WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME -BASED EDUCATION

Science, Technology and Engineering (STE) Program
GRADE
ELECTRONICS 10

LEARNING QUARTER 2

MODULE WEEK 3

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 0

 MODULE IN
ELECTRONICS
Science, Technology and
Engineering (STE) Program

QUARTER 2
WEEK 3

Electronic Timer

Development Team

Writer: Richard F. Aison

Editor: Ponciano S. Raspado

Reviewer: Hamilton C. Remigio

Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V

Joye D. Madalipay Arnel S. Bandiola

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 1

 What I Need to Know

This module in Electronics contains information and suggested learning activities

that provides you understanding on the knowledge, skills and desirable attitudes required in
assembling consumer electronic products and systems.

In order to benefit much from this module, you should learn the different electronic
timers You should also be able to learn the difference between electronic counters, digital
registers, and semiconductor memories.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Discuss about Counters

2. Discuss about Registers

3. Discuss about Memories

Learning Objectives:

1. Differentiate the various types of electronic counters.

2. Describe the four modes of operation of a digital register.

3. Discuss different types of semiconductor memories.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything on this module.

1. It is a sequential logic circuit which has a clock input signal and a group of output signals
that represent an integer "counts" value.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

2. It is a group of flip-flops used to increase the storage capacity in terms of number of bits.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 2

3. It is a digital electronic device used for digital data storage, such as computer memory.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

4. It is a 1-bit memory cell which can be used for storing the digital data.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

5. It is more compact and also more complex than electro-mechanical timers.

A. Electronic Timer C. Electromagnetic Timer
B. Electronic Timex D. Electromagnetic Timex

What’s In

Activity 1
ACRONYMS
Direction: Give the complete meaning of the following acronyms. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. SISO -
2. SIPO -
3. PISO -
4. PIPO -
5. RAM –

What’s New
Introduction to Electronic Timers

An electronic timer is more compact and also more complex than electro-
mechanical timers. If feedback/output control functions are required (in terms of an alarm or
another pre-programmed event), an electronic timer is a better fit than an electro-
mechanical timer. Each electronic timer offers digital programmability. Within a computer,
information is represented and stored in a digital binary format. The term bit is an abbreviation
of binary digit and represents the smallest piece of data. Humans interpret words and pictures;
computers interpret only patterns of bits.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 3

 Figure 1. Electronic Timers
Source: www.specialtyproducttechnologies.com

What is It

Lesson
ELECTRONIC COUNTERS
1
An electronic counter is a sequential logic circuit which has a clock input signal and
a group of output signals that represent an integer "counts" value. Upon each qualified clock
edge, the circuit will increment (or decrement, depending on circuit design) the counts. When
the counts have reached the end of the counting sequence (maximum counts when
incrementing; zero counts when decrementing), the next clock will cause the counts to
overflow or underflow and the counting sequence will start over. Internally, counters use flip-
flops to represent the current counts and to retain the counts between clocks. Depending on
the type of counter, the output may be a direct representation of the counts (a binary number)
or it may be encoded. Examples of the latter include ring counters and counters that output
Gray codes.
Many counters provide additional input signals to facilitate dynamic control of the
counting sequence, such as:

 Reset - sets counts to zero. Some IC manufactures name it "clear" or "master reset (MR)".
 Enable - allows or inhibits counting.
 Direction - determines whether counts will increment or decrement.
 Data - parallel input data which represents a particular counts value.
 Load - copies parallel input data to the counts.

Some counters provide a Terminal Count output which indicates that the next clock will
cause overflow or underflow. This is commonly used to implement counter cascading

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 4

(combining two or more counters to create a single, larger counter), by connecting the
Terminal Count output of one counter to the Enable input of the next counter.
The modulus of a counter is the number of states in its count sequence. The maximum
possible modulus is determined by the number of flip-flops. For example, a four-bit counter
can have a modulus of up to 16 (2^4).
Counters are generally classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. In
synchronous counters, all flip-flops share a common clock and change state at the same time.
In asynchronous counters, each flip-flop has a unique clock and the flip-flop states change at
different times.
Synchronous counters are categorized in various ways. For example:

 Modulus counter - counts through a particular number of states.

 Decade counter – modulus 10 counter (counts through ten states).
 Up/down counter – counts both up and down, as directed by a control input.
 Ring counter – formed by a "circular" shift register.
 Johnson counter – a twisted ring counter.
 Gray code counter - outputs a sequence of Gray codes.
Counters are implemented in a variety of ways, including as
dedicated MSI and LSI integrated circuits, as embedded counters within ASICs, as general-
purpose counter and timer peripherals in microcontrollers, and as IP blocks in FPGAs.
Asynchronous (ripple) counter

Figure 2. Asynchronous counter created from two JK flip-flops

Source: Wikipedia encyclopedia

An asynchronous (ripple) counter is a "chain" of toggle (T) flip-flops wherein the least-
significant flip-flop (bit 0) is clocked by an external signal (the counter input clock) and all other
flip-flops are clocked by the output of the nearest, less significant flip-flop (e.g., bit 0 clocks the
bit 1 flip-flop, bit 1 clocks the bit 2 flip-flop, etc.). The first flip-flop is clocked by rising edges;
all other flip-flops in the chain are clocked by falling clock edges. Each flip-flop introduces a
delay from clock edge to output toggle, thus causing the counter bits to change at different
times and producing a ripple effect as the input clock propagates through the chain. When
implemented with discrete flip-flops, ripple counters are commonly implemented with JK flip-

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 5

flops, with each flip-flop configured to toggle when clocked (i.e., J and K are both connected
to logic high).

In the simplest case, a one-bit counter consists of a single flip-flop. This counter will
increment (by toggling its output) once per clock cycle and will count from zero to one before
overflowing (starting over at zero). Each output state corresponds to two clock cycles, and
consequently the flip-flop output frequency is exactly half the frequency of the input clock. If
this output is then used as the clock signal for a second flip-flop, the pair of flip-flops will form
a two-bit ripple counter with the following state sequence:

Clock cycle Q1 Q0 (Q1:Q0) decimal

0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

2 1 0 2

3 1 1 3

4 0 0 0

Additional flip-flops may be added to the chain to form counters of any arbitrary word
size, with the output frequency of each bit equal to exactly half the frequency of the nearest,
less significant bit.

Ripple counters exhibit unstable output states while the input clock is propagating
through the circuit. The duration of this instability (the output settling time) is proportional to
the number of flip-flops. This makes ripple counters unsuitable for use in synchronous
circuits that require the counter to have a fast output settling time. Also, it is often impractical
to use ripple counter output bits as clocks for external circuits because the ripple effect causes
timing skew between the bits. Ripple counters are commonly used as general-purpose
counters and clock frequency dividers in applications where the instantaneous count and
timing skew is unimportant.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 6

 Figure 3. A 4-bit synchronous counter using JK flip-flops
Source: Wikipedia encyclopedia

Synchronous counter
In a synchronous counter, the clock inputs of the flip-flops are connected together and
all flip-flops are simultaneously triggered by the common clock. Consequently, all of the flip-
flops change state at the same time (in parallel).
For example, the circuit shown to the right is an ascending (up-counting) four-bit
synchronous counter implemented with JK flip-flops. Each bit of this counter is allowed to
toggle when all of the less significant bits are at a logic high state. Upon clock rising edge, bit
1 toggles if bit 0 is logic high; bit 2 toggles if bits 0 and 1 are both high; bit 3 toggles if bits 2,
1 and 0 are all high.

Decade counter

A decade counter is one that counts in decimal digits, rather than binary. A decade
counter may have each (that is, it may count in binary-coded decimal, as the 7490 integrated
circuit did) or other binary encodings. A decade counter is a binary counter that is designed to
count to 1010 (decimal 10). An ordinary four-stage counter can be easily modified to a decade
counter by adding a NAND gate as in the schematic to the right. Notice that FF2 and FF4
provide the inputs to the NAND gate. The NAND gate outputs are connected to the CLR input
of each of the FFs. It counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero. The counter output can be
set to zero by pulsing the reset line low. The count then increments on each clock pulse until
it reaches 1001 (decimal 9). When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10) both inputs of the NAND
gate go high. The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero. D
going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 7

 Figure 4. A circuit decade counter using JK Flip-flops (74LS112D)
Source: Wikipedia encyclopedia

Ring Counter

A ring counter is a circular shift register which is initiated such that only one of its flip-
flops is the state one while others are in their zero states.
A ring counter is a shift register (a cascade connection of flip-flops) with the output of
the last one connected to the input of the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern consisting
of a single bit is circulated so the state repeats every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used.

Johnson Counter

A Johnson counter (or switch-tail ring counter, twisted ring counter, walking ring
counter, or Möbius counter) is a modified ring counter, where the output from the last stage is
inverted and fed back as input to the first stage. The register cycles through a sequence of bit-
patterns, whose length is equal to twice the length of the shift register, continuing indefinitely.
These counters find specialist applications, including those similar to the decade counter,
digital-to-analog conversion, etc. They can be implemented easily using D- or JK-type flip-
flops.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 8

 Lesson
DIGITAL REGISTERS
2
Flip-flop is a 1-bit memory cell which can be used for storing the digital data. To
increase the storage capacity in terms of number of bits, we have to use a group of flip-flop.
Such a group of flip-flop is known as a Register. The n-bit register will consist of n number
of flip-flop and it is capable of storing an n-bit word.

The binary data in a register can be moved within the register from one flip-flop to
another. The registers that allow such data transfers are called as shift registers. There are
four mode of operations of a shift register.

 Serial Input Serial Output

 Serial Input Parallel Output
 Parallel Input Serial Output
 Parallel Input Parallel Output

Serial Input Serial Output (SIS0)

Let all the flip-flop be initially in the reset condition i.e. Q 3 = Q2 = Q1 = Q0 = 0. If an

entry of a four-bit binary number 1 1 1 1 is made into the register, this number should be
applied to Din bit with the LSB bit applied first. The D input of FF-3 i.e. D3 is connected to
serial data input Din. Output of FF-3 i.e. Q3 is connected to the input of the next flip-flop i.e.
D2 and so on.

Din
D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Figure 5. Block Diagram of Serial Input Series Output (SISO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 9

 Operation

Before application of clock signal, let Q 3 Q2 Q1 Q0 = 0000 and apply LSB bit of the
number to be entered to Din. So Din = D3 = 1. Apply the clock. On the first falling edge of clock,
the FF-3 is set, and stored word in the register is Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1000.

Din
D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Figure 6. Operation of Serial Input Serial Output (SISO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Apply the next bit to Din. So Din = 1. As soon as the next negative edge of the clock
hits, FF-2 will set and the stored word change to Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1100.

Din
D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Figure 7. Operation of Serial Input Serial Output (SISO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Apply the next bit to be stored i.e. 1 to Din. Apply the clock pulse. As soon as the third
negative clock edge hits, FF-1 will be set and output will be modified to Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1110.

Din
D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0
Output

Figure 8. Operation of Serial Input Serial Output (SISO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Similarly, with Din = 1 and with the fourth negative clock edge arriving, the stored word
in the register is Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1111.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 10

 Din
D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0
Output

CLK

Figure 9. Operation of Serial Input Serial Output (SISO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Truth Table

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Waveforms

Figure 10. Waveforms of the Operation of Serial Input Serial Output (SISO)
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 11

Serial Input Parallel Output (SIPO)

 In such types of operations, the data is entered serially and taken out in parallel
fashion.
 Data is loaded bit by bit. The outputs are disabled as long as the data is loading.
 As soon as the data loading gets completed, all the flip-flops contain their required
data, the outputs are enabled so that all the loaded data is made available over all the
output lines at the same time.
 4 clock cycles are required to load a four-bit word. Hence the speed of operation of
SIPO mode is same as that of SISO mode.

Din D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

Figure 11. Block Diagram of Serial Input Parallel Output (SIPO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Parallel Input Serial Output (PISO)

 Data bits are entered in parallel fashion.

 The circuit shown below is a four-bit parallel input serial output register.
 Output of previous Flip Flop is connected to the input of the next one via a
combinational circuit.
 The binary input word B0, B1, B2, B3 is applied though the same combinational circuit.
 There are two modes in which this circuit can work namely - shift mode or load mode.

Load mode

When the shift/load bar line is low (0), the AND gate 2, 4 and 6 become active they
will pass B1, B2, B3 bits to the corresponding flip-flops. On the low going edge of clock, the
binary input B0, B1, B2, B3 will get loaded into the corresponding flip-flops. Thus, parallel
loading takes place.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 12

Shift mode
When the shift/load bar line is low (1), the AND gate 2, 4 and 6 become inactive. Hence
the parallel loading of the data becomes impossible. But the AND gate 1,3 and 5 become
active. Therefore, the shifting of data from left to right bit by bit on application of clock pulses.
Thus the parallel in serial out operation takes place.

Block Diagram

B0 B1 B2 B3

D0 Q0 D1 Q1 D2 Q2 D3 Q3

Figure 12. Block Diagram of Parallel Input Serial Output (PISO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 13

Parallel Input Parallel Output (PIPO)

In this mode, the 4-bit binary input B0, B1, B2, B3 is applied to the data inputs D0, D1,
D2, D3 respectively of the four flip-flops. As soon as a negative clock edge is applied, the input
binary bits will be loaded into the flip-flops simultaneously. The loaded bits will appear
simultaneously to the output side. Only clock pulse is essential to load all the bits.

B3 B2 B1 B0

D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

Figure 13. Block Diagram of Parallel Input Parallel Output (PIPO)

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Bidirectional Shift Register

 If a binary number is shifted left by one position, then it is equivalent to multiplying the
original number by 2. Similarly, if a binary number is shifted right by one position then
it is equivalent to dividing the original number by 2.
 Hence if we want to use the shift register to multiply and divide the given binary
number, then we should be able to move the data in either left or right direction.
 Such a register is called bi-directional register. A four-bit bi-directional shift register is
shown in fig.
 There are two serial inputs namely the serial right shift data input DR, and the serial
left shift data input DL along with a mode select input (M).

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 14

 Block Diagram

DR

DL

D3 Q3 D2 Q2 D1 Q1 D0 Q0

Figure 14. Block Diagram of Bidirectional Shift Register

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 15

 Operation

S.N. Condition Operation

1 With M = 1 − Shift right

If M = 1, then the AND gates 1, 3, 5 and 7 are
operation
enabled whereas the remaining AND gates 2, 4, 6
and 8 will be disabled.
The data at DR is shifted to right bit by bit from FF-3
to FF-0 on the application of clock pulses. Thus with
M = 1 we get the serial right shift operation.

2 With M = 0 − Shift left

When the mode control M is connected to 0 then the
operation
AND gates 2, 4, 6 and 8 are enabled while 1, 3, 5
and 7 are disabled.
The data at DL is shifted left bit by bit from FF-0 to
FF-3 on the application of clock pulses. Thus with
M = 0 we get the serial right shift operation.

Universal Shift Register

A shift register which can shift the data in only one direction is called a uni-directional
shift register. A shift register which can shift the data in both directions is called a bi-directional
shift register. Applying the same logic, a shift registers which can shift the data in both
directions as well as load it parallels, is known as a universal shift register. The shift register
is capable of performing the following operation −

 Parallel loading
 Left Shifting
 Right shifting
The mode control input is connected to logic 1 for parallel loading operation whereas
it is connected to 0 for serial shifting. With mode control pin connected to ground, the
universal shift register acts as a bi-directional register. For serial left operation, the input is
applied to the serial input which goes to AND gate-1 shown in figure. Whereas for the shift
right operation, the serial input is applied to D input.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 16

 Block Diagram

Figure 15. Block Diagram of Universal Shift Register

Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Lesson
SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES
3
Semiconductor memory is a digital electronic semiconductor device used for digital
data storage, such as computer memory. It typically refers to MOS memory, where data is
stored within metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) memory cells on a silicon integrated
circuit memory chip. There are numerous different types using different semiconductor
technologies. The two main types of random-access memory (RAM) are static RAM (SRAM),
which uses several MOS transistors per memory cell, and dynamic RAM (DRAM), which uses
a single MOS transistor and MOS capacitor per cell. Non-volatile memory (such
as EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory) uses floating-gate memory cells, which consist of a
single floating-gate MOS transistor per cell.

Most types of semiconductor memory have the property of random access, which
means that it takes the same amount of time to access any memory location, so data can be
efficiently accessed in any random order. This contrasts with data storage media such as hard
disks and CDs which read and write data consecutively and therefore the data can only be
accessed in the same sequence it was written. Semiconductor memory also has much

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 17

faster access times than other types of data storage; a byte of data can be written to or read
from semiconductor memory within a few nanoseconds, while access time for rotating storage
such as hard disks is in the range of milliseconds. For these reasons it is used for
main computer memory (primary storage), to hold data the computer is currently working on,
among other uses.

As of 2017, semiconductor memory chips sell $124 billion annually, accounting for
30% of the semiconductor industry. Shift registers, processor registers, data buffers and other
small digital registers that have no memory address decoding mechanism are typically not
referred to as "memory" although they also store digital data.

In a semiconductor memory chip, each bit of binary data is stored in a tiny circuit called
a memory cell consisting of one to several transistors. The memory cells are laid out in
rectangular arrays on the surface of the chip. The 1-bit memory cells are grouped in small
units called words which are accessed together as a single memory address. Memory is
manufactured in word length that is usually a power of two, typically N=1, 2, 4 or 8 bits.

Data is accessed by means of a binary number called a memory address applied to

the chip's address pins, which specifies which word in the chip is to be accessed. If the
memory address consists of M bits, the number of addresses on the chip is 2 M, each
containing an N bit word. Consequently, the amount of data stored in each chip
is N2M bits. The memory storage capacity for M number of address lines is given by 2M, which
is usually in power of two: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 and measured
in kibibits, mebibits, gibibits or tebibits, etc. As of 2014 the largest semiconductor memory
chips hold a few gibibits of data, but higher capacity memory is constantly being developed.
By combining several integrated circuits, memory can be arranged into a larger word length
and/or address space than what is offered by each chip, often but not necessarily a power of
two.
The two basic operations performed by a memory chip are "read", in which the data
contents of a memory word are read out (nondestructively), and "write" in which data is stored
in a memory word, replacing any data that was previously stored there. To increase data rate,
in some of the latest types of memory chips such as DDR SDRAM multiple words are
accessed with each read or write operation.

In addition to stand alone memory chips, blocks of semiconductor memory are integral
parts of many computer and data processing integrated circuits. For example,
the microprocessor chips that run computers contain cache memory to store instructions
awaiting execution.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 18

 Types of Semiconductor Memories
Volatile Memory

Figure 16. Volatile Memory

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_

Ram chips for computers usually come on removable memory module like these.
Additional memory can be added to the computer
memoryby plugging in additional modules.
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memoryhhttphttps://en.wikipedia.org/
Volatile memory loses its stored data when the power to the memory chip is turned off.
wiki/Semiconductor_memoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory
However, it can be faster and less expensive than non-volatile memory. This type is used for
www.specialtyproducttechnologies.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconducto
the main memory in most computers, sincer_memory data is stored on the hard disk while the computer
is off. Major types are.
RAM (Random-access memory). This has become a generic term for any semiconductor
memory that can be written to, as well as read from, in contrast to ROM (below), which can
only be read. All semiconductor memory, not just RAM, has the property of random access.

 DRAM (Dynamic random-access memory). This uses metal–oxide–

semiconductor (MOS) memory cells consisting of one MOSFET (MOS field-effect
transistor) and one MOS capacitor to store each bit. This type of RAM is the cheapest and
highest in density, so it is used for the main memory in computers. However, the electric
charge that stores the data in the memory cells slowly leaks out, so the memory cells must
be periodically refreshed (rewritten) which requires additional circuitry. The refresh
process is handled internally by the computer and is transparent to its user.

 FPM DRAM (Fast page mode DRAM). An older type of asynchronous DRAM that
improved on previous types by allowing repeated accesses to a single "page" of
memory to occur at a faster rate. Used in the mid-1990s.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 19

 EDO DRAM (Extended data out DRAM). An older type of asynchronous DRAM
which had faster access time than earlier types by being able to initiate a new memory
access while data from the previous access was still being transferred. Used in the
later part of the 1990s.

 VRAM (Video random access memory). An older type of dual-ported memory once
used for the frame buffers of video adapters (video cards).

 SDRAM (Synchronous dynamic random-access memory). This added circuitry to

the DRAM chip which synchronizes all operations with a clock signal added to the
computer's memory bus. This allowed the chip to process multiple memory requests
simultaneously using pipelining, to increase the speed. The data on the chip is also
divided into banks which can each work on a memory operation simultaneously. This
became the dominant type of computer memory by about the year 2000.
 DDR SDRAM (Double data rate SDRAM). This could transfer twice the data (two
consecutive words) on each clock cycle by double pumping (transferring data on
both the rising and falling edges of the clock pulse). Extensions of this idea are
the current (2012) technique being used to increase memory access rate and
throughput. Since it is proving difficult to further increase the internal clock speed
of memory chips, these chips increase the transfer rate by transferring more data
words on each clock cycle
 DDR2 SDRAM – Transfers 4 consecutive words per internal clock cycle
 DDR3 SDRAM – Transfers 8 consecutive words per internal clock cycle.
 DDR4 SDRAM – Transfers 16 consecutive words per internal clock cycle.

 RDRAM (Rambus DRAM). An alternate double data rate memory standard that
was used on some Intel systems but ultimately lost out to DDR SDRAM.
 XDR DRAM (Extreme data rate DRAM)

 SGRAM (Synchronous graphics RAM). A specialized type of SDRAM made

for graphics adaptors (video cards). It can perform graphics-related operations
such as bit masking and block write, and can open two pages of memory at once.
 GDDR SDRAM (Graphics DDR SDRAM)
 GDDR2
 GDDR3 SDRAM
 GDDR4 SDRAM
 GDDR5 SDRAM
 GDDR6 SDRAM

 HBM (High Bandwidth Memory). A development of SDRAM used in graphics
cards that can transfer data at a faster rate. It consists of multiple memory chips
stacked on top of one another, with a wider data bus.

 PSRAM (Pseudostatic RAM). This is DRAM which has circuitry to perform memory
refresh on the chip, so that it acts like SRAM, allowing the external memory controller
to be shut down to save energy. It is used in a few game consoles such as the Wii.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 20

 SRAM (Static random-access memory). This stores each bit of data in a circuit called
a flip-flop, made of 4 to 6 transistors. SRAM is less dense and more expensive per bit than
DRAM, but faster and does not require memory refresh. It is used for smaller cache
memories in computers.

 CAM (Content-addressable memory). This is a specialized type in which, instead of
accessing data using an address, a data word is applied and the memory returns the
location if the word is stored in the memory. It is mostly incorporated in other chips such
as microprocessors where it is used for cache memory.

What’s More

It is common to connect shift register ICs in cascade, using the serial output of one
register to connect to the serial input of the next register in the chain. For this reason, both
the data and clock inputs and outputs of register ICs are normally buffered.

Some examples from the many commercially available IC registers using these and
similar methods, available in both CMOS and TTL versions, are listed below.

 74HC164 8-Bit SIPO Shift register from NXP

 74HC594 8-Bit SIPO/SISO with PIPO output storage register and dual clocks -
from NXP.
 74HC595 8-Bit SIPO/SISO with tri-state output PIPO storage register and dual clocks
- from NXP.
 HEF4014B PISO Register with 8-bit synchronous parallel LOAD and outputs from Q5,
Q6 & Q7 only - from NXP.
 CD4031B 64 Stage SISO shift register with re-circulation mode - from Texas
Instruments.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 21

 What I Have Learned

Difference between Register and Memory:

Register Memory

Memory holds the instructions and the data

Register holds the operands or instruction that the currently executing program in CPU
that CPU is currently processing. requires.

Register holds the small amount of data Memory of the computer can range from
around 32-bits to 64-bits. some GB to TB.

CPU can operate on register contents at the

rate of more than one operation in one clock CPU accesses memory at the slower rate
cycle. than register.

Types are Accumulator register, Program

counter, Instruction register, Address
register, etc. Type of memory are RAM, etc.

Registers can be controlled, i.e. you can

store and retrieve information from them. Memory is almost not controllable.

Registers are faster than memory. RAM is much slower than registers.

What I Can Do

ACTIVITY 3

Direction: Draw and label the four-block diagrams for the different mode of operations of a
shift register on a long bond paper.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 22

 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything on this module.

1. It is a 1-bit memory cell which can be used for storing the digital data.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

2. It is more compact and also more complex than electro-mechanical timers.

A. Electronic Timer C. Electromagnetic Timer
B. Electronic Timex D. Electromagnetic Timex

3. It is a sequential logic circuit which has a clock input signal and a group of output signals
that represent an integer "counts" value.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

4. It is a group of flip-flops use to increase the storage capacity in terms of number of bits.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

5. It is a digital electronic device used for digital data storage, such as computer memory.
A. Digital Registers C. Flip-Flop
B. Electronic Counters D. Semiconductor Memory

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 23

 Answer Key

5. A 5. D
4. C 4. A
3. D 3. B
2. A 2. A
1. B 1. C
PRE-ASSESSMENT POST-ASSESSMENT

5. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

4. PARALLEL INPUT PARALLEL OUTPUT
3. PARALLEL INPUT SERIAL OUTPUT
2. SERIAL INPU PARALLEL OUTPUT
1. SERIAL INPUT SERIAL OUTPUT
ACTIVITY 1

References

Grob, Bernard. (1993). Grob Basic Electronics, 7th Edition. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book
Company.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/digital_registers.htm

Wikipedia encyclopedia

www.specialtyproducttech

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 24

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 25