2 Eyes are protected by eyebrows, eyelids and lacrimal glands.

help in shutting the
are folds of skin that are Eyelids
movable.
Evelids Both upper and lower eyelids
and dust particles. The edges of eyelids have stiff hair called
eyes, thereby protecting it from bright light
into the eye. A thin membrane called conjunctiva
covers
eyelashes, which prevents dust particles entering
and inner surface of lower eyelid.
inner surface of upper eyelid, front part of eyeball

It prevents raindrops and sweat trickling into the eye.

Eyebrows
almond shaped gland located on the outer upper part of the orbit. The
Lacrimal gland (tear giand): An
secretion of lacrimal gland called tears, poured over the eyes through fine ducts. Blinking of eye spread

tears and washes away dust particles from the surface of eye. Tears
have lysozymes, which kilis the
germ.

3 Structure of eyeball The wall of eyeball is made up of following three layers

Sclera I t is made of fibrous connective tissue. Sclera is opaque layer and is visible in front as white
bulged out in the front to fom Cornea
layer. Sclera maintains shape of the eyeball. It is slightly conea.

is transparent and allows light to enter into the eye.

Choroid t is highly vascular and pigmented layer. The dark colour of the eye prevents internal reflection
of the light inside the eye. The choroid layer expands in front to form ciliary body. The cihary body
possesses ciliary muscles, which are attached to lens through suspensory ligaments. Ciliary muscles
helps to alter the shape of the lens. A pigmented muscular layer develops from choroid in front of the
ciliary body. This is called iris which has a central aperture called pupil.
Iris controls the size of pupil. Dilation and constriction of pupil control the amount of light entering the
eye.
Retina The innermost photosensitive layer of eyeball is called retina. It contains photoreceptor cells
called rods and cones .The layer of nerve cells present in retinal layer give rise to optic nerve. The exit
of optic nerve in the retinal layer is called blind spot. In the optical axis on retina. there is a slight
depression called yellow spot or fovea centralis. It has maximum cone cells and represents the site of
brightest image. Rod synthesizes pigment rhodopsin or visual purple which helps in vision in dim light.
Cone cells synthesize pigment iodopsin which helps in vision in bright light.
Biology Practical Work-Book 1.C.S.E. Class-x 23
Lens
ens lt is a transparent crystalline and biconvex structure located behind the pupil.
filled with
Aqueous chamber and the lens is called aqueous chamber. It is
I he space between cornea
lens moist and refracts the light entering
watery iquid called aqueous humour. Aqueous humour keeps the
the eye

Vitreous chamber I t is the behind the lens that is filled with thick jelly like fluid called
large cavity
vitreous humour. Vitreous humour helps to maintain the shape of the eye ball.

Optic nerve I t carries impulse trom eye to brain.

Cillary Muscle

Eyelid Sclera
Choroid
Tear Gland- Retina
Eyelash
Conjunctiva- Fovea or Area
Cornea
Cenralis
Pupil

Aqueous Optic Nerve

Chamber
Blind Spot
Iris
Cillary
Body
Fig. V.S. Human eye
 EXPERIMENT - 11
II AIM
To study the structure of human ear.

I MATERIALS REQUIRED

Model and chart of human ea.

I OBSERVATIONS ear
(1) External
consist of three parts :

for hearing and balance. The ear

The human ear is the organ

(2) Middle ear (3) Internal ear.

or ear drum.
and tympanum
pinna or auricle, auditory canal
(1) External ear It is made of three parts
skin. Pinna collects sOund
made up of an elastic cartilage covered by
Pinna It is the projecting part
canal.
waves and directs into auditory secretes
fine hair and ceruminous gland. The gland
Auditory cana! I t is an oblique canal lined with
that along with hair traps dust particles.
c e r u m e n or e a r w a x

which lies obliquely at the end

of auditory canal. It
stretched membrane,
Tympanum I t is a tightly
sound waves into vibrations.
it. Thus it converts
vibrates when sound w a v e s strike
chain of three bones: malleus
ear ossicles and
eustachian tube. Ear ossicle is a
Middle Ear I t consists of
(2) connected to tympanum on one
side and incus
incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). Malleus is
(hammer), rest on a membrane covered
to stapes. The tlat part of stapes
on other side.Incus is in turn connected below oval
another membrane-covered opening present
called oval window. Round window,
opening from tympanum
ossicles magnity vibrations received
to internal ear. Ear
window connects middle ear
and transmit to internal ear.

both sides of the tympanum.

to throat. It equalizes air pressure on
Eustachian tube connects ear

called bony labyrinth. The space between

(3) Internal ear (membranous labyrinth):
It lies in bony cavity
consists of semicircular canals and cochlea.
fluid called perilymph.
Membranous labyrinth
two is filled by a
to each other. One end of each
canal These are three canals arranged at right angle
Semicircular
the
that contain sensory cells for maintaining dynamic equilibrium of
canal is swollen to form ampulla
body. hair.
cochlea through utriculus and sacculus. These contain sensory
Semicircular canal is connected to
which maintains static equilibrium of the body.
has three chambers separated
Cochleais a
that consists of two and a half turns. It
spirally coiled tube
while upper and lower chambers
membranes. The middle chamber contains a fluid endolymph
by two
of corti. It consists
contains receptor organ for hearing called organ
contain perilymph. The middle canal
sound vibrations into nerve impulses.
of sensory cells, which convert

II 25
1.c.s.E. Class-Xl
Blology Practical Work-Book

".
 to
Auditcry nerve The nerve fibre from semicircular canal, cochlea. utriculus and sacculus joins ror
auditory nerve. It carries nerve impulse trom ear to brain.

Semicircular
Inferior
/Horizontal
Semicircular
cannais
Incus Stapes, Canals Superior
Malleus
Auditory
Nerve

Utriculus
Nerve
J U L

Saculus
Cochlea
Tympanum Cochlear Duct
Pinna
Eustachian
Tube

Fig. Internal parts of human ear Fig.: Internal ear of man

 AIM EXPERIMENT - 12
OBJECT
To identify and locate endocrine glands (adrenal, pancreas. thyroid and pituitary
glands) with the help of a model/chart.
L. Pituitary gland
1. Pituitary gland is one of the most important endocrine glands.
2. The pituitary is asmall gland of pea size.
3. It remains suspended from the floor of the third ventricle (of the brain) by infundibulum.
4. The gland is divisible into two major parts: ) the anterior pituitary. and (i) the
posterior pituitary. In between the two is present an intermediate zone. the pars
intermedia.
5. It produces several hormones, some of which profusely influence the activities of other
endocrine tissues.
. Its own activity is influenced by hypothalamus and pineal body.

Il. Thyroid
endocrine gland, weighing around 20 g in an adult.
The thyroid is the largest
is located just interior to the
larynx.
The butterfly-shaped thyroid
3 The right and left lateral lobes lie one on either side of the trachea
4 Structurally, the thyroid gland consists of about three million spherical or oval sac-like

follicles.
5. Thethyroid secretestwoimportant hormones : (1) thyroxine, and (i1) triiodothyronine.
 Pituitary

Thyroid

Adrenal/suprarenal
gland

Pancreas
In female only

Ovary
In male only

Testis
Fig. 1. Main endocrine glands of humans.
48 NOOTAN ICSE Bioiogy M

ll. Pancreas
1. Pancreas is gland that is partly exocrine and partly endocrine.
a

located in the loop of the duodenum and it

2. It is
extends up to thespleen in the abu
cavity.
 Manual XX 49
ICSE Biology
oTAN

flattened, pinkish gland, measuring 10-23 cm in length and 3-9 cm in breadth.

It is a
Phe endocrine part is in the form of numerous rounded collections of cells, the islets of
Langerhans.

Insulin and glucagon are the two important hormones of the islets of Langerhans.

Adrenal (Suprarenal gland)

adrenal glands located the top of each kidney as small, yellowish-
The paired are on
3.5-4.5 g in
brown, flattened and wrinkled traingular cap-like structures,each weighing
humans.
tissue capsule and consists of two
Each adrenal gland is enclosed in a connective
suprarenal c o r t e x , and a
functionally distinct parts: a superficial yellowish part called
medulla.
deeper brownish part known as suprarenal while the medulla
adrenocorticosteroids
hormones called
3. The cortex secretes steroid
secretes catecholamines.