Full Download Book Tools Techniques and Protocols For Monitoring Environmental Contaminants PDF
Full Download Book Tools Techniques and Protocols For Monitoring Environmental Contaminants PDF
Full Download Book Tools Techniques and Protocols For Monitoring Environmental Contaminants PDF
Monitoring Environmental
Contaminants - eBook PDF
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/tools-techniques-and-protocols-for-monitoring-env
ironmental-contaminants-ebook-pdf/
TOOLS, TECHNIQUES
AND PROTOCOLS
FOR MONITORING
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
TOOLS, TECHNIQUES
AND PROTOCOLS
FOR MONITORING
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
Edited by
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,
or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-814679-8
Shadab Ahmed
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly
University of Pune), Pune, India
V. Amrutha
Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela,
Rourkela, India
Antonio Avalos-Ramı́rez
National Center in Environmental Technology and Electrochemistry, Shawinigan, QC, Canada
Fatima Bendourou
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Mona Chaali
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Jiping Chen
CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
Agnieszka Cuprys
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Achlesh Daverey
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
Beatriz Delgado-Cano
National Center in Environmental Technology and Electrochemistry, Shawinigan, QC, Canada
Dhanjai
Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton;
Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada; CAS Key
xiii
xiv Contributors
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
Dhruba Dhar
Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
Kasturi Dutta
Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Rourkela, Rourkela, India
Rosa Galvez-Cloutier
Universite Laval, Department of Civil Engineering and Water Engineering, Quebec, QC,
Canada
Laura Gatel
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Natali Gómez-Falcón
Higher Technological Institute of Tierra Blanca (ITSTB), Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, Mexico
Krishnamoorthy Hegde
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Ka Lok Hong
Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, United States
Rekha Jain
Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Guneet Kaur
Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
Gagandeep Kaur
Biosensor Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala,
India
Pratik Kumar
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Xianbo Lu
CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s
Republic of China
Samrat Maratkar
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly
University of Pune), Pune, India
Saba Miri
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Samuel M. Mugo
Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Carlos S. Osorio-González
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Vishal Pandey
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly
University of Pune), Pune, India
Nachiket Pathak
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly
University of Pune), Pune, India
Rama Pulicharla
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Keyur Raval
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, India
Ritu Raval
Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal, India
Shounak Roy
BioX Centre and School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal
Pradesh, India
Rahul Saini
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Angana Sarkar
Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Rourkela, Rourkela, India
Santanu Sasidharan
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
Prakash Saudagar
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
Naeem Shaikh
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly
University of Pune), Pune, India
Sujata Sinha
Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, New Delhi, India
Ankita Sinha
Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education,
China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology,
Dalian, People’s Republic of China
Akshay Sonawane
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly
University of Pune), Pune, India
Niranjan Suralikerimath
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Gayatri Suresh
INRS-ETE, University of Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
Priyanka Uddandarao
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, India
Neelam Verma
Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara; Biosensor
Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
Mausam Verma
CO2 Solutions Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada
CHAPTER 1
An overview of analytical
methodologies for environmental
monitoring
Achlesh
*
Daverey*, Kasturi Dutta†, Angana Sarkar†
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
†
Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
Contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Conventional techniques for the detection, identification, and quantification of ECs 6
2.1 Chromatography-based methods 6
2.2 Immunochemical techniques 9
3. Biosensors for the detection, identification, and quantification of ECs 9
3.1 Aptasensors for detection of emerging contaminants 10
3.2 Enzyme and whole cell biosensors 11
3.3 Immunosensors 11
3.4 Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) biosensors 11
3.5 Nanomaterial-based biosensors 12
4. Conclusion 13
References 13
1. Introduction
Emerging contaminants (ECs) or emerging pollutants (EPs) or Contaminants of emerg-
ing concern (CEC) are defined as synthetic or naturally occurring substances or chemicals
that are not included in routine environmental monitoring programs but have the poten-
tial to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and (or)
human health effects. Such substances have no regulatory standards (few countries now
have) but may be candidate for future legislation depending on their ecotoxicity, poten-
tial health effects, public perception, and frequency of occurrence in the environment [1].
Occurrence of these candidates in the environment has been either discovered recently
due to the advancements in the analytical tools and techniques or their environmental
presence and significance are only now being evaluated. ECs include a wide range of
chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and personal care prod-
ucts (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), nanomaterials [1]. As on Feb-
ruary 2016, Norman [2] has compiled a list of more than 1000 ECs, which include
surfactants, PPCPs, flame retardants, gasoline additives and their degradation products,
Tools, Techniques and Protocols for Monitoring Environmental Contaminants Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814679-8.00001-7 All rights reserved. 3
4 Tools, techniques and protocols for monitoring environmental contaminants
biocides, pesticides and their degradation products, and various proven or suspected
EDCs. Table 1.1 presents common classes of ECs along with their examples and known
adverse environmental effects.
Limited information is available in literature on the fate of these broad ranges of ECs
and their environmental effects at the trace levels. This limits the policy makers to draft
regulations for the long-term impact assessment due to exposure of ECs at low levels.
Therefore it is imperative to analyze and monitor the concentrations of these ECs at
the emission source as well as within the different environmental matrices or compart-
ments (water, air, and soil) for better understanding of their long-term impact assessment
[12]. Analysis of ECs is not an easy task as [5]:
(a) Environmental matrices are very complex in nature.
(b) ECs are usually present in very low levels (ppt to ppb) in environmental systems.
(c) Multiple isomers/enantiomers/diastereomers or analogs of ECs are present in envi-
ronmental systems.
(d) ECs are “emerging” in nature, that is recently identified in the environment and
lacks analytical methods for proper identification and quantification.
Conventional analytical techniques are available to detect the ECs and their possible
metabolites in different environment. However, such analytical techniques are time
Table 1.1 Classification of emerging pollutants with typical examples and associated effects
Known environmental
Class Example effects References
Endocrine Phthalates (octylphenols, • Interferes with nor- [3]
disrupting nonylphenols, di(2- mal process of natu-
chemicals ethylhexyl) phthalate ral bloodborne
(DEHP)) hormones
Bisphenol A; polychlorinated • Effect reproductive
biphenyls (PCBs) functions
Dioxins • Effect central ner-
vous system
Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics (tetracycline, • Antibiotic resistance [4, 5]
erythromycin); steroids and in the environment
hormones; nonsteroidal • Poisoning to birds
antiinflammatory drugs and animals
(NSAIDs) (Diclofenac poison-
ing to vultures)
Pesticides and Fipronil; permethrin; • Possible carcinogen [6, 7]
insecticides fenitrothion; Bacillus • Highly toxic to liz-
thuringiensis israelensis ard, bees, gallina-
ceous birds
• Endocrine
disruption
An overview of analytical methodologies for environmental monitoring 5
Table 1.1 Classification of emerging pollutants with typical examples and associated effects—cont’d
Known environmental
Class Example effects References
Personal care Fragrances (nitro, polycyclic and • Bacterial resistance [8, 9]
products macrocyclic musks, • Endocrine
phthalates) disruption
Sunscreen agents • Increased risk of
(benzophenone, cancer
methylbenzylidene camphor)
Insect repellants (N,N-
diethyl-m-toluamide
(DEET));
parahydroxybenzoates
Flame Organophosphate esters • Endocrine [3, 5–7,
retardants (chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) disruption 10]
and phosphate; and • Indications of
plasticizers tri(chloropropyl) phosphate; increased risk for
tributyl phosphate); cancer
polybrominated diphenyl • Meiotic aneuploidy
ethers; tetrabromobisphenol and synaptic
A; bisphenol A • Abnormalities in
animals
• Estrogenic and
reproductive effects
in birds
Industrial Bisphenol A; alkyl phenols; • Endocrine [3, 5, 6]
additives phthalate esters disruption
Chelating agents (EDTA), • Can be toxic to ani-
aromatic sulfonates mals, ecosystems,
and humans
Hormones and Estradiol, estrone, estriol, • Endocrine [9]
steroids diethylstilbestrol (DES) disruption
Surfactants and Alkylphenol ethoxylates, Possible endocrine [6, 9]
their 4-nonylphnol disruptive effect
metabolites 4-Octylphenol, alkylphenol Possible toxicity to
carboxylates; sodium lauryl animals and aquatic
sulfates species
Nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes; nanowires; Ecotoxicity effects are [11]
TiO2, ZnO, iron oxides, at immature state
hydroxyapatite, and metallic
nanoparticles
6 Tools, techniques and protocols for monitoring environmental contaminants
consuming, monitor pollutant offline, and require sophisticated and costly instruments.
Therefore a lot of efforts have been made to develop biosensor-based analytical tech-
niques, which are less expensive, quick, and have very low detection limits for online
monitoring of ECs in the environment. The following sections discuss various tech-
niques (conventional as well as biosensor based) available for the detection, identification,
and quantification of ECs along with their advantages and limitations.
the analysis and multiresidue screening of organic ECs in environmental matrices [32].
For example, analysis of antibiotic residues and their metabolites, drugs of abuse and their
metabolites in urban wastewater and surface water [33, 34] and pesticides in wastewater
have been detected and analyzed by UHPLC [35]. UHPLC coupled with MS (UHPLC-
MS systems) is efficient in screening of suspect and nontarget ECs in water samples [36,
37]. However, the main drawback of UHPLC system is increase in backpressure (up to
27-fold) and therefore, a special hardware is required to handle this high pressure, which
increases the cost of LC system [31, 38].
Core-shell columns or fused-core columns in place of sub-2 μm particles packed col-
umns are used in LC systems to overcome the high backpressure issue of UHPLC. Core-
shell columns use superficially porous particles, which enable high-speed analysis while
maintaining the high separation efficiency equivalent to UHPLC without increasing the
backpressure. Applications of LC systems using fused-core columns for analysis of Ecs
such as pharmaceuticals (illicit drugs, psychiatric drugs, and selected human metabolites,
etc.), bisphenol A and their metabolites in wastewater and drinking water [39–42], naph-
thenic acids in surface waters [43], and polar pesticides and its degradation products and
some nitro-phenols in rainwater [44] are available in literature.
Development of automated instruments such as online SPE coupled to LC and MS
(SPE-LC-MS or SPE-LC-MS/MS) is another advancement in LC. Such automated
instruments integrate three steps—extraction, purification, and detection and have
user-friendly advanced integrated LC-MS control software and require small sample vol-
ume (as low as 1 mL) [32, 45]. Therefore automated instruments are highly recommended
when sample volume is very low. SPE-LC-MS or SPE-LC-MS/MS techniques have
become more and more popular in the recent past for the detection and determination
of EC [46, 47]. For example, Wode et al. [48] used a multiresidue analytical method
for the simultaneous determination of 72 ECs (industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
psychoactive substances, flame retardants, neutral and acidic pesticides) in water samples
with UHPLC-MS. Recently, an automated online SPE coupled to LC-tandem mass
spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) has been used by Anumol and Snyder [46] for the rapid
analysis of trace organic compounds such as pharmaceuticals, PCPs, hormones, and pes-
ticides in water. The authors used polymeric reversed-phase cartridges in SPE-LC-MS/
MS. Gorga et al. [47, 49] analyzed endocrine disrupters and related compounds in various
environmental matrixes (river, sediments, wastewater, and sewage sludge).
Despite the advancements in the tools and techniques and accuracy and sensitivity,
chromatographic methods (LC-MS and GC-MS) have the following limitations [50, 51]:
1. They are not suitable for on-site and continuous analysis of EC.
2. These methods are limited to centralized high-end laboratories.
3. Instrumentation systems are very costly.
4. Overall analysis (including sample pretreatment) of ECs is time consuming.
5. Highly skilled and trained personnel is needed to use these methods.
An overview of analytical methodologies for environmental monitoring 9
3.3 Immunosensors
Immunosensors are based on the immunochemical techniques such as ELISA to detect
the ECs in the environment. They utilize the antibody or antigen as bioreceptor to pro-
duce signals and a transducer (electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, etc.) to convert the
biosignals into readable form. Immunosensors are highly selective and can be used to
study the toxicity of an individual pollutant [81]. Mauriz et al. [82] had continuously
monitored the chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide at part per trillion levels in real
water samples (groundwater, surface water, and drinking water) using a portable immu-
nosensor. The portable immunosensor took only 20 min for the analysis without sample
preparation such as extraction or cleanup.
molecule’s shape, size, and conformation but also provides covalent and noncovalent inter-
action points and a coordination sphere for proper conjugation of the template molecule
[83]. MIPs are synthetic polymers, which can only be used as affinity sensors but not as a
catalytic biochemical enzyme mimicking sensors [84]. This technology has been described
as promising analytical devices in diverse fields, including environmental, food, pharma-
ceutical, and clinical analysis [84]. MIP technology is advantageous with respect to its
desired portability, quick response, high specificity, acute sensitivity, and less price. For
effective detection, MIP-based sensors should be coupled with various transducers systems
including electrochemical, optical, conductometric, fluorescence, and piezoelectric [85].
MIPs are along with other analytical techniques such as LC, capillary electrochromatogra-
phy, SPE, binding assays, and so on, also used as selective tools for the detection of various
inorganic and organic environmental pollutants [86].
The applications of MIP biosensors have already been in success in analyzing volatile
organics from their mixtures, studying degradation of hydrocarbon, detecting pesticides,
pharmaceutical compounds in polluted environmental sample, in evaluating oxidation-
reduction reactions, in bio-analyzing of signaling molecules/drugs by targeting whole cells,
viruses, or bacteria [87–91]. A combination of MIPs and transducers form a synergistic
device. MIPs should have fulfilled certain criteria during fabrication. They should have
proper selectivity, binding strength, regeneration ability and stability in terms of withstand-
ing extreme pH, organic base, high temperature and pressure during operational condition
as well as during storage [87, 92]. Moreover, this technology is quite suitable and advan-
tageous for the detection of nonelectroactive molecules such as pesticides, drugs, and so on.
Despite the plentiful advantages of MIPs the rate of commercial activity is still limited.
G. de J. Mesny,
226 Charles St., North.
Peaceful Slumber
comes to the user of
The GLOBE Spring
At all dealers
Manufactured by
Foster Bro’s Manufacturing Co.
BALTIMORE, MD.
“QUEEN OF SEA ROUTES.”
Baltimore
Boston
Providence
Savannah
Norfolk
Newport News
Sterling
Silverware...
EXCLUSIVELY.
No. 216 Charles Street, North,
Baltimore.
II.
The
Club
Restaurant and Café;
Louis Bennett, Proprietor,
S. W. Cor. Charles and Saratoga Sts.
DIXIE