My Slides Chapter 12

INTRODUCTION &
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to: In-Class Activities:
1. Find the kinematic quantities • Relations between s(t), v(t),
(position, displacement, velocity, and a(t) for general rectilinear
and acceleration) of a particle motion.
traveling along a straight path. • Relations between s(t), v(t),
and a(t) when acceleration is
constant.
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

R.C. Hibbeler Dr. Chady Ghnatios All rights reserved.
APPLICATIONS
The motion of large objects,

such as rockets, airplanes, or
cars, can often be analyzed
as if they were particles.
Why?
If we measure the altitude

of this rocket as a function
of time, how can we
determine its velocity and
acceleration?

APPLICATIONS (continued)
A sports car travels along a straight road.

Can we treat the car as a particle?
If the car accelerates at a constant rate, how can we
determine its position and velocity at some instant?

An Overview of Mechanics
Mechanics: The study of how bodies

react to the forces acting on them.
Statics: The study of Dynamics:

bodies in equilibrium. 1. Kinematics – concerned with
the geometric aspects of motion
2. Kinetics - concerned with
the forces causing the motion

RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS:
CONTINIOUS MOTION (Section 12.2)
A particle travels along a straight-line path

defined by the coordinate axis s.
The position of the particle at any instant,

relative to the origin, O, is defined by the
position vector r, or the scalar s. Scalar s
can be positive or negative. Typical units
for r and s are meters (m).
The displacement of the particle is
defined as its change in position.
Vector form: D r = r’ - r Scalar form: D s = s’ - s
The total distance traveled by the particle, sT, is a positive scalar
that represents the total length of the path over which the particle
travels.
VELOCITY
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle.

It is a vector quantity (it has both magnitude and direction). The
magnitude of the velocity is called speed, with units of m/s.
The average velocity of a particle during a
time interval Dt is
vavg = Dr / Dt
The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative of position.
v = dr / dt
Speed is the magnitude of velocity: v = ds / dt
Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time:

(vsp)avg = sT / Dt
ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a

vector quantity. Typical units are m/s2.
The instantaneous acceleration is the time

derivative of velocity.
Vector form: a = dv / dt
Scalar form: a = dv / dt = d2s / dt2
Acceleration can be positive (speed

increasing) or negative (speed decreasing).
As the text shows, the derivative equations for velocity and

acceleration can be manipulated to get a ds = v dv

SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION
• Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.
v = ds/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds
• Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.
Velocity: Position:
v t v s s t
ò dv = ò a dt or ò v dv = ò a ds ò ds = ò v dt
vo o vo so so o
• Note that so and vo represent the initial position and

velocity of the particle at t = 0.

CONSTANT ACCELERATION
The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case
when acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful equations.
A common example of constant acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body
freely falling toward earth. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 downward.
These equations are:
v t
ò dv = ò a
vo o
c dt yields v = vo + act
s t
ò ds = ò v dt yields s = s o + v ot + (1/2) a c t 2
so o
v s
ò v dv = ò ac ds yields v 2 = (vo )2 + 2ac(s - so)

vo so

EXAMPLE
Given: A particle travels along a straight line to the right

with a velocity of v = ( 4 t – 3 t2 ) m/s where t is
in seconds. Also, s = 0 when t = 0.
Find: The position and acceleration of the particle

when t = 4 s.
Plan: Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the direction the

particle is traveling. Since the velocity is given as a
function of time, take a derivative of it to calculate the
acceleration. Conversely, integrate the velocity
function to calculate the position.

EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) Take a derivative of the velocity to determine the acceleration.
a = dv / dt = d(4 t – 3 t2) / dt = 4 – 6 t
Þ a = – 20 m/s2 (or in the ¬ direction) when t = 4 s
2) Calculate the distance traveled in 4s by integrating the

velocity using so = 0: s t
v = ds / dt Þ ds = v dt Þ ò ds = ò (4 t – 3 t2) dt
Þ s – so = 2 t2 – t3 so o
Þ s – 0 = 2(4)2 – (4)3 Þ s = – 32 m (or ¬)

CONCEPT QUIZ
3 m/s 5 m/s
® ¬
t=2s t=7s
1. A particle moves along a horizontal path with its velocity
varying with time as shown. The average acceleration of the
particle is _________.
A) 0.4 m/s2 ® B) 0.4 m/s2 ¬
C) 1.6 m/s2 ® D) 1.6 m/s2 ¬
2. A particle has an initial velocity of 30 m/s to the left. If it
then passes through the same location 5 seconds later with a
velocity of 50 m/s to the right, the average velocity of the
particle during the 5 s time interval is _______.
A) 10 m/s ® B) 40 m/s ®
C) 16 m/s ® D) 0 m/s
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A particle has an initial velocity of 3 m/s to the left at

s0 = 0 m. Determine its position when t = 3 s if the
acceleration is 2 m/s2 to the right.
A) 0.0 m B) 6.0 m ¬
C) 18.0 m ® D) 9.0 m ®
2. A particle is moving with an initial velocity of v = 12 m/s

and constant acceleration of 3.78 m/s2 in the same direction
as the velocity. Determine the distance the particle has
traveled when the velocity reaches 30 m/s.
A) 50 m B) 100 m
C) 150 m D) 200 m
example_12_02
continued on next slide

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
example_12_02 (continued)


example_12_05



RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: ERRATIC MOTION
1. Determine position, Check Homework
velocity, and acceleration of
Reading Quiz
a particle using graphs.
Applications
s-t, v-t, a-t, v-s, and a-s diagrams
Example Problem
Concept Quiz
Group Problem Solving
Attention Quiz

APPLICATIONS
In many experiments, a
velocity versus position (v-s)
profile is obtained.
If we have a v-s graph for the

tank truck, how can we
determine its acceleration at
position s = 1500 m?

The velocity of a car is

recorded from a experiment.
The car starts from rest and
travels along a straight track.
If we know the v-t plot, how

can we determine the distance
the car traveled during the
time interval 0 < t < 30 s or
15 < t < 25 s?

ERRATIC MOTION (Section 12.3)
Graphing provides a good way to

handle complex motions that
would be difficult to describe
with formulas.
Graphs also provide a visual
description of motion and
reinforce the calculus concepts of
differentiation and integration as
used in dynamics.
The approach builds on the facts that slope and differentiation
are linked and that integration can be thought of as finding the
area under a curve.
S-T GRAPH
Plots of position versus time can

be used to find velocity versus
time curves. Finding the slope of
the line tangent to the motion curve
at any point is the velocity at that
point (or v = ds/dt).
Therefore, the v-t graph can be

constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the s-t graph.

V-T GRAPH
Plots of velocity versus time can be

used to find acceleration versus time
curves. Finding the slope of the line
tangent to the velocity curve at any
point is the acceleration at that point
(or a = dv/dt).
Therefore, the acceleration versus time
(or a-t) graph can be constructed by
finding the slope at various points
along the v-t graph.
Also, the distance moved

(displacement) of the particle is the
area under the v-t graph during time Dt.
A-T GRAPH
Given the acceleration versus

time or a-t curve, the change in
velocity (Dv) during a time
period is the area under the a-t
curve.
So we can construct a v-t graph

from an a-t graph if we know the
initial velocity of the particle.

A-S GRAPH
A more complex case is presented by

the acceleration versus position or a-s
graph. The area under the a-s curve
represents the change in velocity
(recall ò a ds = ò v dv ).
s2
½ (v1² – vo²) = ò a ds = area under the
s1
a-s graph
This equation can be solved for v1,
allowing you to solve for the velocity
at a point. By doing this repeatedly,
you can create a plot of velocity
versus distance.
V-S GRAPH
Another complex case is presented

by the velocity versus distance or
v-s graph. By reading the velocity v
at a point on the curve and
multiplying it by the slope of the
curve (dv/ds) at this same point,
we can obtain the acceleration at
that point. Recall the formula
a = v (dv/ds).
Thus, we can obtain an a-s plot

from the v-s curve.

EXAMPLE
Given: The v-t graph for a dragster moving along a straight road.
Find: The a-t graph and s-t graph over the time interval shown.
What is your plan of attack for the problem?

EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution: The a-t graph can be constructed by finding the slope

of the v-t graph at key points. What are those?
when 0 < t < 5 s; v0-5 = ds/dt = d(30t)/dt = 30 m/s2
when 5 < t < 15 s; v5-15 = ds/dt = d(-15t+225)/dt = -15 m/s2
a(m/s2)
a-t graph
30
5 15 t(s)
-15

EXAMPLE (continued)
Now integrate the v - t graph to build the s – t graph.
when 0 < t < 5 s; s = ò v dt = [15 t2 ] = 15 t2 m

t
0
when 0 < t < 5 s; s - 15 (52) = ò v dt = [(-15) (1/2) t 2 + 225 t]

t
5
s = - 7.5 t 2 + 225 t - 562.5 m
s(m) s-t graph
1125
-7.5 t2 + 225 t - 562.5
375
15t2 t(s)
5 15
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. If a particle starts from rest and

accelerates according to the graph
shown, the particle’s velocity at
t = 20 s is
A) 200 m/s B) 100 m/s

C) 0 D) 20 m/s
2. The particle in Problem 1 stops moving at t = _______.

A) 10 s B) 20 s
C) 30 s D) 40 s

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. If a car has the velocity curve shown, determine the time t

necessary for the car to travel 100 meters. v
75
A) 8 s B) 4 s
C) 10 s D) 6 s
6s t
2. Select the correct a-t graph for the velocity curve shown.
a a
v
A) t B) t
a a t
C) t D) t
example_12_06

12.6 CONTINUED

12.6 CONTINUED

example_12_07


example_12_08

12.8 CONTINUED

12.8 CONTINUED

CURVILINEAR MOTION:
GENERAL & RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
Students will be able to:
1. Describe the motion of a In-Class Activities:
particle traveling along a • General Curvilinear Motion
curved path. • Rectangular Components of
2. Relate kinematic quantities Kinematic Vectors
in terms of the rectangular
components of the vectors.

APPLICATIONS
The path of motion of a plane can

be tracked with radar and its x, y,
and z-coordinates (relative to a
point on earth) recorded as a
function of time.
How can we determine the velocity
or acceleration of the plane at any
instant?

A roller coaster car travels down

a fixed, helical path at a constant
speed.
How can we determine its

position or acceleration at any
instant?
If you are designing the track, why is it important to be

able to predict the acceleration of the car?

GENERAL CURVILINEAR MOTION
(Section 12.4)
A particle moving along a curved path undergoes curvilinear motion.
Since the motion is often three-dimensional, vectors are usually used
to describe the motion.
A particle moves along a curve

defined by the path function, s.
The position of the particle at any instant is designated by the vector

r = r(t). Both the magnitude and direction of r may vary with time.
If the particle moves a distance Ds along the

curve during time interval Dt, the
displacement is determined by vector
subtraction: Dr = r’ - r
VELOCITY
Velocity represents the rate of change in the position of a

particle.
The average velocity of the particle
during the time increment Dt is
vavg = Dr/Dt .
The instantaneous velocity is the
time-derivative of position
v = dr/dt .
The velocity vector, v, is always
tangent to the path of motion.
The magnitude of v is called the speed. Since the arc length Ds
approaches the magnitude of Dr as t→0, the speed can be
obtained by differentiating the path function (v = ds/dt). Note
that this is not a vector!
ACCELERATION
Acceleration represents the rate of change in the

velocity of a particle.
If a particle’s velocity changes from v to v’ over a

time increment Dt, the average acceleration during
that increment is:
aavg = Dv/Dt = (v - v’)/Dt
The instantaneous acceleration is the time-
derivative of velocity:
a = dv/dt = d2r/dt2
A plot of the locus of points defined by the arrowhead

of the velocity vector is called a hodograph. The
acceleration vector is tangent to the hodograph, but
not, in general, tangent to the path function.
CURVILINEAR MOTION:
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS (Section 12.5)
It is often convenient to describe the motion of a particle in

terms of its x, y, z or rectangular components, relative to a fixed
frame of reference.
The position of the particle can be
defined at any instant by the
position vector
r=xi+yj+zk .
The x, y, z-components may all be
functions of time, i.e.,
x = x(t), y = y(t), and z = z(t) .
The magnitude of the position vector is: r = (x2 + y2 + z2)0.5

The direction of r is defined by the unit vector: ur = (1/r)r
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: VELOCITY
The velocity vector is the time derivative of the position vector:

v = dr/dt = d(x i)/dt + d(y j)/dt + d(z k)/dt
Since the unit vectors i, j, k are constant in magnitude and

direction, this equation reduces to v = vx i + vy j + vz k
• • •
where vx = x = dx/dt, vy = y = dy/dt, vz = z = dz/dt
The magnitude of the velocity

vector is
v = [(vx)2 + (vy)2 + (vz)2]0.5
The direction of v is tangent

to the path of motion.

RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: ACCELERATION
The acceleration vector is the time derivative of the velocity

vector (second derivative of the position vector).
a = dv/dt = d2r/dt2 = ax i + ay j + az k
• •• • ••
where ax = vx = x = dvx /dt, ay = vy = y = dvy /dt,
• ••
az = vz = z = dvz /dt
The magnitude of the acceleration vector is
a = (a! )"+(a# )"+(a$)"
The direction of a is usually

not tangent to the path of the
particle.

EXAMPLE
Given:The box slides down the slope described by the

equation y = (0.05x2) m, where x is in meters.
vx = -3 m/s, ax = -1.5 m/s2 at x = 5 m.
Find: The y components of the velocity and the acceleration

of the box at at x = 5 m.
Plan: Note that the particle’s velocity can be found by taking

the first time derivative of the path’s equation. And the
acceleration can be found by taking the second time
derivative of the path’s equation.
Take a derivative of the position to find the component

of the velocity and the acceleration.
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
Find the y-component of velocity by taking a time
derivative of the position y = (0.05x2)
×
Þ y× = 2 (0.05) x x× = 0.1 x x
Find the acceleration component by taking a time

derivative of the velocity y×
×× = 0.1 x× x× + 0.1 x ××x
y
Þ
Substituting the x-component of the acceleration, velocity

at x=5 into y× and y.
××

EXAMPLE (continued)
× ××
Since x = vx = -3 m/s, x = ax = -1.5 m/s2 at x = 5 m
× = 0.1 x x× = 0.1 (5) (-3) = -1.5 m/s

y
Þ
Þ y×× = 0.1 x× x× + 0.1 x x××

= 0.1 (-3)2 + 0.1 (5) (-1.5)
= 0.9 – 0.75
= 0.15 m/s2
At x = 5 m
vy = – 1.5 m/s = 1.5 m/s ¯
ay = 0.15 m/s2
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. If the position of a particle is defined by r = [(1.5t2 + 1) i +

(4t – 1) j ] (m), its speed at t = 1 s is ________.
A) 2 m/s B) 3 m/s
C) 5 m/s D) 7 m/s
2. The path of a particle is defined by y = 0.5x2. If the

component of its velocity along the x-axis at x = 2 m is
vx = 1 m/s, its velocity component along the y-axis at this
position is ____.
A) 0.25 m/s B) 0.5 m/s
C) 1 m/s D) 2 m/s

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. If a particle has moved from A to B along the circular path in

4s, what is the average velocity of the particle?
y
A) 2.5 i m/s
B) 2.5 i +1.25 j m/s R=5m x
C) 1.25 p i m/s A B
D) 1.25 p j m/s
2. The position of a particle is given as r = (4t2 i - 2x j) m.
Determine the particle’s acceleration.
A) (4 i +8 j ) m/s2 B) (8 i -16 j ) m/s2
C) (8 i ) m/s2 D) (8 j ) m/s2

example_12_09

12.9 CONTINUED

example_12_10



MOTION OF A PROJECTILE
1. Analyze the free-flight • Kinematic Equations for
motion of a projectile. Projectile Motion

APPLICATIONS
A good kicker instinctively knows at what angle, q, and initial

velocity, vA, he must kick the ball to make a field goal.
For a given kick “strength”, at what angle should the ball be
kicked to get the maximum distance?

A basketball is shot at a certain angle. What parameters should

the shooter consider in order for the basketball to pass through
the basket?
Distance, speed, the basket location, … anything else?

A firefighter needs to know the maximum height on the wall

she can project water from the hose. What parameters would
you program into a wrist computer to find the angle, q, that
she should use to hold the hose?

MOTION OF A PROJECTILE (Section 12.6)
Projectile motion can be treated as two rectilinear

motions, one in the horizontal direction experiencing
zero acceleration and the other in the vertical
direction experiencing constant acceleration (i.e.,
from gravity).

MOTION OF A PROJECTILE (Section 12.6)
For illustration, consider the two balls on

the left. The red ball falls from rest,
whereas the yellow ball is given a
horizontal velocity. Each picture in this
sequence is taken after the same time
interval. Notice both balls are subjected to
the same downward acceleration since
they remain at the same elevation at any
instant. Also, note that the horizontal
distance between successive photos of the
yellow ball is constant since the velocity
in the horizontal direction is constant.

KINEMATIC EQUATIONS: HORIZONTAL MOTION
Since ax = 0, the velocity in the horizontal direction remains

constant (vx = vox) and the position in the x direction can be
determined by:
x = xo + (vox) t
Why is ax equal to zero (what assumption must be made if
the movement is through the air)?
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS: VERTICAL MOTION
Since the positive y-axis is directed upward, ay = – g.

Application of the constant acceleration equations yields:
vy = voy – g t
y = yo + (voy) t – ½ g t2
vy2 = voy2 – 2 g (y – yo)
For any given problem, only two of these three equations

can be used. Why?

EXAMPLE I
Given: vA and θ
Find: Horizontal distance it
travels and vC.
Plan: Apply the kinematic
relations in x- and y-
directions.
Solution: Using vAx = 10 cos 30 and vAy = 10 sin 30
We can write vx = 10 cos 30
vy = 10 sin 30 – (9.81) t
x = (10 cos 30) t
y = (10 sin 30) t – ½ (9.81) t2
Since y = 0 at C
0 = (10 sin 30) t – ½ (9.81) t2 Þ t = 0, 1.019 s
EXAMPLE I (continued)
Only the time of 1.019 s makes sense!
Velocity components at C are;

vCx = 10 cos 30
= 8.66 m/s ®
vCy = 10 sin 30 – (9.81) (1.019)

= -5 m/s = 5 m/s ¯
v% = 8.66" + (−5)" =10 m/s

Horizontal distance the ball travels is;
x = (10 cos 30) t
x = (10 cos 30) 1.019 = 8.83 m
EXAMPLE II
Given: Projectile is fired with vA=150 m/s

at point A.
Find: The horizontal distance it travels

(R) and the time in the air.
Plan: How will you proceed?

EXAMPLE II
Given: Projectile is fired with vA=150 m/s

at point A.
Find: The horizontal distance it travels

(R) and the time in the air.
Plan: Establish a fixed x, y coordinate system (in this solution,

the origin of the coordinate system is placed at A).
Apply the kinematic relations in x- and y-directions.

EXAMPLE II (continued)
Solution:
1) Place the coordinate system at point A.
Then, write the equation for horizontal motion.
+ ® xB = xA + vAx tAB
where xB = R, xA = 0, vAx = 150 (4/5) m/s
Range, R, will be R = 120 tAB
2) Now write a vertical motion equation. Use the distance equation.

+ yB = yA + vAy tAB – 0.5 g tAB2
where yB = – 150, yA = 0, and vAy = 150(3/5) m/s
We get the following equation: –150 = 90 tAB + 0.5 (– 9.81) tAB2
Solving for tAB first, tAB = 19.89 s.

Then, R = 120 tAB = 120 (19.89) = 2387 m
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. In a projectile motion problem, what is the maximum

number of unknowns that can be solved?
A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 D) 4
2. The time of flight of a projectile, fired over level ground,

with initial velocity Vo at angle θ, is equal to?
A) (vo sin q)/g B) (2vo sin q)/g
C) (vo cos q)/g D) (2vo cos q)/g

PROBLEM SOLVING I
y Given: A skier leaves the ski

x jump ramp at qA = 25o
and hits the slope at B.
Find: The skier’s initial speed vA.
Plan:

PROBLEM SOLVING I
y Given: A skier leaves the ski

x jump ramp at qA = 25o
and hits the slope at B.
Find: The skier’s initial speed vA.
Plan: Establish a fixed x,y coordinate system (in this solution,

the origin of the coordinate system is placed at A).
Apply the kinematic relations in x- and y-directions.

PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)
Solution:
Motion in x-direction:
Using xB = xA + vox(tAB) Þ (4/5)100 = 0 + vA (cos 25°) tAB
tAB= 80 88.27
=
vA (cos 25°) vA
Motion in y-direction:
Using yB = yA + voy(tAB) – ½ g(tAB)2
88.27
– 64 = 0 + vA(sin 25°) { } – ½ (9.81) { 88.27 }2
vA vA
vA = 19.42 m/s
tAB= (88.27 / 19.42) = 4.54 s
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A projectile is given an initial velocity

vo at an angle f above the horizontal.
The velocity of the projectile when it
hits the slope is ____________ the
initial velocity vo.
A) less than B) equal to

C) greater than D) None of the above.
2. A particle has an initial velocity vo at angle f with respect to the

horizontal. The maximum height it can reach is when
A) f = 30° B) f = 45°
C) f = 60° D) f = 90°

example_12_13



CURVILINEAR MOTION:
NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS
1. Determine the normal and
tangential components of In-Class Activities:
velocity and acceleration of a • Check Homework
particle traveling along a • Reading Quiz
curved path. • Applications
• Normal and Tangential
Components of Velocity
and Acceleration
• Special Cases of Motion
• Example Problems
• Concept Quiz
• Group Problem Solving
• Attention Quiz
APPLICATIONS
Cars traveling along a clover-leaf

interchange experience an
acceleration due to a change in
velocity as well as due to a change
in direction of the velocity.
If the car’s speed is increasing at a

known rate as it travels along a
curve, how can we determine the
magnitude and direction of its total
acceleration?
Why would you care about the total acceleration of the car?

As the boy swings upward with a

velocity v, his motion can be
analyzed using n–t coordinates.
y
As he rises, the magnitude of his
x velocity is changing, and thus his
acceleration is also changing.
How can we determine his velocity and acceleration at the

bottom of the arc?
Can we use different coordinates, such as x-y coordinates,
to describe his motion? Which coordinate system would
be easier to use to describe his motion? Why?
A roller coaster travels down a

hill for which the path can be
approximated by a function
y = f(x).
The roller coaster starts from rest

and increases its speed at a
constant rate.
How can we determine its velocity
and acceleration at the bottom?
Why would we want to know
these values?
(Section 12.7)
When a particle moves along a curved path, it is sometimes convenient
to describe its motion using coordinates other than Cartesian. When the
path of motion is known, normal (n) and tangential (t) coordinates are
often used.
In the n-t coordinate system, the

origin is located on the particle
(thus the origin and coordinate
system move with the particle).
The t-axis is tangent to the path (curve) at the instant considered,

positive in the direction of the particle’s motion.
The n-axis is perpendicular to the t-axis with the positive direction
toward the center of curvature of the curve.
(continued)
The positive n and t directions are

defined by the unit vectors un and ut,
respectively.
The center of curvature, O’, always

lies on the concave side of the curve.
The radius of curvature, r, is defined
as the perpendicular distance from
the curve to the center of curvature at
that point.
The position of the particle at any

instant is defined by the distance, s, along the curve from a
fixed reference point.
VELOCITY IN THE n-t COORDINATE SYSTEM
The velocity vector is always

tangent to the path of motion
(t-direction).
The magnitude is determined by taking the time derivative of

the path function, s(t).
.
v = v ut where v = s = ds/dt
Here v defines the magnitude of the velocity (speed) and

ut defines the direction of the velocity vector.
ACCELERATION IN THE n-t COORDINATE SYSTEM
Acceleration is the time rate of change

. of
. velocity:
a = dv/dt = d(vut)/dt = vut + vut
.
Here v represents the change in
.
the magnitude of velocity and ut
represents the rate of change in
the direction of ut.
After mathematical manipulation,

the acceleration vector can be
expressed as:
.
a = v ut + (v2/r) un = at ut + an un.

ACCELERATION IN THE n-t COORDINATE SYSTEM
(continued)
So, there are two components to the

acceleration vector:
a = at ut + an un
• The tangential component is tangent to the curve and in the

direction of increasing or decreasing velocity.
.
at = v or at ds = v dv
• The normal or centripetal component is always directed
toward the center of curvature of the curve. an = v2/r
• The magnitude of the acceleration vector is
a = (a&)"+(a' )"
SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION
There are some special cases of motion to consider.

1) The particle moves along a straight line.
.
r ¥ => an = v /r = 0 => a = at = v
2
The tangential component represents the time rate of change in

the magnitude of the velocity.
2) The particle moves along a curve at constant speed.
.
at = v = 0 => a = an = v2/r
The normal component represents the time rate of change in the
direction of the velocity.

SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION (continued)
3) The tangential component of acceleration is constant, at = (at)c.

In this case,
s = so + vo t + (1/2) (at)c t2
v = vo + (at)c t
v2 = (vo)2 + 2 (at)c (s – so)
As before, so and vo are the initial position and velocity of the
particle at t = 0. How are these equations related to projectile
motion equations? Why?
4) The particle moves along a path expressed as y = f(x).
The radius of curvature, r, at any point on the path can be
calculated from
[ 1 + (dy/dx)2 ]3/2
r = ________________
d2y/dx2
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
If a particle moves along a space curve,

the n-t axes are defined as before. At
any point, the t-axis is tangent to the
path and the n-axis points toward the
center of curvature. The plane
containing the n-t axes is called the
osculating plane.
A third axis can be defined, called the binomial axis, b. The

binomial unit vector, ub, is directed perpendicular to the osculating
plane, and its sense is defined by the cross product ub = ut × un.
There is no motion, thus no velocity or acceleration, in the

binomial direction.
EXAMPLE I
Given: A car travels along the road

with a speed of v = (2s) m/s,
where s is in meters.
r = 50 m
Find: The magnitudes of the car’s
acceleration at s = 10 m.
Plan:
1) Calculate the velocity when s = 10 m using v(s).

2) Calculate the tangential and normal components of
acceleration and then the magnitude of the
acceleration vector.

EXAMPLE I (continued)
Solution:
1) The velocity vector is v = v ut , where the magnitude is
given by v = (2s) m/s.
When s = 10 m: v = 20 m/s
.
2) The acceleration vector is a = atut + anun = vut + (v2/r)un
Tangential component:
.
Since at = v = dv/dt = (dv/ds) (ds/dt) = v (dv/ds)
where v = 2s Þ at = d(2s)/ds (v)= 2 v
At s = 10 m: at = 40 m/s2
Normal component: an = v2/r
When s = 10 m: an = (20)2 / (50) = 8 m/s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = (a&)"+(a' )"= 402 + 82 = 40.8 m/s2
EXAMPLE II
Given: A boat travels around a

circular path, r = 40 m, at a
speed that increases with
time, v = (0.0625 t2) m/s.
Find: The magnitudes of the boat’s
velocity and acceleration at
the instant t = 10 s.
Plan:
The boat starts from rest (v = 0 when t = 0).
1) Calculate the velocity at t = 10 s using v(t).
2) Calculate the tangential and normal components of
acceleration and then the magnitude of the
acceleration vector.
EXAMPLE II (continued)
Solution:
1) The velocity vector is v = v ut , where the magnitude is
given by v = (0.0625t2) m/s. At t = 10s:
v = 0.0625 t2 = 0.0625 (10)2 = 6.25 m/s
.
2) The acceleration vector is a = atut + anun = vut + (v2/r)un.
.
Tangential component: at = v = d(.0625 t2 )/dt = 0.125 t m/s2
At t = 10s: at = 0.125t = 0.125(10) = 1.25 m/s2
Normal component: an = v2/r m/s2

At t = 10s: an = (6.25)2 / (40) = 0.9766 m/s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = (a&)"+(a' )" = 1.252 + 0.97662 = 1.59 m/s2
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. A particle traveling in a circular path of radius 300 m has an

instantaneous velocity of 30 m/s and its velocity is
increasing at a constant rate of 4 m/s2. What is the
magnitude of its total acceleration at this instant?
A) 3 m/s2 B) 4 m/s2
C) 5 m/s2 D) -5 m/s2
2. If a particle moving in a circular path of radius 5 m has a
velocity function v = 4t2 m/s, what is the magnitude of its
total acceleration at t = 1 s?
A) 8 m/s B) 8.6 m/s
C) 3.2 m/s D) 11.2 m/s
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. The magnitude of the normal acceleration is

A) proportional to radius of curvature.
B) inversely proportional to radius of curvature.
C) sometimes negative.
D) zero when velocity is constant.
2. The directions of the tangential acceleration and velocity are

always
A) perpendicular to each other. B) collinear.
C) in the same direction. D) in opposite directions.

example_12_14



example_12_16



CURVILINEAR MOTION: CYLINDRICAL
COMPONENTS
1. Determine velocity and • Velocity Components
acceleration components
using cylindrical • Acceleration Components
coordinates.

APPLICATIONS
A cylindrical coordinate
system is used in cases
where the particle moves
along a 3-D curve.
In the figure shown, the box

slides down the helical ramp.
How would you find the
box’s velocity components to
check to see if the package
will fly off the ramp?

The cylindrical coordinate

system can be used to describe
the motion of the girl on the
slide.
Here the radial coordinate is

constant, the transverse
coordinate increases
with time as the girl rotates
about the vertical axis, and her
altitude, z, decreases with time.
How can you find her acceleration components?

CYLINDRICAL COMPONENTS
(Section 12.8)
We can express the location of P in polar coordinates as r = r ur.

Note that the radial direction, r, extends outward from the fixed
origin, O, and the transverse coordinate, q, is measured counter-
clockwise (CCW) from the horizontal.
VELOCITY in POLAR COORDINATES)
The instantaneous velocity is defined as:
v = dr/dt = d(rur)/dt
. dur
v = rur + r
dt
Using the chain rule:
dur/dt = (dur/dq)(dq/dt) .
We can prove that dur/d
. . q = uθ so dur/dt = quθ
Therefore: v = rur + rquθ
.
Thus, the velocity vector has two components:
. r,
called the radial component, and rq called the
transverse component. The speed of the particle at
any given instant is the sum of the squares of both
components or
. .
v = (r q )2 + ( r )2
ACCELERATION (POLAR COORDINATES)
The instantaneous acceleration is defined as:
. .
a = dv/dt = (d/dt)(rur + rquθ)
After manipulation, the acceleration can be
expressed as
.. . .. . .
a = (r – rq )ur + (rq + 2rq )uθ
2
.. .
The term (r – rq 2) is the radial acceleration
or ar .
.. ..
The term (rq + 2rq ) is the transverse
acceleration or aq .
.. .2 2 .. . .
The magnitude of acceleration is a = (r – rq ) + (rq + 2rq ) 2
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
If the particle P moves along a space

curve, its position can be written as
rP = rur + zuz
Taking time derivatives and using
the chain rule:
. . .
Velocity: vP = rur + rquθ + zuz
.. . 2 .. . . ..
Acceleration: aP = (r – rq )ur + (rq + 2rq )uθ + zuz

EXAMPLE
Given: The platform is rotating such

that, at any instant, its angular
position is q = (4t3/2) rad, where
t is in seconds.
A ball rolls outward so that its
position is r = (0.1t3) m.
Find: The magnitude of velocity and acceleration of the
ball when t = 1.5 s.
Plan: Use a polar coordinate system and related

kinematic equations.

EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
𝑟 = 0.1𝑡 (, ṙ = 0.3 t ", r̈ = 0.6 t
𝜃 = 4 t3/2, 𝜃̇ = 6 t1/2, 𝜃̈ = 3 t−1/2
At t=1.5 s,
r = 0.3375 m, ṙ = 0.675 m/s, r̈ = 0.9 m/s2
𝜃 = 7.348 rad, 𝜃̇ = 7.348 rad/s, 𝜃̈ = 2.449 rad/s2
Substitute into the equation

. for velocity
.
v = r ur + rq uθ = 0.675 ur + 0.3375 (7.348) uθ
= 0.675 ur + 2.480 uθ
v = (0.675)2 + (2.480)2 = 2.57 m/s

EXAMPLE (continued)
Substitute in the equation for acceleration:

.. . .. . .
a = (r – rq )ur + (rq + 2rq)uθ
2
a = [0.9 – 0.3375(7.348)2] ur
+ [0.3375(2.449) + 2(0.675)(7.348)] uθ
a = – 17.33 ur + 10.75 uθ m/s2
a = (– 17.33)2 + (10.75)2 = 20.4 m/s2

CONCEPT QUIZ
.
1. If r is zero for a particle, the particle is
A) not moving. B) moving in a circular path.
C) moving on a straight line. D) moving with constant velocity.
2. If a particle moves in a circular path with constant velocity, its

radial acceleration is
..
A) zero. B) r .
. . .
C) − rq 2. D) 2rq .

PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: The arm of the robot is

extending at a constant rate
𝑟̇ = 1.5 m/s when r = 3 m,
z = (4t2) m, and q = (0.5 t) rad,
where t is in seconds.
Find: The velocity and acceleration
of the grip A when t = 3 s.
Plan: Use cylindrical coordinates.

PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Solution:
When t = 3 s, r = 3 m and the arm is extending at a constant
rate 𝑟̇ = 1.5 m/s. Thus 𝑟̈ = 0 m/s2
𝜃 = 1.5 t = 4.5 rad, 𝜃̇ = 1.5 rad/s, 𝜃̈ = 0 rad/s2
z = 4 t2 = 36 m, ż = 8 t = 24 m/s, z̈ = 8 m/s2
Substitute in the equation

. for velocity
. .
v = r u r + rq u θ + z u r
= 1.5 ur + 3 (1.5) uθ + 24 uz
= 1.5 ur + 4.5 uθ + 24 uz
Magnitude v = (1.5)2 + (4.5)2 + (24)2 = 24.5 m/s

PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Acceleration equation in cylindrical coordinates

.. . .. . . ..
a = (r – rq )ur + (rq + 2rq)uθ + zuz
2
= {0 – 3 (1.5)2}ur +{3 (0) + 2 (1.5) 1.5 } uθ + 8 uz
a = [6.75 ur + 4.5 uθ + 8 uz] m/s2
a = (6.75)2 + (4.5)2 + (8)2 = 11.4 m/s2

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. The radial component of velocity of a particle moving in a

circular path is always
A) zero.
B) constant.
C) greater than its transverse component.
D) less than its transverse component.
2. The radial component of acceleration of a particle moving in

a circular path is always
A) negative.
B) directed toward the center of the path.
C) perpendicular to the transverse component of acceleration.
D) All of the above.

example_12_17


example_12_18


example_12_19



example_12_20

12.20 CONTINUED
example_12_20
(continued)

ABSOLUTE DEPENDENT MOTION ANALYSIS
OF TWO PARTICLES
1. Relate positions, velocities, and
accelerations of particles In-Class Activities:
undergoing dependent motion. • Define Dependent Motion
• Develop Position,
Velocity, and Acceleration
Relationships

APPLICATIONS
The cable and pulley system shown

can be used to modify the speed of
the mine car, A, relative to the speed
of the motor, M.
It is important to establish the
relationships between the various
motions in order to determine the
power requirements for the motor
and the tension in the cable.
For instance, if the speed of the cable (P) is known because we

know the motor characteristics, how can we determine the
speed of the mine car? Will the slope of the track have any
impact on the answer?
Rope and pulley arrangements

are often used to assist in lifting
heavy objects. The total lifting
force required from the truck
depends on both the weight and
the acceleration of the cabinet.
How can we determine the

acceleration and velocity of
the cabinet if the acceleration
of the truck is known?

DEPENDENT MOTION (Section 12.9)
In many kinematics problems, the motion of one object will

depend on the motion of another object.
The blocks in this figure are

connected by an inextensible cord
wrapped around a pulley.
If block A moves downward along
the inclined plane, block B will
move up the other incline.
The motion of each block can be related mathematically by

defining position coordinates, sA and sB. Each coordinate axis is
defined from a fixed point or datum line, measured positive along
each plane in the direction of motion of each block.
DEPENDENT MOTION (continued)
In this example, position

coordinates sA and sB can be
defined from fixed datum lines
extending from the center of
the pulley along each incline
to blocks A and B.
If the cord has a fixed length, the position coordinates sA

and sB are related mathematically by the equation
sA + lCD + sB = lT
Here lT is the total cord length and lCD is the length of cord
passing over the arc CD on the pulley.
DEPENDENT MOTION (continued)
The velocities of blocks A and B

can be related by differentiating
the position equation. Note that
lCD and lT remain constant, so
dlCD/dt = dlT/dt = 0
dsA/dt + dsB/dt = 0 Þ vB = -vA

The negative sign indicates that as A moves down the incline
(positive sA direction), B moves up the incline (negative sB
direction).
Accelerations can be found by differentiating the velocity
expression. Prove to yourself that aB = -aA .
DEPENDENT MOTION EXAMPLE
Consider a more complicated

example. Position coordinates (sA
and sB) are defined from fixed
datum lines, measured along the
direction of motion of each block.
Note that sB is only defined to the

center of the pulley above block
B, since this block moves with the
pulley. Also, h is a constant.
The red-colored segments of the cord remain constant in length

during motion of the blocks.
DEPENDENT MOTION EXAMPLE (continued)
The position coordinates are related by

the equation
2sB + h + sA = lT
Where lT is the total cord length minus
the lengths of the red segments.
Since lT and h remain constant

during the motion, the velocities and
accelerations can be related by two
successive time derivatives:
2vB = -vA and 2aB = -aA
When block B moves downward (+sB), block A moves to the left

(-sA). Remember to be consistent with your sign convention!

DEPENDENT MOTION EXAMPLE (continued)
This example can also be worked

by defining the position coordinate
for B (sB) from the bottom pulley
instead of the top pulley.
The position, velocity, and

acceleration relations then become
2(h – sB) + h + sA = lT
and 2vB = vA 2aB = aA
Prove to yourself that the results are the same, even if the sign
conventions are different than the previous formulation.

DEPENDENT MOTION: PROCEDURES
These procedures can be used to relate the dependent motion of
particles moving along rectilinear paths (only the magnitudes of
velocity and acceleration change, not their line of direction).
1. Define position coordinates from fixed datum lines,
along the path of each particle. Different datum lines can
be used for each particle.
2. Relate the position coordinates to the cord length.
Segments of cord that do not change in length during the
motion may be left out.
3. If a system contains more than one cord, relate the
position of a point on one cord to a point on another
cord. Separate equations are written for each cord.
4. Differentiate the position coordinate equation(s) to relate
velocities and accelerations. Keep track of signs!
EXAMPLE
Given: In the figure on the left, the cord

at A is pulled down with a speed
of 3 m/s.
Find: The speed of block D.
Plan: There is only one cord involved in

the motion, so only one
position/length equation is required.
Define position coordinates for block
D and cable lengths that change,
write the position relation and then
differentiate it to find the relationship
between the two velocities.
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) A datum line can be drawn through the upper, fixed pulleys.
Two coordinates must be defined: one for block D (sD) and
one for the changing cable length (sA).
Datum • sA can be defined to the point A.

• sD can be defined to the center
sA sD of the pulley above D.
• All coordinates are defined as
positive down and along the
direction of motion of each
point/object.

EXAMPLE (continued)
Datum 2) Write position/length equations for

the cord. Define lT as the length of
the cord, minus any segments of
sA sD constant length.
sA + 3sD = lT
3) Differentiate to find the velocity

relationship:
vA + 3vD = 0
Since the cord at A is pulled down with a speed of 3 m/s,

3 + 3vD = 0 Þ vD = -1 m/s = 1 m/s

CONCEPT QUIZ
1. Determine the speed of block B.
A) 1 m/s B) 2 m/s
C) 4 m/s D) None of the above.
2. Two blocks are interconnected by a

cable. Which of the following is
correct? y
A) (vx)A= - (vx)B B) vA= - vB
x
C) (vy)A= - (vy)B D) All of the above.
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Determine the speed of block B when

block A is moving down at 6 m/s while
block C is moving down at 18 m/s .
A) 24 m/s B) 3 m/s
C) 12 m/s D) 9 m/s vA=6 m/s vC=18 m/s
2. Determine the velocity vector of

block A when block B is moving
downward with a speed of 10 m/s.
j
A) (8i + 6j) m/s B) (4i + 3j) m/s
vB=10 m/s
C) (-8i - 6j) m/s D) (3i + 4j) m/s
i
example_12_21

12.21 CONTINUED

example_12_22

12.22 CONTINUED

example_12_24


RELATIVE-MOTION ANALYSIS OF TWO PARTICLES
USING TRANSLATING AXES
1. Understand translating • Relative Position, Velocity
frames of reference. and Acceleration
2. Use translating frames of
• Vector & Graphical Methods
reference to analyze relative
motion.

APPLICATIONS
When you try to hit a

moving object, the position,
velocity, and acceleration of
the object all have to be
accounted for by your mind.
You are smarter than you

thought!
Here, the boy on the ground is at d = 10 m when the girl in

the window throws the ball to him.
If the boy on the ground is running at a constant speed of 4

m/s, how fast should the ball be thrown?

When fighter jets take off or

land on an aircraft carrier,
the velocity of the carrier
becomes an issue.
If the aircraft carrier is underway with a forward velocity of 50

km/hr and plane A takes off at a horizontal air speed of 200
km/hr (measured by someone on the water), how do we find the
velocity of the plane relative to the carrier?
How would you find the same thing for airplane B?
How does the wind impact this sort of situation?
RELATIVE POSITION (Section 12.10)
The absolute positions of two

particles A and B with respect to
the fixed x, y, z-reference frame are
given by rA and rB. The position of
B relative to A is represented by
rB/A = rB – rA
Therefore, if rB = (10 i + 2 j ) m
and rA = (4 i + 5 j ) m,
then rB/A = rB – rA = (6 i – 3 j ) m.

RELATIVE VELOCITY
To determine the relative velocity of B

with respect to A, the time derivative of
the relative position equation is taken.
vB/A = vB – vA
or
vB = vA + vB/A
In these equations, vB and vA are called absolute velocities

and vB/A is the relative velocity of B with respect to A.
Note that vB/A = - vA/B .

RELATIVE ACCELERATION
The time derivative of the relative

velocity equation yields a similar
vector relationship between the
absolute and relative accelerations
of particles A and B.
These derivatives yield: aB/A = aB – aA

or
aB = aA + aB/A

LAWS OF SINES AND COSINES
C Since vector addition or subtraction forms

b a triangle, sine and cosine laws can be
a applied to solve for relative or absolute
A velocities and accelerations. As a review,
B their formulations are provided below.
c
Law of Sines: a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
Law of Cosines: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2 bc cos A

2 2 2
b = a + c - 2 ac cos B
2 2 2
c = a + b - 2 ab cos C

EXAMPLE
Given: Two aircraft as shown.

vA = 650 km/h
vB = 800 km/h
Find: vB/A
Plan:
1) Vector Method: Write vectors vA and vB in Cartesian
form, then determine vB – vA
2) Graphical Method: Draw vectors vA and vB from a
common point. Apply the laws of sines and cosines to
determine vB/A.
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) Vector Method
vA = (650 i ) km/h
vB = –800 cos 60 i – 800 sin 60 j
= ( –400 i – 692.8 j) km/h
vB/A = vB – vA = (–1050 i – 692.8 j) km/h
vB /A = (-1050)2 +(-692.8)2 = 1258 km/h

692.8
q= tan-1( ) = 33.4° q
1050

EXAMPLE (continued)
2) Graphical Method:
Note that the vector that measures the tip of B relative to A is vB/A.
650 km/h vA
120°
vB/A
vB
Law of Cosines:
(vB/A)2 = (800) 2 + (650) 2 − (800) (650) cos 120°
vB/A = 1258 km/h
Law of Sines:
vB/A vA
= or q = 33.4°
sin(120 °) sin q
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. Two particles, A and B, are moving in vB = 4 m/s

the directions shown. What should be
the angle q so that vB/A is minimum?
q
B
A) 0° B) 180° vA= 3 m/s
C) 90° D) 270° A
2. Determine the velocity of plane A with respect to plane B.

A) (400 i + 520 j ) km/hr
B) (1220 i - 300 j ) km/hr
30°
C) (-181 i - 300 j ) km/hr
D) (-1220 i + 300 j ) km/hr
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Determine the relative velocity of particle B with respect to
particle A. y
A) (48i + 30j) km/h
B
vB=100 km/h
B) (- 48i + 30j ) km/h
C) (48i - 30j ) km/h 30° x
A
vA=60 km/h
D) (- 48i - 30j ) km/h
2. If theta equals 90° and A and B start moving from the same
point, what is the magnitude of rB/A at t = 5 s?
A) 20 m vB = 4 m/s
B) 15 m q
B
C) 18 m
D) 25 m A v = 3 m/s A
example_12_25



example_12_26


example_12_27


Recommended problems: 49-67-68-81-82-84-85-94-96-98-108-121-
122-128-149-151-153-167-176-182-190-191-199-201-206-224-225-
226-231-234.


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INTRODUCTION &

RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

The motion of large objects,

If we measure the altitude

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

A sports car travels along a straight road.

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

Mechanics: The study of how bodies

Statics: The study of Dynamics:

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

A particle travels along a straight-line path

The position of the particle at any instant,

Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle.

Speed is the magnitude of velocity: v = ds / dt

Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time:

Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a

The instantaneous acceleration is the time

Scalar form: a = dv / dt = d2s / dt2

Acceleration can be positive (speed

As the text shows, the derivative equations for velocity and

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

• Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.

v = ds/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds

• Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.

• Note that so and vo represent the initial position and

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

ò v dv = ò ac ds yields v 2 = (vo )2 + 2ac(s - so)

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

Given: A particle travels along a straight line to the right

Find: The position and acceleration of the particle

Plan: Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the direction the

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

2) Calculate the distance traveled in 4s by integrating the

Þ s – 0 = 2(4)2 – (4)3 Þ s = – 32 m (or ¬)

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

1. A particle has an initial velocity of 3 m/s to the left at

2. A particle is moving with an initial velocity of v = 12 m/s

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

If we have a v-s graph for the

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

The velocity of a car is

If we know the v-t plot, how

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

Graphing provides a good way to

Plots of position versus time can

Therefore, the v-t graph can be

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

Plots of velocity versus time can be

Also, the distance moved

Given the acceleration versus

So we can construct a v-t graph

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition in SI Units Copyright ©2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd.

A more complex case is presented by