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    Formulae Part Two

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Nasif

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Formulae Part Two

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Nasif
    7 views2 pages

    Original Title

    Formulae_part_two

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views2 pages

    Formulae Part Two

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Nasif

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Copyrighted material - Taylor & Francis

    Main formulae for Part 2 Electrical principles and technology

    A.c. theory D.c. transients


     
     2 2 2 C−R circuit τ = CR
    1 1  i 1 +i 2 +i 3 + · · · + i n
    T = or f = I = Charging: v C = V (1 − e−(t /CR) )
    f T n
    vr = V e−(t /CR)
    For a sine wave: I AV =
    2
    Im or 0.637Im i = I e−(t /CR)
    π Discharging: v C = v R = V e−(t /CR)
    1 i = I e−(t /CR)
    I = √ Im or 0.707Im
    2 L
    L−R circuit τ=
    r.m.s maximum R
    Form factor = Peak factor =
    average r.m.s Current growth: v L = Ve−(Rt /L)
    General sinusoidal voltage: v = Vm sin(ωt ± φ) v R = V (1 − e−(Rt /L) )
    Part 2

    i = I (1 − e−(Rt /L) )
    Single-phase circuits Current decay: v L = v R = V e−(Rt /L)
    1 i = I e−(Rt /L)
    X L = 2πfL XC =
    2πfC Operational amplifiers
    V  2
    Z = = (R + X ) 2
    differential voltage gain
    I CMRR = 20 log10 dB
    1 common mode gain
    Series resonance: fr = √ Vo −R f
    2π LC Inverter: A= =
    Vi Ri
    VL
    Q= or Vo Rf
    V Non-inverter: A= =1+
     Vi Ri
    VC 2π fr L 1 1 L V1 V2 V3
    = = = Summing: Vo = −R f + +
    V R 2π f r CR R C R1 R2 R3
    fr
    Q= or Vo = −
    1
    f2 − f1 Integrator:
    CR
    Vi dt
    fr Rf
    ( f2 − f 1) = Differential If V1 > V2 : Vo = (V1 − V2 ) −
    Q R1
    Parallel resonance (LR–C circuit): If V2 > V1 :
     R3 Rf
    1 1 R2 Vo = (V2 − V1 ) 1+
    fr = − 2 R2 + R3 R1
    2π LC L
    VRC L Three-phase systems
    Ir = RD = √
    L CR Star: I L = I p VL = 3V p
    2π fr L IC √
    Q= = Delta: VL = V p I L = 3I p
    R Ir √
    P = 3VL I L cos φ or P = 3I p2 R p
    P = VI cos φ or
    Two-wattmeter method P = P1 + P2
    I2R S = VI
    R √ (P1 − P2 )
    Q = VI sin φ power factor = cos φ = tan φ = 3
    Z (P1 + P2 )
    Copyrighted material - Taylor & Francis

    Main formulae for Part 2 341

    Transformers Generator: E = V + Ia Ra

    V1 N1 I2 VI
    = = I0 = (I M
    2 + I2) Efficiency, η = × 100%
    V2 N2 I1 C VI + Ia2 Ra + I f V + C

    I M = I0 sin φ0 IC = I0 cos φ0 Motor: E = V − I a Ra


    E2 − E1 VI − Ia2 Ra − I f V − C
    E = 4.44 f m N Regulation = × 100% Efficiency, η = × 100%
    E2 VI
    2 EIa pZIa
    V1
    Equivalent circuit: Re = R1 + R2 Torque = = ∝ Ia 
    V2 2πn πc
    2
    V1 Three-phase induction motors
    Xe = X1 + X2
    V2 f n s − nr
    ns = s= × 100
    p ns
    Ze = (Re2 + X e2 )
    fr = s f Xr = s X2
    losses

    Part 2
    Efficiency, η = 1 − N2
    input power s E1
    Er N1 Ir2 R2
    Ir = = s=
    Output power = V2 I2 cos φ2 Zr [R22 + (s X 2 )2 ] P2

    Total loss = copper loss + iron loss Pm


    Efficiency, η =
    Input power =output power +losses Pl

    N1 2 input – stator loss – rotor copper loss


    Resistance matching: R1 = RL – friction and windage loss
    N2 =
    input power
     
    D.c. machines m(N2 /N1 )2 s E 12 R2
    Torque, T =
    2 pn Z 2πn s R22 + (s X 2 )2
    General e.m.f. E = ∝ ω
    c s E 12 R2
    ∝
    (c = 2 for wave winding, c =2 p for lap winding) R22 + (s X 2 )2

    These formulae are available for download at the website:


    www.routledge.com/cw/bird

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