INTERSUBJECTIVITY

Intersubjectivity- is a condition of man, a subject, among other men, who are also subjects.
- it refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons.
- it is made possible by the awareness of the self and the other.
Martin Buber- an Australian born Israeli Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue.

 “The world is not comprehensible, but it is embraceable: through the embracing of one of its beings”.
 “All real living is meeting”
 “All actual life is encounter”
 “Men feel themselves to be carried by the collectivity, which lifts them out of loneliness and fear of the
world and lostness”
 “Through the Thou a person becomes I”
 “The origin of all conflict between me and my fellow-men is that I do not say what I mean and I don’t
do what I say”
 “To yield to seeming is man’s essential cowardice, to resist it is his essential courage”
 “Man wishes to be confirmed in his being by man, and wishes to have a presence in the being of the
other.”
 “Secretly and bashfully he watches for YES which allows him to be and which can come to him only
from one human person to another.”
 “Love is responsibility of an I for a Thou: in this consist what cannot consist in any feeling- the equality
of all lovers.”
 “Love does not cling to the I in such a way to have the Thou only for its “content,” its object; but love is
between I and Thou.”
 “Solitude is the place of purification.”

Social Vs Interhuman

Social- refers to the life of a group bound together by common experiences and reactions.
Interhuman- refers to the life between and among persons; it refers to the interpersonal, that is, a life of dialogue.
Dialogue- is a deep genuine relationship between persons.
- it happens when two persons truly acknowledge each other’s presence and treat each other as equals.

Ich- Es (I- It) relationship- it refers to the world of experience and sensation where there are objects.
- the beings do not actually meet. Instead, the “I” confronts and qualifies an idea, or conceptualization, of
the being in its presence and treats that being as an object.
- an individual treats other things, people, etc., as objects to be used and experienced. Essentially, this form
of objectivity relates to the world in terms of the self- how an object can serve the individual’s interest.
- is in fact a relationship with oneself; it is not a dialogue, but a monologue.

Ich- Du (I-Thou) relationship- it refers to the world of encounters and relationships where there are persons.
-is a concrete encounter without any qualification or objectification of one another.
- it is a dialogue.
 Obstacles to dialogue Contrasted with
Seeming Being
Speechifying Personal making present
Imposition Unfolding
1.) Seeming- it is a way of approaching the other governed by the image one desires to impress on the other.
- it involves deliberately playing up or hiding aspects of yourself to appear more desirable or impressive.
Being- it proceeds not from an image, but from what one really is.
- is an acceptance of the other in the way that is also an acceptance of the self as it is.

Bryant Mcgill- “Acceptance is the road to all change.”

George Orwell- “Happiness can exist only in acceptance.”

2.) Speechifying- it refers to one’s talking past another.

- it is hearing without listening to what one says.

Personal Making Present- it is process of fully opening oneself to the other.

Tendencies that make dialogue and personal making present difficult.

Analytical thinking When we break person into parts.
Reductive thinking When we reduce the riches of a person to a schema, a structure, and/ or a concept.
Derivational thinking When we derive the person from mixed formula.

3.) Imposition- it constitutes holding one’s own opinion, values, attitudes and oneself without regard for those of
another. It is telling the other how he or she should act, behave and respond to things.
Unfolding- it constitutes finding in the other the disposition toward what one recognizes as true, good and
beautiful. It involves seeing the other as a unique, singular individual capable of freely actualizing.

The Art of Loving (From, 1956)

- we gave more importance to being loved that to loving.
- people think that to love is easy and what is difficult is to find the right person to love or be loved by.
- we confuse the initial falling-in-love with the permanent state of being-in-love.

Dr. Manuel DY, JR.- “The experience of love begins from the experience of loneliness.”
Loneliness- one of the most basic experiences of the human being because of self-awareness.
 THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY:

“DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETIES”

Hunting and Gathering Society
Person- is the primary agent of change, as he
 Recognized as the earliest and simplest form
or she drives social changes based on
of society.
responses to events and developments
 Small size and is composed of mainly families.
affecting society.
 Nomadic- No permanent territory.
 Hierarchy- is very varied.
 Members are treated equally.

Pastoral Society
 Domestication of animals for food.
 Have larger populations than hunting and gathering.
 Often produce surplus food resources.
 The emergence of specialized task in community.

Horticultural Society
 Engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants.
 Semi- Nomadic
 Roles and responsibilities are more clearly defined.
 Produces also surplus of goods.

Agrarian and Agricultural Society

 Further evolution of pastoral and horticultural.
 Large scale and long term-cultivation of crops and domestication.
 Improved technology and use tools to aid in farming.
 Structural Social Systems.
 Complex Social Organization.
 Growing importance of territory.

Feudal Society
 Based on the ownership of land.
 Started in Western Europe during Medieval Times.
 Rulers grant their followers right to manage particular of land.
 Members are organized based on status.

Industrial Society
 Based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services.
 The evolution of the advances of Science and Technology.
 Improvement of Trade and Commerce.
 Work is done in factories.
 Significant departure from Agrarian Society.
 Capitalist or business owners are influential.

Post- Industrial Society

 The establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and sale of services.
 Have higher educational attainment.
 The rise of communication technology and Internet.
  It is also as “The Virtual Society”
SOCIAL SYSTEMS

Social Systems
 System- is a concept
 It functions according to order or pattern
 It is an orderly arrangement
 Patterned relationship among parts of structure
 Based on functional relations.
 It binds the part into unity.
 A system-natural-solar-system.
 Organized systems-social-systems
 Plurality of individuals interacting with each other.
 According to shared cultural norms and meanings
 Made up of interactions
 Cultural factors which structure interaction
 All social organizations are social systems
 Since they consist of interacting individuals.

Definitions
Meciver and Page:

Social System- is an organization

- as it is an orderly and systematic arrangement of parts Loomis and Loomis:
- is composed of patterned interaction of members.
Talcott Parsons:

Social System- consist of plurality of individuals, actor’s interaction in with other in a situation.
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS
1.) Belief
 Keeps people together
 They have a common belief
 It gives inner strength to collective functioning
2.) Sentiment
 Man doesn’t live by reason alone
 He plays his role with sentiments also
 Sentiment linked with culture also.
3.) Goal
 the goal or end determine social systems
 it provides pathway of progress
4.) Norms
 Provide guidelines for appropriate conduct
 They also fix functional pattern of society
5.) Rank
 Rank-recognition of importance
 Role depends on upon the rank of a person
6.) Status Role
 Every individual in society is functional
 Status by-sex, birth, case or age
 One may achieve status by service rendered
7.) Power
 Social systems consist of conflicts
 It aims at order
 Power to punish the guilty brings order
 Reward provides encouragement for conformity
 The authority excising power differ from group to group
8.) Sanction
 Imposition of penalty for nonconformity
 Acts done or not bring reward or punishment
9.) Facility
 Provide a person to function properly
 Individuals use facilities to achieve social objectives

COMMON FEATURES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL SYSTEM:

1) a) Plurality of individuals
b) Based on interactions of individuals
2) a) so system varies from time to time
b) From one system to another
c) Due to environment, time and place
3) a) social system has aim and purpose
b) It is a functional arrangement
4) a) social system is the order
b) Rendered unity
c) No single group or institution can disturb it
5) The scope of interrelationship, interaction determined by culture
6) Social system works with adjustment of parts with each other in a balance
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL SYSTEM AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
 Social structure and social system related to each other
 Social system relates to functional aspect of social structure.
 Social structure is the means through which social system functions
 The nature of functions to be carried out influences the form of structure.
 The form of structure will influence the functions it can perform
 Rigid social structure cannot fulfill the needs of changing society
 Social structure to use creative capacity

Social function- in every society, individuals have specified functions. Functions are divided as
 social functions and disfunction
 Manifest and latent function

H.M.Johnson- Any particular structure-sub group, role, social norm, cultural value have a function To fulfil social
needs Any partial structure have a disfunction if it cannot fulfil these needs

Manifest functions- are those that are intended and recognized

Latent functions- are unorganized and unintended the function may be manifested for some participants and latent
for others.
 Latent function have some functions to perform in all structures
 Latent functions to be taken into consideration for reforming the society.

FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL SYSTEM:

 every social system solves four functional problems
 If it does not, the system would cease to exist as an independent entity

Functional problems:
Pattern maintenance and tension management- the units of the whole structure must learn the pattern and invest
them with appropriate attitude of respect
 Any social system to have mechanisms of socialization through which Cultural patterns come to be
incorporated in the personalities of individuals.

Tension management- Units of any social system are subject to emotional disturbances Which must be managed if
the units are to be able to carry on effectively

Adaptation- A given social system to adapt or adjust itself to its social and non-social environment
 Through division of labor or role differentiation among members there should be role differentiation among
members
 Every person could perform diverse takes with knowledge and skills.

Goal attainment: Every social system has one or more goals to be attained through cooperative effort
 Adaptation required to attain goals Human and non-human resources to be mobilized according to specific
nature of tasks
 Proper allocation of resources necessary for both adaptation and goal attainment

Integration- To achieve goals, people are required to work in cooperative in integration

 They are required to have good miracle
 Miracle is important for both integration and pattern maintenance.
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