GED 105 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

BSED - English 1201 I Rose Anne Arcilla Calalo

Monday 07:00 AM-10:00 AM

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NATURE OF HISTORY
MAIN TOPIC I - INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

HISTORY
- A recitation of unrelated facts that do not
contribute to a larger story.
- A simple historical chronology of famous dates,
incidents and people.
- A chronological storytelling in its finest form; it
sequentially weaves together many related
historical and contemporary events and ideas that
are linked to a larger story.

( additional information )
A. DEFINITION
- HISTORY refers to the study and interpretation by
a historian on the data and other source of the
human activity, societies and civilizations leading to
the present day

B. HISTORY’S SUBJECT MATTER

● HISTORY has always been known as the STUDY
OF THE PAST.
MAIN TOPIC II - CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL
● The word HISTORY came from the Greek word
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES
HISTORIA mean INQUIRY.
● The word HISTORIA does not mean past events.
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF
SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES
C. HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
● HISTORIAN is an expert or student of history, D. SOURCES OF HISTORY
especially that of a particular period, geographical - Historical sources are tangible remains of the
region or social phenomenon. past.It is an object from the past or testimony
● These historians seek not only historical evidence concerning the past on which historians depend
and facts but also to interpret these facts. in order to create their own depiction of the past.
● Some authors define history as a study of
historical perspective. In reconstructing the past, a SOURCE
historian can be subjective; after all he is human, - ­A source is a person or book that provides
fallible and capable error. information for a news story or for a piece of
● People’s memories are filled with bias, self research. (Collins Dictionary)
righteousness,pride, vanity, spinning, obstruction
and outright lies. THREE KINDS OF SOURCES
● Another way for a historian to be objective is to
follow the historical method. It is the core I. Primary Sources
protocols historians’ use for handling sources. An - are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic,
agreed ground rules for researching and writing from people who had a direct connection with it.
academic research or professional history. An - A testimony of an individual who was a in or a
objective historian must verify sources, to date direct witness to the event that is being
them, locate the place of origin and identify their described.
intended functions. It is important for a historian to - It is a document or physical object which was
base their accounts on source materials. written or created during the time under a study.

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 - Primary sources are characterized by their ● The primary goal of historical criticism is to
content, regardless of whether they are discover the text primitive or original historical
available in original format, in microfilm, in context and its literal sense.
digital format or in published format. ● The secondary goal seeks establish a
reconstruction of historical situation of the author
FIVE MAIN CATEGORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES and recipients of the text.
1. Written Sources - Common are written sources or
documents.They are written or printed materials B. ADDITIONAL GOAL OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
that have been produced in one form or another - Historical criticism seeks greater understanding of
sometime in the past. They may be published the texts by analyzing the historical and social
materials such as travelogue, transcription of contexts in which they developed. The goal of
speech, autobiographies, journals or newspapers. historical criticism, traditionally, has been to try
2. Numerical Records - which include any type of to understand the text’s meaning in its original
numerical data in printed or handwritten form context and to answer questions about the text,
3. Oral Statements - which include any form of such as: Who wrote it? When was it written? What
statement made orally by an eyewitness. else what happening at the time of its writing? How
4. Relics - any objects whose physical or visual did it come to be in the form we have it today? What
characteristics can provide some information about did it mean to the people who first read or heard it?
the past.
5. Image - It includes photograph, posters, paintings, 2 TYPES OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
drawing cartoons and maps.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
II. Secondary Sources - Type of criticism looks for the obvious sign of
- are one step removed from primary sources, forgery or misinterpretation.
though they often quote or otherwise use - It test the authenticity of the sources. It is
primary sources. They can cover the same interested in the writing styles of the eyewitness
topic, but involve analysis, synthesis, and his ignorance of the facts.
interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources.
They often attempt to describe or explain TEST OF AUTHENTICITY
primary sources. - The first step to test a source is to determine the
- interprets and analyzes primary sources. date of document to see whether it is
- It is prepared by an individual who was not anachronistic.
direct witness to an event, but not who Anachronism means out of time or order,
obtained his or her description of the event from something that could not have been there at that
someone else. particular time
- The second step is to determine the author’s
handwriting, signature or seal. We can compare
the handwriting of particular author to his other
writings. Obvious sign of forgery in include patch
writing, hesitation as revealed by ink blobs, pauses
in the writing, tremor causing poor line quality and
erasures
- The third test in determining the authenticity of
the source is by looking for the anachronistic style.
III. Tertiary Sources In this test we will examine idiomatic expression or
- It provides third hand information by reporting the orthography used in the documents. An idiom
ideas and details from secondary source. is an expression, word or phrase that has a
- An eyewitness is more reliable than testimony figurative meaning conventionally understood by
at second hand, which is more reliable than native speakers.
hearsay or tertiary sources. - The fourth test is the anachronistic reference to
events. For example if the event cited in the
document is prior to the actual event, then the
A. DEFINITION document must be forge or fake.
- HISTORICAL CRITICISM is a branch of criticism - The fifth test of authenticity is the provenance or
that investigates the origin of text or source in order custody of the document. Provenance is the place
to understand the word behind the text. of origin of earliest known history of documents. It
traces the roots of any source.

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 ANALYZE THE CONTEXT, CONTENT AND
OTHER TWO TEST OF AUTHENTICITY PERSPECTIVE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF
1. SEMANTICS – linguistic study of meaning SOURCES
2. HERMENEUTICS – theory and methodology of
interpretation A. Background of the Author/Creator
- First the researcher must provide brief
INTERNAL CRITICISM biographical sketch of the author or creator of
- This type of criticism looks for deeper or more the primary source.
intense study of sources. Usually historians first - Family background, educational attainment,
apply external criticism before undergoing the test religion and many others shall be given priority
of credibility because of internal criticisms implicit in presenting the biography of the author.
character.
- Internal criticism has to do with what the document B. BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT / PRIMARY
says. It investigates the content or substance of a SOURCE
document and the author’s point of view. This type - The type of primary source, how many parts or
of criticism tests the credibility of the source chapter, how long is the document shall be
given attention
TEST OF CREDIBILITY - Where the primary source can be found. The
- The first step is the identification of the author. It repository of primary sources may be found in
determines if the witness is reliable or if he is the library, archive, museum, historical society
consistent by comparing his other works. or special collection of private individuals.
- The second step in testing the credibility of the - To check the authenticity of the source, check
eyewitness is to determine the approximate date. the provenance or origin of the said document.
- The third step in testing the credibility of the Determine also the intended audience or the
source is its ability to tell the truth. people the author wants to convey their ideas
Basically they look for the background of the with, where the primary source can be found.
author like education, health, age or social status. - Look for the purpose or motive of the source.
The last test for this step is the degree of the How do you discover the purpose or the reason
attention of the eyewitness. Whether the sources it was originally made?
witness the event only partly or if he witnesses the
event from the start to finish. C. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT
- The fourth step is the willingness to tell the truth. HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE
If the eyewitness is coerced, forced or somebody DOCUMENT
threaten him to tell something then his account is - Compare the primary source provided by the
not valid. If the eyewitness wants to hide instructor with reliable internet sources to
something for personal reason corroborate information. Look for similarities in
- The last step is to look for corroboration. This content, ensuring alignment in key points and
particular step rest upon the independent details. Verify consistency across multiple
testimony of two or more reliable sources. The sources, considering their intended audience
words independent testimony must be emphasize. and purpose.
- Analyze bias in the primary source by
CONTENT VS CONTEXT examining extreme word choices and
unbalanced language that indicates strong
● Content refers to the actual words or information positivity or negativity towards the subject.
being conveyed. This is the meat of the message Identify any prejudices present.
– what's actually being said or written. - Analyze a creator's historical perspective by
● Context refers to the circumstances or situation investigating their background, including
surrounding the communication that may affect its nationality, social status, political persuasion,
meaning or interpretation. cultural background, religion, and education.
- Analyze a document's historical context by
considering its date, place of origin, and
concurrent events. Examine its language to
understand its perspective within the historical
period, fostering historical empathy without
imposing modern standards.

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D. CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PRIMARY
DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND SOURCE
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY Apparently the painting is for European audience. The
- Identify the causes and consequences of the woman in the painting is a Caucasian and this work of
primary sources. A cause is what makes art belong to the impressionistic movement originated
something happen, while a consequence is a with the group of Paris-based artist whose exhibition
direct result of the cause. Look for the turning brought them to prominence during the 1870’s and
point or dramatic moment of change caused by 1880’s. If we look at the historical context, the year
the event or primary source. 1892 was the year when Rizal went back to the
Philippines to established La Liga Filipino because he
E. RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTS TO THE was disappointed with the Propaganda movement.
PRESENT TIME.
- Look for the historical significance or what CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT
modern people consider to be important from HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN PAINTING
the past. The historical significance of events, Simply the interpretation contends the lady as our
people, or ideas is subjective and varies among motherland. The motherland is awkwardly poised,
individuals. Different people may prioritize disturbed with a blank stare, unsure whether to stand
different aspects of history, leading to up or remain seated. with this contention, it integrates
disagreements over what is considered cohesively other elements in the painting. ORDER
important and the reasons behind its FORM The three heroes are discussing the disturbed
significance. state of the motherland in 1892. It is the exact year
when La Liga Filipina was formed (July 3); when the
How to determine significance of the event? Katipunan was formed (July 7) and when Jose Rizal
was banished to exile in Dapitan (July 7).
● Novelty: How unique or groundbreaking the
event is.
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE
● Applicability: How relevant the event is to
DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND
today's world. NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
● Memory: How the event is remembered over Juan Luna was able to convey multitude of message in
time. a very limited space in an otherwise simple subject.
● Effect: The impact the event had on people and Although his character was not heroic for he has many
society. character flaws. But then he used his great talent to
advance the Filipino cause. This painting and other
visual arts can be use as a primary source to motivate
our students to do move for our nation. The message of
this painting can be a cause while a simple compliance
of the new normal can be the consequence.

EXAMPLE OF CONTENT RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO THE

AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS PRESENT TIME
The significant of this work of art is that it is one of the
JUAN LUNA’S THE PARISIAN LIFE products of the genius of Juan Luna. He was one of the
first international celebrities that highlight Filipino talent.
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/CREATOR He was the Manny Pacquiao and Hidelyn Diaz of the
- JUAN LUNA (1857-1899) 19th century. The painting causes controversies when it
On September 16, 1896, he and his brother Antonio was purchase by GSIS in 2002. Many members of
were arrested by Spanish authorities for being involved GSIS accused Winston Garcia (then President of GSIS)
with the KKK. He was pardoned by the Spanish court of corruption. Now 2020, another government own and
on May 27, 1897 and he traveled back to Spain in July. controlled corporation is in the midst of scandal.
In 1899 he was appointed by the Malolos Republic as a Philhealth President Ricardo Morales was forced to
member of Paris delegation which was working for the resign because of the so called Mafia inside the
diplomatic recognition of the Republic. He traveled back agency.
to the Philippines upon hearing the death of his brother,
Antonio. He traveled to Hongkong but died there aged
42 on December 7, 1899 from a heart attack

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 THE KKK AND THE “KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN” MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN
BY EMILIO JACINTO BY: EMILIO AGUINALDO

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/CREATOR: BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

Emilio Jacinto a key figure in the Philippine Revolution, The author Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22,
was a high- ranking member of the Katipunan. Born in 1869 in Kawit, Cavite. He was the seventh among the
December 15 1875, he became the secretary of state children of Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy
for the revolutionary government and is often referred Aguinaldo. Emilio attended high school at the Colegio
to as the "Brains of the Katipunan." Fluent in Tagalog de San Juan De Letran but had to stop in his 4th year
and Spanish, Jacinto initially pursued legal studies but because of his father's death. Emilio became the
dropped out at 19 to join the Katipunan. He served as “cabeza de barangay” of binakayan, a chief barrio of
Andrés Bonifacio's secretary and financial advisor Cavite el viejo,when he was only 17 years old to avoid
Despite being called the "Brains of the Revolution," he conscriptio. In 1895, at the age of 25, he became
is more commonly known by this title within the kawit’s first “Gobernadorcillo capitan municipal.”
Katipunan. Aguinaldo became a freemason during this year, joining
pilar lodge no. 203, imus, cavite with the codename
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE “colon.”
DOCUMENT/PRIMARY SOURCE
The Kartilya, a renowned Katipunan text, is the only HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
preserved document printed before August 1896, DOCUMENT/ PRIMARY SOURCE
serving as the Katipunan's code of conduct with The original memoirs in tagalog were prepared by
fourteen rules. The Kartilya, a set of guidelines inspired aguinaldo in his own handwriting between 1928 to
by national heroes who fought for the Philippines' 1946. It was at the close of 1963 when aguinaldo,
independence during Spanish colonization, emphasizes after much deliberation, decided to publish his
honor, charity, and self-sacrifice. memoirs in 1967. In his preface aguinaldo says the
memoirs were based on a diary he kept, documents
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT
he preserved, and family lore gathered from his
HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE IMAGE
elders.
Emilio Jacinto's "Kartilya ng Katipunan" is a key
document in the Philippine Revolution, outlining a code
of conduct emphasizing duties to God, country, and
CONTENT ANALYIS OF THE IMPORTANT
community. The document emphasizes nationalism, HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE
independence, social responsibility, and education, with DOCUMENT
symbolic language like the Kartilya connecting to The journey of emilio aguinaldo from joining the
Philippine history and Katipunan's commitment to fight katipunan till the start of the filipino-american war is
against Spanish colonization. discussed in the document. When aguinaldo visited
cavite el viejo, it was in august of 1896. He explained
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF KARTILYA to them that he had never developed a strategy
NG KATIPUNAN: before and that his plan to conquer the spaniards
Emilio Jacinto's "Kartilya ng Katipunan" is a pivotal had failed.
document in Philippine history, promoting love for the
native land and reflecting on Filipino values. CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE
Emphasizing compassion, equality, and morality, it DOCUMENT
portrays revolutionaries as intellectuals fighting for The text is crucial in recreating the past of the
justice. philippines and its people since it provided us with
important information and an outline of the events
RELEVANCE OF THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN TO that occurred during the spaniards' foreign
THE PRESENT TIME:
colonialism. The paper describes certain specifics of
In contemporary times, Filipinos maintain a strong love
our ancestors' condition during the spanish
for their country, having enjoyed freedom for an
administration, which aids in comprehending their
extended period. The values instilled by the Katipunan,
situation at the time.
emphasizing respect for women, children, and the
elderly, continue to resonate, although adherence may
vary, particularly among the youth.

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RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO THE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT
PRESENT TIME HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE
VIDEO:
1. Economy- The economy that they have before
As described by Pigafetta, “They exhibited great
compared to the kind of economy we have now is
signs of pleasure at seeing us. Seeing that the
what we need to understand.
natives are reasonable men, Magellan gave them
2. Socio-cultural - We have been doing some traits
red caps, mirrors, comb, and other things. In return,
that were influenced by other countries that
the natives offered fish, wine, coconuts, and other
colonized us in the past.
resources. Magellan named the place (Islands of
3. Political - The political strategy devised by our
Humunu) the“Archipelago of San Lazarus” due to the
heroes, as mentioned in the document, is
several islands located in that district. “Archipelago of
essential now because it reveals their strengths
San Lazarus” was the primitive name of the
and flaws in fighting for our country's
Philippines.The first cross was then set up in Mazaua
independence.
(Limasawa) as wished by Magellan for the benefit of
4. Religious - As everyone is aware, the spanish
the natives. The native Filipinos had their idols
occupied the philippines for a long time.
before and a God, which they called “Abba,” but they
threw this belief away as they embraced Christianity
which Magellan introduced.
“THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
BY MAGELLAN”
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN:
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/CREATOR:
Christianity, as the largest religion in the world, was
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA- He was born sometime in
propagated in the Philippines by Ferdinand
the closing year of the 15Th century. He was an
Magellan. The faith of the natives before is just about
Italian raised by Mr. Giovanni Pigafetta and Mrs.
raising hands and clapping, building different images
Angela Zoga. He is also the eldest child among his 2
of their idols, until Magellan introduced Christianity to
siblings. And was a native of Vicenza, a town about a
them. It was accepted and practiced by Filipinos and
hundred kilometers west of Venice, Italy. He studied
has been a considerable part of our culture and
astronomy, geography, and cartography. He served
beliefs. The account of Pigafetta enriched Philippine
on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes at the
historiography because it contains essential details
beginning of the 16th century.
about the conditions of the Visayan Islands in the
16th century
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCE
RELEVANCE OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND
Spices were in-demand commodities among the
THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN TO THE PRESENT
Europeans because of their numerous benefits such
TIME:
as food preservation, flavor enhancement, and
Pigafetta's documentation illuminates the
medicine. Portugal and Spain were involved in an
interconnection of civilizations during the early
intense rivalry to see who could find and claim new
modern era. The journey made significant advances
territory to source the spices coveted by European
to geographical knowledge and maritime navigation
aristocrats. The Treaty of Tordesillas was effective at
that are still important in modern research.
that time. It is an agreement between Spain and
Pigafetta's exacting documentation and keen
Portugal to settle conflicts over Lands newly
attention to detail. Beyond its historical setting, the
discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus.In
journey has had a lasting impact on popular culture,
1505, Magellan, in service to Portugal, joined the
literature, and the arts. It acts as a reminder of the
fight, traveling to India, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
resilience of the human spirit and the unwavering
However, he was accused of illegal trading and fell
quest for knowledge and exploration.
out with Manuel I, who turned down his proposal to
locate a new spice route. Magellan abandoned his
Portuguese loyalty, transferred his allegiance to
Spain through King Charles V, and eventually gained
his trust.

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 RAMPAGE: MACARTHUR, YAMASHITA, RELEVANCE OF THE RAMPAGE: MACARTHUR,
AND THE BATTLE OF MANILA YAMASHITA, AND THE BATTLE OF MANILA TO
THE PRESENT TIME
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/ CREATOR The Rampage in Manila during World War II remains
James M. Scott, a distinguished historian and author, relevant to the present time as it serves as a
is well-known for his expertise in military history and reminder of the lasting impact of conflict on societies.
World War II. He focuses particularly on the Pacific The destruction and loss of life during the Battle of
Theater, demonstrating a profound interest in the Manila emphasize the importance of promoting
subject. Scott is recognized for his thorough research peace, diplomacy, and conflict resolution in today's
and captivating narrative style, making complex global context. Furthermore, understanding the
historical events accessible to a broad audience. His historical context can contribute to fostering a sense
extensive writings contribute significantly to our of national identity, resilience, and the importance of
understanding of military history, especially the safeguarding peace and human rights in
intricacies of World War II in the Pacific. contemporary Philippines. It also serves as a
BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT/ PRIMARY cautionary tale, highlighting the need for responsible
SOURCE leadership and international cooperation to prevent
Rampage: MacArthur, Yamashita, and The Battle of similar devastating events in the future.
Manila" is a historical book by James M. Scott that
delves into the Battle of Manila during World War II. It
focuses on the clash between General Douglas MAIN TOPIC III - ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES
MacArthur's forces and General Tomoyuki
Yamashita's Japanese forces, providing a detailed THE FIRST MASS SITE IN THE PHILIPPINES
account of the events that unfolded during this critical LIMASAWA vs BUTUAN
period. - CEBU CITY, Philippines —— With the
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT quincentennial celebration approaching, the
HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE LIVE Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines
SKIT (CBCP) hopes the debates on the true location of
The document provides a detailed account of the the first Mass will finally be resolved.
Battle of Manila, highlighting the strategies, - Fr. Marvin Mejia, secretary-general of the CBCP,
challenges, and the impact on civilians. It delves into said the matter was still being looked into by the
the roles of key military figures such as MacArthur National Historical Commission of the
and Yamashita, offering insights into their decisions Philippines (NHCP) and the Association of
and the resulting consequences of their actions. This Church Historians in the Philippines.
thorough examination sheds light on the complexities - The first Mass and the first baptism are the two
of the battle and its far- reaching implications. major historical ecclesiastical events that are
given focus in the quincentennial celebrations
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE sanctioned by the CBCP and the Archdiocese of
DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND Cebu. Cebu is identified as the site of the first
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINES HISTORY baptism with Rajah Humabon, Queen Juana and
The Battle of Manila during World War II, involving hundreds of their community members being the
MacArthur and Yamashita, holds significant first converts, according to the accounts of
relevance in understanding the grand narrative of Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of the
Philippine history. It highlights the devastation Magellan-Elcano expedition. The first baptism
caused by war, the impact of military strategies on was on April 14, 1521
civilian populations, and the complex dynamics of
foreign powers in shaping the nation's trajectory. The Antonio Pigafetta ( LIMASAWA )
rampage in Manila underscores the need to analyze JOURNAL
historical events with a nuanced perspective, First Voyage Around the World
considering both military strategies and the
humanitarian consequences for a comprehensive - Antonio Pigafetta was a Venetian scholar and
understanding of the Philippines' historical explorer. He joined the Spanish expedition to the
development. Spice Islands led by Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan, the world's first
circumnavigation, and is best known for being the
chronicler of the voyage. During the expedition,
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 he served as Magellan's assistant until social customs and languages. In contrast to the
Magellan's death in the Philippine Islands, and accuracy of his personal observations, he had a
kept an accurate journal, which later assisted him tendency to accept even the most outrageous
in translating the Cebuano language. It is the first tales told to him about the lands they visited.
recorded document concerning the language. - Pigafetta was wounded on Mactan in the
- Pigafetta was born to a prominent noble family in Philippines, where Magellan was killed in the
the city of Vicenza in northeast Italy. Recent Battle of Mactan in April 1521. Nevertheless,
archival research indicates that his father was he recovered and was among the 18 who
Giovanni Pigafetta and his mother was a accompanied Juan Sebastián Elcano on board
noblewoman named Lucia, daughter of Marco the Victoria on the return voyage to Spain .Upon
Muzan. The couple was married in March 1492, reaching port in Sanlúcar de Barrameda in the
implying that Antonio was born sometime after modern Province of Cadiz in September 1522,
that date.Details of his education are unknown three years after his departure, Pigafetta returned
but he later boasted of having "read many to the Republic of Venice. He related his
books".There is a tradition that as a youth experiences in the "Report on the First Voyage
Pigafetta sailed the Mediterranean with the Around the World"
Knights of Rhodes but there is no record of such - According to Antonio Pigafetta, the first mass
activity, only the observation that he later became was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It
a member of the order. At some point he entered was officiated by Friar Pedro de Valderrama that
into the service of papal ambassador was ordered by Ferdinand Magellan. Nearing 500
Francesco Chiericati, an apostolic years since the first Mass, debates continue
protonotary and a close associate of Pope whether it was held on Limasawa Island, in
Leo X. Like Pigafetta, Chiericati was also from Agusan or somewhere else.
Vicenza. In 1518, Leo X sent Chiericati to the
royal court in Spain to serve as ambassador.
Pigafetta accompanied the ambassador's retinue,
first to Zaragoza for two months and then to FRANCISCO ALBO (BUTUAN)
Barcelona. LOGBOOK
- While in Spain, Pigafetta heard of Magellan's
- He is navigator from the island of rhodes in
planned expedition to find a western route to
southern aegean island joined the magellan
the Spice Islands. The adventure appealed to
expedition as a pilot of the magellan flagship
him and he convinced Chiericati that his
“TRINIDAD” he was one of the 18 survivors who
participation on this historic voyage would be
returned to sebastian elcano on the “victoria”
advantageous for the Vatican. With the approval
after having circumnavigated the world.
of the papal ambassador and King Charles,
- his intention was to keep a log book of the
Pigafetta was provided with letters of introduction
voyage that provides data for the actual
before he set out for Seville in May 1519.
course sailed by the vessel and turns out as
Magellan accepted his application to join the
the basis where did the first mass in the
expedition and hired him for a modest monthly
philippines was held.
salary of 1,000 maravedís. He was enrolled
- On the 16th of March (1521) as they sailed in a
under the name Antonio Lombardo and his
westerly course from Ladrones, spot a land
position was described as one of the "servants
towards the northwest; but owing to many
of the captain and supernumeraries".
shallow places they did not approach it. They
- When the expedition set sail in August 1519,
found later that its name was Yunagan.
Pigafetta was assigned to the flagship Trinidad
- On the same day they went southwards to
where he served Magellan and became his great
another small island named Suluan. They saw
admirer. Pigafetta did not appear to have any
some canoes but these fled at the Spaniards
specific role except to keep a daily record of his
Approach. This island was a 9 and two-thirds
observations, a task that he undertook with great
degrees North-latitude.
diligence. He recorded extensive information
- Departing from those two islands, they sailed
concerning the geography, climate, and
westward to an uninhabited island of “Gada”
natural history of the places visited by the
where they took in a supply of wood and water.
expedition. He was especially interested in the
The sea around that island was free from
native inhabitants encountered along the way
shallows, (Albo does not give the latitude of this
and took meticulous notes on their appearance,
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 island, but from Pigafetta’s testimony, this seems THE CAVITE MUTINY
to be the “Acquada” or Homonhon, at 10
degrees North latitude.) - Is a brief revolution/protest of 200 filipino troops
- From that island they sailed westwards towards a and workers at the cavite which is born due to
large island name Seilani that was inhabited and prejudice of spaniards to filipinos. it is a major
was known to have gold. event that inspires nationalism among filipinos.
- Sailing southwards along the coast of that large
island of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small GOMBURZA
island called “Mazava” that island is also at a - Noted, the GOMBURZA led the campaign
latitude of 9 and two-thirds degrees North. against the abusive friars and fought for equal
- The people in the island of Mazava were very rights among priests.
good. There the Spaniards planted a cross
upon a mountain-top, and from there they MARIANO GOMEZ
were shown three islands to the west and the
southwest, where they were told there was - Mariano Gomez de los Angeles
such gold. “They showed us how the gold was - Born : August 2, 1799 Santa Cruz, Manila
gathered, which came in small pieces like peas - Died : February 17,1872- Bagumbayan, manila
and lentils.” - Often known by his birth name mariano gomez y
custodio or mariano gomez in modern
orthography
MIGUEL A. BERNAD - Mariano was a filipino catholic priest who was
The site of the first mass in the Philippines: A falsely accused of mutiny by the spanish colonial
Reexamination of the Evidence authorities in the philippines in the 19th century.
- Using the primary sources available, Jesuit priest - He was placed in a mock trial and summarily
Miguel A. Bernard in his work Butuan or executed in manila along with two other
Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the clergymen collectively known as GOMBURZA.
Philippines: A Reexamination of Evidence (1981) - In 1872,gomez,along with father burgos and
lays down the argument that in Pigafetta's zamora, became embroiled in the events leading
account,a crucial aspect of Butuan was not up to the cavite mutiny, which was a failed
mentioned - the river. uprising against spanish colonial rule.
- Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated on the - While there is debate about their actual
Agusan river. The beach of Masao is in the delta involvement in the mutiny,the spanish authorities
of said river. It is crucial omission in the account used the incident as a pretext to suppress dissent
of the river, which makes part of a distinct among the filipino clergy.
characteristics of Butuan's geography that
seemed to be too important to be missed. JOSE BURGOS
- It must be pointed out that later on, after - José Apolonio Burgos y García
Magellan's death, the survivors of his expedition - February 9, 1837, Vigan, Ilocos Sur
went to Mindanao, and seemingly went to - February 17, 1872 (aged 35), Bagumbayan,
Butuan. In this instance, Pigafetta vividly manila
describes a trip in a river. But note that this - San juan de Letran College, University of santo
account already happened after Magellan's tomas He received the degree of
death. Bachelor of philosophy in 1855,
Bachelor of theology in 1859,
To end the conflict for the issue about the first mass, Licentiate in philosophy in 1860,
the National Historical Commission of the Licentiate in theology in 1862,
Philippines or the (NHCP) has confirmed that the Doctor of theology
1521 Easter Sunday mass is on Limasawa island Doctor of canon law in 1868.
in southern leyte was the country/s First Catholic - He was ordained second priest of the
Mass. cathedral, fiscal of the ecclesiastical court, and
professor and master of ceremonies of the
University of Santo Tomas.

9
JACINTO ZAMORA - The democratic and republican books and
- Jacinto Zamora y Del Rosario pamphlets, the speeches and preaching of the
- August 14, 1835, Pandacan, Manila apostles of these new ideas in Spain and the
- His parents were Venancio Zamora and Hilario outburst of the American publicists and the cruel
del Rosario (36) february 17, 1872, at policies of the insensitive governor whom the
bagumbayan field in Manila Colegio de San reigning government sent to govern the country.
Juan de Letran and graduated with a Degree of Native filipinos put into action these ideas where
bachelor of arts at University of Santo Tomas the occurring conditions which gave rise to the
and obtained a Degree of Bachelor of Canon idea of achieving their independence
and civil laws.
- He prepared for priesthood in the seminary of Official report on the Cavite Mutiny
manila. He had dreamt of becoming a priest - Rafael izquirdo Governor-general in the
at a young age. After being given ministerial Philippines (April 4,1871- January 8, 1873)
and priestly authority, zamora was able to - "Iron Fist"
establish parishes in Marikina, Pasig, and
Batangas and was assigned to also oversee Reasons
Manila cathedral on 3 december 1864. - The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the
- Zamora had a habit of playing cards after workers of cavite arsenal such as non-payment
saying mass. Once, he received an invitation of tributes.
stating that his friend had "powder and - Exemption from force labor were the main
munitions"; in a gambler's language, reasons of the “revolution” as how they called it.
"powder and munitions" meant that the - Spanish revolution which overthrew the secular
player had much money to gamble with. This throne.
invitation fell into the hands of the spaniards - Dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained
and worse, it was on the night of the cavite press, democratic, liberal and republican books
mutiny and pamphlets reaching the philippines
- And most importantly, the presence of the native
Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 clergy who, out of animosity against the spanish
friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels and
Jose Montero y Vedal enemies of spain.
- Montero was one of the most knowledgeable of - He reported to the king of spain that the
the spanish historians on the Philippines. At “Rebels” wanted to overthrow the spanish
the time of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, government to install a new “Hari”
- He was a government official residing in Manila. - According to him, native clergy attracted
- His account was an interpretation and views of a supporters by giving them charismatic
government official toward the mutiny. assurance that their fight would not fail because
- According to him,the event was premeditated and they had god’s support, aside from promises of
the primary instigator were the three priests― lofty rewards such as employment, wealth, and
GOMBURZA, and its caused was not only just ranks in the army.
because of the uplifting of the tax exemptions - Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the indios as
to the laborers of the Cavite arsenal but also a gullible and possessed an innate propensity for
revolt to overthrow the spanish rule from stealing.
assassination of the governor-general to - It seems definite that the insurrection was
general massacre of all spaniards including motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by
the friars. the mestizos, native lawyers or a bogadillos and
- Montero without any doubt emphasized that the residents of manila and cavite.
all filipinos accused, executed and exiled - They allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking
were truly guilty and that all deserved their spanish officers, then kill the friars.
sentenced.
- The cavite mutiny was an aim of the natives to
get of the spanish government in the
philippines, due to the removal of privileges
enjoyed by the laborers of the cavite arsenal at
fort san felipe, such as exemption from the tribute
and forced labor (polo y servicio).
10
Evening of January 20, 1872 - However, the central spaniards government
- The Caviteños attacked the Spanish Officers introduced an educational decree fusing
however their plan was unsuccessful. sectarian schools run by the friars into a
- The pre-concerted signal is firing of rockets from school called the philippine institute. The
the walls of Intramuros. decree aimed to improve the standard of
- The district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of education in the philippines by requiring teaching
the virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to positions in these schools to be filled by
the feast celebrated the occasion with the usual competitive examinations, an improvement
fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite welcomed by most filipinos.
mistook the fireworks as the sign for the - Tavera did an amazing job of writing the Cavite
attack. mutiny from a filipino perspective. He rebutted
- 200-men contingent headed by sergeant the claims and allegations of Montero and
Lamadrid launched an attack targeting spanish Izquierdoo as the main cause of the revolt.
officers at sight and seized the arsenal. With that, he also explained the other side of
- When the news reached the iron-fisted gov. the coin with transparency.
Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement
of the spanish forces in cavite to quell the revolt.
- The “revolution” was easily crushed when the Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin
expected reinforcement from manila did not
come ashore.

Filipino version of the cavite mutiny of 1872

Pardo de Tavera, Trinidad

(April 13, 1857 – march 26, 1925)
- A filipino physician, historian, and politician of
spanish and portuguese descent. Trinidad, also
known by his name t. H. Pardo de tavera was
known for his writings about different aspects
of philippine culture. He wrote the filipino The Cry of Pugad Lawin marked the start of the
version of the terror in cavite. Philippine Revolution in 1896 which eventually led
- In his point of view, the incident was a mere to Independence of the country in 1898.
mutiny by the native filipino soldiers and laborers
of the cavite arsenal who turned out to be CRY
dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. - Originally the term "cry" referred to the first clash
- Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards
cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of (Guardia Civil).
privileges of the workers and native army - The "cry" could also refer to the tearing up of
members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the community tax certificates (cédulas
founding of the school of arts and trades for the personales) in defiance of their allegiance to
filipinos, which the general believed was a Spain.
cover-up for the organization of a political club. - The inscriptions of "Viva la Independencia
- Tavera thinks that the spanish friars and Filipina" can also be referred as term for the "cry"
izquierdo used the cavite mutiny as a way to literally accompanied by patriotic shouts.
address other issues by blowing out
proportion the isolated mutiny attempt. During The "Grito de Balintawak"
this time, the central government in madrid was tradition Teodoro Agoncillo
planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of - it has been widely believed that the first cry of
intervention in the matters of civil government and the revolution took place in Balintawak,
the direction and management of educational Caloocan. Agoncillo gave the exact date for the
institutions. The friars needed something to justify cry as August 23, 1896, and the exact place to be
their continuing dominance in the country, and the not Balintawak but Pugadlawin. The Balintawak
mutiny provided such an opportunity. tradition continues to thrive. Nick Joaquin writes in
- support of Balintawak, which was more popular
11
 than that of the Pugadlawin. el grito de rebelion THE "CRY" OF PUGADLAWIN
(cry of rebellion) or el grito for short. Thus the - The Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng
Grito de Balintawak is comparable to Mexico's Balintawak, Spanish: Grito de Balintawak), was
Grito de Dolores (1810). the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against
the Spanish Empire.
Why Balintawak? - At the close of August 1896, members of the
- The Cry of Rebellion in the Philippines happened Katipunan secret society (Katipuneros) led by
in August 1896. There are lot of controversies Andrés Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere
puzzling the minds of the readers regarding the in an area referred to as Caloocan wider than the
real place and date of this event. Some jurisdiction of present-day Caloocan City which
accounts pointing directly to Balintawak are may have overlapped into present-day Quezon
associated with 'The Cry. Lt. Olegario Diaz of
the Spanish Civil Guards wrote in 1896 that
the event happened in Balintawak, which
corroborates the accounts of the historian
Gregorio Zaide and Teodoro Kalaw.
- On the other hand, Teodoro Agoncillo based
his account from that of Pio Valenzuela that
emphasized Pugad Lawin as the place where
the 'cry' happened.

Some reasons why Pugad Lawin is not considered

as the place of the 'cry'.
1. People of Balintawak initiated the revolution
against the Spaniards that is why it is not
appropriate to call it 'Cry of Pugad Lawin'.
2. The place Pugad Lawin only existed in 1935 after
the rebellion happened in 1896. Lastly,
3. The term 'Pugad Lawin' was only made up
because of the hawk's nest at the top of a tall
tree at the backyard of Tandang Sora in Banlat,
Gulod, Kaloocan where it is said to be one of the
hiding places of the revolutionary group led by
Andres Bonifacio.

So when and where did it actually happen?

- the cry occurred towards the end of August

1896 and that all the places mentioned are in
Caloocan, which in those times was a district
of Balintawak!"

12
PIO VALENZUELA - Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his
CRY OF PUGADLAWIN inflamed bravery and dedication as commander
- Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino (July 11, 1869 – of Cavite's famous battles (particularly that in
April 6, 1956) was a Filipino physician and Dalahican), he was celebrated in present-day
revolutionary leader. Together with Andrés Cavite City as the Hero of the Battle of
Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they formed the Dalahican.
secret chamber of the society called Camara - Another version of the Cry that launched the
Reina. Philippine Revolution was written by Santiago
- In August 1896, Valenzuela stated before the Alvarez, a famous Katipunan warlord of Cavite,
Olive Court, which was charged with investigating son of Mariano Alvarez and relative of Gregoria
persons involved in the rebellion, only that deJesus (wife of Andres Bonifacio). Although
Katipunan meetings took place from Sunday Alvarez was in Cavite at the time, here is his first
to Tuesday or 23 to 25 August at Balintawak. Cry version as follows: Sunday, August 23,
- In 1911, Valenzuela averred that the Katipunan 1896 As early as 10 o'clock in the morning, at the
began meeting on 22 August while the Cry took barn of Kabesang Melchora *Melchora
place on 23 August at Apolonio Samson’s house [Aquino—Z.],at a place called Sampalukan, a
in Balintawak. barrio of Bahay Toro, Katipuneros met together.
- Valenzuela maintained that the Cry happened About 500 of these arrived, ready and eager to
on 24 August at the house of Tandang Sora join the Supremo - Andres Bonifacio and his
(Melchora Aquino) in Pugad Lawin, which he men. Monday, August 24, 1896 There were
now situated near Pasong Tamo Road. A about 1,000 Katipuneros. The Supremo decided
photograph of Bonifacio’s widow Gregoria de to hold a meeting inside the big barn. Under his
Jesus and Katipunan members Valenzuela, leadership, the meeting began at10 o'clock in the
Briccio Brigido Pantas, Alfonso and Cipriano morning. It was 12 o'clock noon when the
Pacheco, published in La Opinion in 1928 and meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of "Long live
1930, was captioned both times as having been the Sons of the Country"(Mabuhay ang mga
taken at the site of the Cry on 24 August 1896 at Anak ng Bayan).
the house of Tandang Sora at Pasong Tamo
Road.
- In 1935 Valenzuela, Pantas and Pacheco GREGORIA DE JESUS
proclaimed “na hindi sa Balintawak nangyari VERSION OF THE FIRST CRY
ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na - May 9, 1875 - March 15, 1943 wife of Andres
kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog, kung di sa Bonifacio. Also known as Oryang “Lakambini
pook na kilala sa tawag na Pugad Lawin.” ng Katipunan” Keeper of the secret documents,
(The first Cry of the revolution did not happen in seal, and some weapons of the Katipunan and
Balintawak where the monument is, but in a constantly risks her life in safeguarding them.
place called Pugad Lawin.)
- Valenzuela memoirs averred that the Cry took GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S
place on 23 August at the house of Juan “CRY OF BALINTAWAK”
Ramos at Pugad Lawin. The NHI was obviously - Guillermo Masangkay an eyewitness of the
influenced by Valenzuela’s memoirs. In 1963, historic event and a childhood friend of
upon the NHI endorsement, President Diosdado Bonifacio. born on June 25, 1867 in Tondo,
Macapagal ordered that the Cry be celebrated on Manila. He died on May 30, 1963.
23 August and that Pugad Lawin be recognized - On 26 August 1896, after the Katipunan
as its site. was discovered, Masangkay joined
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and others in
a big meeting held at Apolinario
ALVAREZ SANTIAGO Samson’s house in Caloocan. The purpose
CRY OF BAHAY TORO was to discuss when the uprising was to take
- Santiago Álvarez y Virata; (July 25, 1872 – place. Those who have attended the meeting
October 30, 1930) was a revolutionary general was Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del
and a founder and honorary president of the Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Enrique Pacheco,
first directorate of the short-lived earlier Francisco Carreon, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro
Partido Nacionalista which existed from 1901 Plata, and Pio Valenzuela. They were all leaders
to 1907. of the Katipunan and composed the board of
13
 directors of the organization. Pantas, Plata, and CONFLICTING ACCOUNTS
Valenzuela were all opposed to starting the - Pio Valenzuela had several versions of the Cry.
revolution too early. The leaders questioned the Only after they are compared and reconciled with
wisdom of an open rebellion due to the lack the other accounts will it be possible to
of arms and logical support. However, determined what really happened.
after Bonifacio’s intense and convincing - John N. Schrumacher, S.J, of the Ateneo de
speech, everyone destroyed their cedulas to Manila University was to comment on Pio
symbolize their defiance of Mother Spain and Valenzuela’s credibility:
together, raised the cry of “revolt”. " I would certainly give much less credence to all
accounts coming from Pio Valenzuela, and to the
MILAGROS C. GUERRERO'S interpretations Agoncillo got from him verbally since
Balintawak: The Cry for a Nationwide Revolution Valenzuela gave so many versions from the time he
surrendered to the Spanish authorities and made various
statements not always compatible with one another up to
IN FOCUS: BALINTAWAK: THE CRY FOR A
the time when as an old man he was interviewed by
NATIONWIDE REVOLUTION
Agoncillo".
- Nineteenth-century journalists used the phrase “el
grito de rebelion” or “The Cry of Rebellion” to THE PUGAD LAWIN MARKER
describe the momentous events sweeping the - Consequently, Macapagal ordered that the Cry
Spanish colonies; in Mexico it was the “Cry of of Balintawak be called the “Cry of Pugad
Dolores” (16 September 1810), Brazil the “City of Lawin” and that it be celebrated on 23
Ypiraga” (7 September 1822), and in Cuba the August instead of 26 August. The 1911
“Cry of Matanza” (24 February 1895). In August monument in Balintawak was later removed
1896, northeast of Manila, Filipinos similarly to a highway. Student groups moved to save
declared their rebellion against the Spanish the discarded monument, and it was installed in
colonial government. front of Vinzons Hall in the Diliman campus of
the University of the Philippines on 29
RAGING CONTROVERSY November 1968.
- The historian Teodoro Agoncillo chose to - On 30 June 1983, Quezon City Mayor Adelina
emphasize Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula S. Rodriguez created the Pugad Lawin
(tax receipt) before a crowd of Katipuneros who Historical Committee to determine the location
then broke out in cheers. However, Guardia Civil of Juan Ramos’s 1896 residence at Pugad
Manuel Sityar never mentioned in his memoirs Lawin. There was an old dap-dap tree at the site
(1896-1898) the tearing or inspection of the when the NHI conducted its survey I 1983.
cedula, but did note the pacto de sangre (blood Teodoro Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio
pact) mark on every single Filipino he met in Valenzuela do not mention a dap-dap tree in
August 1896 on his reconnaissance missions their books.
around Balintawak - Pio Valenzuela, the main proponent of the
- It is quite clear that first, eyewitnesses cited “Pugad Lawin” version, was dead by the time
Balintawak as the better-known reference point the committee conducted its research. In spite of
for a larger area. Second, while Katipunan may the above findings and in the absence of any
have been massing in Kangkong, the revolution clear evidence, the NHI disregarded its own
was formally launched elsewhere. Moreover, 1964 report that the Philippine Historical
eyewitnesses and therefore historians, disagreed Committee had determined in 1940 that the
on the site and date of the Cry. Pugad Lawin residence was Tandang Sora’s
- The controversy among historians continues to and not Juan Ramos’s and that the specific site
the present day. The “Cry of Pugad Lawin” of Pugad Lawin was Gulod in Banlat.
(August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as
historically accurate. It lacks positive ANG SIGAW SA PUGADLAWIN (1896)
documentation and supporting evidence from - Sa paligid ng pook na ito, si Andres Bonifacio
the witness. The testimony of only one at mga isang libong Katipunero at nagpulong
eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough noong umaga ng ika-23 Agosto 1896, at
to authenticate and verify a controversial issue in ipinasyang maghimagsik laban sa Kastila sa
history. Historians and their living participants, not Pilipinas. Bilang patunay ay pinag-pupunit ang
politicians and their sycophants, should settle this kanilang mga sedula na naging tanda ng
controversy.
14
 pagkaalipin ng mga Pilpino. Ito ang
kaunaunahang sigaw ng Bayang Api laban sa
bansang Espanya na pinatibayan sa
pamamagitan ng paggamit ng sandata.
- The place name “Pugad Lawin“, however, is
problematic. In History of the Katipunan (1939),
Zaide records Valenzuela’s mention of the site in
a footnote and not in the body of text, suggesting
that the Historian regarded the matter as
unresolved.

CARTOGRAPHIC CHANGES
- In 1943 map of Manila marks Balintawak
separately from Kalookan and Diliman. The sites - Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan
where revolutionary events took place are within ng mga Anak ng Bayan commonly known as
the ambit of Balintawak. Katipunan or KKK and established on July 7,
- Government maps issued in 1956, 1987, and 1892
1990, confirm the existence of barangays Bahay - It's primary goal is to gain independence from
Toro, but do not define their boundaries. Pugad Spain through revolution.
Lawin is not on any of these maps. - The Katipunan was a secret organization until
- Writer and linguist Sofronio Calderon, conducting it was discovered in August 19, 1896 which led
research in the late 1920s on the toponym to start the Philippine Revolution, which is now
“Pugad Lawin,” went through the municipal called as the 'first cry'.
records and the Census of 1903 and 1918,
could not find the name, and concluded that Bonifacio and his men used itak or gulok during the
“Isang… pagkakamali… ang sabihing mayroong revolution. With a bloody revolution, the Katipunan’s
Pugad Lawin sa Kalookan.” (It would be a aim to win Philippine Independence
mistake to say that there is such as Pugad Lawin
in Kalookan.)
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE FIRST CRY
THE TURNING POINT
- The Cry, however, must be defined as that Tearing Up of Community Tax Certificates
turning point when the Filipinos finally - The tearing up of community tax certificates
rejected Spanish colonial dominion over the (cedulas personales) symbolizes the termination
Philippine Islands, by formally constituting their of Katipuneros loyalty to Spanish Regime.
own national government, and by investing a set
of leaders with authority to initiate and guide the Patriotic Shouts such as "Viva La Independencia
revolution towards the establishment of sovereign Filipina
nation. These lines- in a legal document at that – - The shouts for "Viva La Independence Filipina" or
are persuasive proof that in so far as the leaders "Long Live Philippine Independence!" was to
of the revolution are concerned, revolution began express the goal of their secret organization.
on 24 August 1896. The document was written
only one and a half years after the event and First Cry of Rebellion Controversy and Conflicts
signed by over 50 Katipunan members, among - Controversy about this particular event actually
them Emilio Aguinaldo, Artemio Ricarte and arises especially in the specific dates and places
Valentin Diaz. where this cry particularly happened.
- The events of 17-26 August 1896 occurred - This controversy remains unsolved in the
closer to Balintawak than to Kalookan. Philippine history since different Filipinos have
Traditionally, people referred to the “Cry of varying accounts as to when and where it
Balintawak” since that barrio was a better known happened.
reference point than Banlat.
- The centennial of the Cry of Balintawak should
be celebrated on 24 August 1996 at the site of
the barn and house of Tandang Sora in Gulod,
now barangay Banlat, Quezon City.
15