 Society

 Group of people who live within the same territory and have the same culture
 Society is seen as the outcome of multiple interactions of people upon which succeeding
interactions are made meaningful and possible.

 Three Sociological Perspectives

- These are theories which explain the society
Structural Functionalism Social Conflict Symbolic Interactionism
What is Society? -Society is composed of -Society is composed of -Society was formed
interdependent parts different groups or class when each person
which function properly with conflicting interests communicates his own
who always struggle definition of what a
against each other symbol is to another
person
Assumptions -The interdependent -There is scarcity of -We live in a world full of
parts (family, church, resources: the “3 Human symbols
school, government, Needs” (wealth, power -We have our own
economy) must function and prestige) are always in definition, idea or
properly limited supply perception of what a
-If each interdependent -Because there is conflict, particular symbol means
part function properly, there would always be to us
there is “equilibrium” struggle thus forming a -”Meanings” emerge
(peace and order) winner from the loser; the from social interaction
-Function: when each advantaged from the -Because we are
social institution disadvantaged continually interacting,
performs their function shared meanings are
properly actually changing
A. Manifest: Obvious
B. Latent: Hidden
-Dysfunction: when each
social institution fails to
perform their function
properly

 Socialization:
 (Panopio) Refers to that lifelong process of learning and relearning as people more from different
stages of growth and development
 (Conklen) The process by which a society transmits its cultural values to individuals in order that
they can function properly as its members
 What do we learn in life?
1. Culture (such as the norms or the social rules, values, gestures, language)
2. Personality
3. Identity
4. Status and role
5. Gender

 Socialization vs. Enculturation vs. Acculturation

 Socialization: when we learn culture (norms, values, gestures, language)
 Enculturation: when we apply what we learn
 Acculturation: when meet new people and we adopt their culture

 Forms of Socialization
 1. Primary Socialization- is the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions
appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. Sociologist Talcott Parsons and
psychologist Robert Bales argued that the family is considered a prime socializing institution.
They believe that human personalities are made, not born, and described families as “factories
which produce human personalities.” They saw the family as a system that was responsible for
creating the personality of individuals who would then be able to fit into the system of the
whole society. The principal function of the family is to socialize children into being full members
of society through interaction. (Socialization within the family)
2. Secondary Socialization- refers to the process of learning the appropriate behavior as member
of a smaller group within the larger society. It is usually associated with teenagers and adults,
and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization, such as entering a
new profession, or relocating to a new environment or society. If the family is the primary
system of socialization, then school and education system is marked as secondary mode of
socialization. (Socialization within the school, church, economy, gov’t)
3. Developmental Socialization- is the process of learning behavior in a social institution or
developing one’s social skills. (Developing Interaction with other people)
4. Reverse socialization- is deviation from the desired behaviors or enculturation, especially of the
younger generation. It involves both adult and children. (Not attempting to know the culture of
the group)
5. Anticipatory socialization- refers to the processes of socialization in which a person “rehearses”
for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
6. Resocialization- refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new
ones as part of transition in one’s life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle. It can be an
intense experience, with the individual experiencing a sharp break with their past, and needing
to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. (e.g: soldier)

 Agencies of socialization (Also called: Social Institutions; Insert Government and Economy)
- These are the settings where we learn culture (socialization as a learning process)
1. Family
Responsible for the formative years in a child’s life. The family inducts the child into the culture
of a group serving as main link between the child and his society. Medina (1991) claims that the
family acts as the social laboratory which prepares the child for life in a bigger society. Here the
child gains his/ her first experiences of love, affection, kindness sympathy, courtesy, or the
opposite of those which in turn affects an individual’s personality.
2. Peer Group
As a child continues to socialize, he or she may find other children from his or her neighborhood,
close relatives, and classmates under the same age group. This informal group is known as a
peer group. Peer group reaches its peak during adolescence but may continue even during
adulthood. Peer groups emerged with the decline of parental authority. This peer group will be
the role model and source of values and attitude when the individual learns to develop self-
sufficiency, as their outlook in life differ from those of their parents.
3. The Church
Is a social institution responsible for the formation of the spiritual and moral needs of a child.
The norms of conduct and codes of behavior set forth by the religious organization are being
taught to a child through informal teaching by his or her family and formal teaching by the
Church or the school.
4. The School
A child spends most of his or her waking hours at school than home. This is where formal
learning takes place. Schoolmates, teachers and the environment itself can have lasting impacts
on a child’s socialization. It is in this environment that a child is taught to show love for his
country, to be a responsible citizen, develop moral character, personal discipline, scientific,
 technological, and vocational efficiency. A child gains knowledge and discipline that will
eventually prepare him for his or her societal roles.
5. Mass Media
A child’s exposure to radio, television, the Internet, and social media not only serves as a form of
entertainment but also to inform, educate, and develop his or her behaviors and attitudes in
relation to how he or she interacts with the previous agencies mentioned.
6. The Workplace
Is a venue where employees are socialized/ encultured according to their role expectations.
They received formal training through orientation, training programs, and seminars. They were
also taught in accordance to the values being espoused by the brand/ organization they were
working for.

 Status and Roles

Status and roles are important concepts in socialization because the behavior of young members of
society are controlled by assigning them certain status which they will enact. As Georg Simmel, one of
the founders of sociology, once pointed out, before we can deal with anyone, we need to know who
the person is.

 Status
 Linton (1936), and American sociologist, defined status simply as a ‘position’ in a social system,
such as a child or parent. Status refers to a social position that a person holds. A person’s status
can either be ascribed or achieved, given or accomplished, respectively. Each of us holds many
statuses at once.
 The term status set refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time. For example, a
teenage girl is a daughter to her parents, a sister to her brother, a student ats school, and a
spiker on her volleyball team.
 Sociologists classify statuses in terms of how people attain them. An ascribed status is a social
position a person perceives at birth it takes on involuntary later in life. Examples of ascribed
statuses include being a son, a Filipino, a teenager, etc. By contrast, achieved status refers to a
social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal identity and effort. Achieved
status in the Philippines include: honor student, boxing champion, nurse, software writer, and
thief. It should be remembered that in real world, most statuses involve a combination of
ascription and achievement. That is, people’s ascribed statuses influence the statuses they
achieve. People who achieve the status of, say, a lawyer are likely to share ascribed benefit of
being born into relatively well- off families. By the same token, many fewer desirable statuses,
such as criminal, drug addict, or unemployed worker, are more easily achieved by people born
into poverty.

 Role
 Refer to the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. Therefore, a person
holds a status and performs a role. For example, if you have the status of a student, you must
perform the roles of attending classes and completing assignments.
 Robert Merton introduced the term role set to identify several roles attached to a single status.
And it is expected that in some social situations, people may experience what sociologist called
role strain- conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses. Role strain results from
the competing demands of two or more roles that vie for our time and energy.

 Status and Role

 Status- a position within a group or society
A. Ascribed Status: statuses which are assigned to us by the society; people has no choice
Eg. sex, age, ethnicity
B. Achieved Status: refers to the status which a person attains through his efforts, intelligence and
choice
Eg. doctor, engineer

 Role- refers to the functions, duties, responsibilities and behavioral expectations attached to the
status

 Gender and Sex

 Sex:
 Basis shall be the reproductive system of an individual

 Gender:
 Is a social construct as it refers to woman or man as to the expectations of the society on them

 Gender Typographies:

 Sex Characteristics (Reproductive System)

- Male
- Female
- Intersex

 Gender Identity (Internal experience or identification)

- Cisgender (Feminine, Masculine) (Identity is congruent with sex)
- Transgender (Gay, Lesbian) (Identity is not congruent with sex)
- Gender Queer (Does not want to be labelled) no label

 Sexual Orientation (Romantic/ Sexual Attraction to another person)

- Heterosexual
- Homosexual
- Bisexual
- Pansexual
- Asexual

 Gender Expression (How one expresses oneself)

- Behavior; Hairstyle; Voice; Clothing

 Sanctions:
 Refer to system of rewards and punishments in order to ensure that norms are followed and
expectations are met

“Reward:” are positive sanctions for those who behave properly

“Punishment:” are negative sanctions for those who behave improperly

The members of a society, at a particular time and place, create and impose rules and
regulations, values, norms and laws and other forms of social control to maintain peace and order, to
promote harmonious relations and to preserve the stability of the existing social order.

However, there are members who transgress the rules, violate the laws, defy the existing vaues,
rebel against the established order and disregard the prevailing standards and expectations.
 These people are tagged as “DEVIANTS”

 Deviance
 Refers to any violation of norms
 Any behavior that the members of a social group define as violating the established norms

 “Relativity of Deviance”
- Deviance is relative for what is deviant in one group may be conformance in another
- What is deviant to some, may not be deviant to others

 Howard S. Becker, 2008: It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something
deviant

 Theories on Deviance
- Explains why a person becomes deviant

1. Sociobiological Theory
- These theories concern a wide range of physiological factors that might influence human behavior.
They include hormone imbalance, vitamin deficiency, brain malfunctioning
- You are born criminal
- Craniomtery and phrenology (size of cranium and distinctions on the skull)
- Lombroso (abonormally large or small nose, ears, jaws; assymetry of the face; large lips; twisted nose;
pronounced forehead; excessive cheekbones; long arms)

2. Psychological Theory
- Deviants are seen as suffering from personality deficiencies, which means that crimes result from
abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual

3. Differential Association Theory

- It stresses that people learn deviance
- Indicates that learning to deviate is influenced by the people with whom we are associated with
- The different groups with whom we belong teaches us how to be deviant
- Groups to whom we are associated with? family; neighborhood; friends

4. Control Theory
- 2 kinds of Control:
a. Inner Control: internalized morality- conscience; religious principles
b. Outer Control: consists of people who influences us not to deviate
examples? teachers

- If any or both of our controls are WEAK, we deviate

- The stronger our outer control is, most likely our inner control will also be strong

5. Labeling Theory
- Society labels certain behavior as deviant
- It is society which labels different behavior as proper or improper; good or bad

Labeling Oneself- Stages of Deviance

Sociologists who interviewed young women to find out how they had become prostitutes,
noted that they experienced a gradual slide from sexual promiscuity to prostitution. Their first acts of
sex was to have money for tuition fees or other basic needs.
 At this point, the girls experienced “Primary Deviance-” acts of deviance that have little effect
on the self-concept. the young girl would not think of herself yet as a prostitute.
Girls who prostitute themselves for a longer time incorporate deviant identity into their self-
concept and come now to think of themselves as prostitute. when this occurs, then they have entered
“Secondary Deviance-” acts of deviance incorporated into the self-concept, around which an individual
orients his or her behavior.
The third stage is the “Tertiary Deviance-” normalizing a deviant behavior. In the case of
prostitutes, they would be considering their acts as normal and as performing service to the society.

6. Strain Theory
- Most people have strong desires to achieve “Cultural Goals:” the legal or accepted goals
- Not everyone, however, have equal access to society’s “Institutionalized Means:” legal or approved
ways of reaching a goal
- These people experience “Strain” or frustration which motivates them to take the deviant path

Feels Strain? Mode Cultural Goals Institutionalized Means

NO Conformists Accept Accept
YES (deviant) Innovators Accept Reject
Ritualists Reject Accept
Retreatists Reject Reject

 Conformists: they use socially acceptable means to reach cultural goals. Most people try to get
good education to have a good job

 Innovators: are people who accept the goals of the society but use illegitimate way to achieve
them. Drug dealers accept the goal of being wealthy, but reject the legal means to be one

 Ritualists: are people who become discouraged and give up on achieving cultural goals, but still
cling on the legal ways of achieving the goals. Teachers who suffer from burnout but still continue
to go to class are ritualists because they merely cling to their jobs although they have abandoned
the goal of stimulating young minds

 Retreatists: reject both cultural goals and institutionalized means of achieving them

 Politics

 Traditional Definition:
- Struggle for Power
- “Power:” the need to be in control

 Modern Definition:
- The study of the state and the government

1987 Philippine Constitution

- Present Constitution
- Supreme and Fundamental Law of the land

Presents “who are Filipino citizens”

a. Article IV: Citizenship
Presents “how the Government works”
a. Article VI: Legislative Branch
b. Article VII: Executive Branch
c. Article VIII: Judicial Branch
d. Article IX: Constitutional Commissions
e. Article X: Local Government

 Article IV, Section I: The following are citizens of the Philippines:

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are Filipino citizens;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship; and,
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law

 Duties and Responsibilities of a Filipino Citizen:

1. Defend our country from enemies and invaders;
2. Pay taxes willingly;
3. Be loyal to our country;
4. Take care and conserve our natural resources;
5. Help our country for growth and development;
6. Obey the laws and maintain peace and order;
7. Preserve the Filipino culture and identity;
8. Participate actively in various government program;
9. Vote wisely; and,
10. Respect the rights of others.

 Legislative Branch:
1. Senate
2. House of Representatives

 Executive Branch:
1. President
2. Vice President
3. Cabinet

 Judicial Branch:
1. Supreme Court
2. Lower Courts

 Principle of Separation of Powers

 There shall be NO interference between the three branches of government
- Legislative: Make laws ONLY
- Executive: Execute laws ONLY
- Judicial: Interpret laws ONLY

 Art. VI: Legislative Department

- Legislative Power shall be vested upon the Congress of the Philippines
- Making laws

1. Senate
2. House of Representatives
- District Representatives (A Province or a City with more than 250,000 inhabitants)
- Party- List Representatives (For national, regional organizations and sectoral groups)
Highest Officers? Senate President; Speaker of the House

Qualifications Senate House of Representatives

Composition 24 Note more than 250
Citizenship Natural-born Filipino Natural-born Filipino
Age 35 25
Educ. Attainment Able to Read and Write Able to Read and Write
Voter Qualif’n Registered Voter Registered Voter
Residency 2 Years 1 Year
Term of Office 6 Years 3 Years
Maximum Term of Office 2 Consecutive Terms 3 Consecutive Terms

 Legislative Power
- When the Philippine Congress makes a bill

 How a Bill becomes a law:

“Bill” which may originate from either the Senate or the House of Representatives
3 readings on 3 separate days:
1st Reading: title, number, author/s
- Go to the appropriate committee
2. 2nd Reading: subject to debate; amendments may be entertained
3. 3rd Reading: voting by the members (“yea” or “nay”)

A law is created through the legislative process. The process starts with the initiation of a bill or
proposed legislation. The bill contains an outline of the provisions of the proposed law, as well as an
explanatory note providing the background or need for such a law. A bill may be passed individually or
jointly by members of Congress, or on behalf of a legislative committee. Both senators and
representatives may propose bills that address issues and concerns at the national and local level.
The House of Representatives and the Senate author bills to address issues on both the national
and local levels. These bills are then submitted for consideration in their respective chambers. If the bill
is filed in the Senate, it is labeled as “S.B” for “Senate Bill.” If it is filed in the House of Representatives,
it is labeled as “H.B” which stands for “House Bill.” It is also assigned a specific number.
The First Reading starts when the author and the title of the bill are read, and the document is
referred to the appropriate legislative committee, depending on the agenda of the bill.
The appropriate committee evaluates the bill and may conduct public hearings. The committee
issues a report that details its findings. After the bill has gone through committee consideration, it will
be referred to the Committee on Rules, which shall include the bill in its calendar of business.
The Second Reading is the stage where the calendar of business takes effect. The Calendar of
Business includes a period of debate where the soundness of a bill is orally deliberated among the
legislators; a period of amendments, where a bill undergo revisions; and voting, where the members
decide whether the bill should proceed to the next stages of the legislative process. If the bill is
considered favorably, it will be scheduled for a Third Reading. If not, it will be archived.
For the Third Reading, the revised bill is printed and distributed to the members of the House.
Roll Call Voting then takes place. If the bill is voted for favorably, it is transmitted to the other house for
consensus. If the bill is not favored, it will instead be archived.
In the event that the two chambers have a disagreement on the contents of the bill a Bicameral
Conference Committee is organized to reconcile their differences and make appropriate amendments
to the bill. After this, the bill is submitted for the approval of both chambers of Congress. At this point,
no amendments are allowed. After approval, it is now printed in its final form, and then submitted to
the Office of the President for approval.
 If the President approves the bill, it becomes a law and is labeled as a “Republic Act.” a bill may
also lapse into a law if the President does not take action 30 days after receiving it. Should the
President disapprove it, he may veto it and have it returned to the chamber where it originated, with an
explanation regarding the veto. After receiving the veto message from the President, the chamber
concerned may accept the veto or may amend the bill or override it instead. Overriding a President’s
veto is done by a vote of at least 2/3 of the members of the chamber concerned.

 Article VII: Executive Department

- Executive power shall be vested upon the President of the Philippines
- Executing laws

1. President
2. Vice President
3. Cabinet

Qualifications President Vice President

Composition 1 1
Citizenship Natural-born Filipino Natural-born Filipino
Age 40 40
Educ. Attainment Able to Read and Write Able to Read and Write
Voter Qualif’n Registered Voter Registered Voter
Residency 10 Years 10 Years
Term of Office 6 Years 6 Years
Maximum Term of Office No Re election 2 Consecutive Terms

 Article VIII: Judicial Department

- Judicial Power shall be vested upon the Supreme Court and all other courts
- Interpret laws

1. Constitutional Court : Supreme Court (15 members)

2. Regular Courts : Court of Appeals
: Regional Trial Courts
: Municipal Trial Courts
- Special Courts: Sandiganbayan; Sharia Courts; Family Courts; Court of Tax Appeals; Drugs Court

 Article X: Local Government

- Local Government Units:
1. Province
2. City
3. Municipality
4. Barangay

Local Government Unit Local Executive Local Legislative

Province Governor Vice Governor
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
City Mayor Vice Mayor
Sangguniang Panlungsod
Municipality Mayor Vice Mayor
Sangguniang Bayan
Barangay Punong Barangay Sangguniang Pambarangay