Pointers To reviewMIDTERM EXAM IN ETHICS

MIDTERM EXAM IN ETHICS-REVIEWER DISAPPROVED or do not like the
thing.
REASON
FEELING
 Basis or motive for an action,
 Are said to be judgments about the
decision or conviction
accomplishments of one’s goals.
 It is a requirement for morality
 Feelings are also visceral or
 It spells the difference of moral
instinctual by providing motivations
judgment from mere expression of
to act morally.
personal preferences.
 Reasons and emotions are NOT
 Reason commends what it
really opposites
commends regardless of our
 Ethical judgment is highly emotional
feelings, attitudes, opinions and
as people emotionally express their
desires.
strong approval or disapproval.
 Moral sentiments highlight the need IMPARTIALITY
for morality to be based also on
 ALL are equally important
sympathy for other people.
 Even-handedness/ Fair-mindedness
 Therefore many ethicist conclude
 Principle of Justice that holds
that being good involves both
decisions based on objective criteria
thinking and feeling
rather than bias or prejudice.
ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM  It assumes that every person is
equally important, that is no one is
 A theory that runs contrary to the
seen as more significant than
principle that morality is objective.
anyone else.
 It is NOT about what things are
good and bad
 It also does not tell how we should MORAL COURAGE EXAMPLES
live or what moral norms we should
 You can depend on me
practice.
 I broke this mom I’m sorry
 Example: it is a fact that some
 I’ll march with you
people are Homosexual and some
are heterosexual but it is not a fact  No, thanks. I don’t want to hear a
that one is good and one is bad. secret!
EMOTIVISM LACK OF MORAL COURAGE EXAMPLES
 Utterances in ethics are NOT fact-  That’s got nothing to do with me

stating sentences that is, they are  I might get into trouble
not used to convey information  There no use of trying to change the
 Moral judgements in emotivism are system
not statements of fact but mere  Just let it slide
expressions of the emotions of the  How could you do this to me?
speaker.  It’s not for me to judge
 It proposes that saying that
something is morally good means 7 steps of Moral Reasoning Model
WE APPROVED of that thing while
morally bad means WE 1. Gathering of Facts
 Indispensable first step before WILL
any ethical analysis and
 It is the faculty of the mind which
reflection on case.
chooses at the moment of making
2. Determine the Ethical Issue
decision
 Uses P vs. Q format to reflect the
 Strongest desire from among various
interest that colliding in specific
desires present.
moral dilemma
 Does not refer to any particular
desire but rather the Capacity to act
3. Identify the Principle that have
decisively on one’s desires
bearing on the case
 Enable the person to act deliberately
 The sure moral values
 will is important as one of the
4. List the Alternatives distinct parts of the mind, along
with reason and understanding.
 Involves coming up with various
alternatives course of action as part  It also requires us to recognize our
of creative thinking responsibilities and be accountable
to the consequences of our own
5. Compare the Principle to actions
Alternatives
 Eliminate alternatives according to
principles that have bearing on the WILL-POWER
case.  It refers to the inner strength to
make decision, take action and
6. Weigh the Consequence handle and execute any aim until it
 Both positive and negative is accomplished, regardless of inner
consequence are to be considered and outer resistance, discomfort or
difficulties.
7. Make a Decision  Ability to overcome negative
 Good decision consists of more emotion and feelings.
positive consequences.  It bestows the ability to overcome
laziness, temptation and negative
MORAL COURAGE habits to carry out actions even if
they require effort and are
 Doing the right thing even at the unpleasant to one’s habit
risk of inconvenience, ridicule,  For parents, using willpower
punishment, loss of job or security demands to put aside compelling
 It requires that we rise above the but momentary pleasures or
apathy, complacency, hatred, comfort to set good example for
cynicism and fear-mongering in our their children.
political system etc.
 It also requires us to recognize our
responsibilities and be accountable Deeds to repeat or do that shows moral
to the consequences of our own courage and will
actions
 Reporting a crime
 Participating in peaceful contest
 Giving all students equal voice
regardless of differences.
4. Repeatedly to acts that shows
moral courage and will
 If one wishes to nurture moral
Deeds to avoid that shows Lack of
courage and will, he/she must
Moral courage and will
strive to do acts that manifest
 Breaking a promise them whenever opportunity
 Cheating and Lying allows it.
 Remaining silent in the face of
wrong doing 5. Avoids deeds that show lack of
 Being inconsistent moral courage and will
 Involves evading acts that
show irresponsibility,
How to DEVELOP MORAL WILL AND cowardice, apathy, rashness,
COURAGE? imprudence, ill will and
wickedness.
1. Develop and practice Self-
Discipline
 Involves rejection of instant
gratification
 Giving up instant pleasure
and satisfaction for better goal
 It develops self-control
including nurturing the ability
to stick to actions, thoughts
and behaviour which lead to
moral improvement and
success.
2. Do mental strength training

 By following a methodical
method of training, a person
can reach far, have control
over oneself and one’s life
achieve satisfaction and peace
of mind.
3. Draw inspiration from people of

great courage
 People in all walks in life, who
sheer will power and moral
courage, overcame difficulties
and hardships, improve their
moral life, advanced on
spiritual path and worthy of
imitation.

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MIDTERM EXAM IN ETHICS-REVIEWER DISAPPROVED or do not like the

EMOTIVISM LACK OF MORAL COURAGE EXAMPLES

 Utterances in ethics are NOT fact-  That’s got nothing to do with me

2. Do mental strength training

3. Draw inspiration from people of

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