MODULE 3 - (ELECTROSTATIC MAGNETISM) - Lecture Only
MODULE 3 - (ELECTROSTATIC MAGNETISM) - Lecture Only
MODULE 3 - (ELECTROSTATIC MAGNETISM) - Lecture Only
1. Apply the concepts of electrostatics in charging the body through different ways,
and differentiate
2. Construct coulombs law model using Styrofoam balls to appreciate the electro-
magnetisms in the real world scenario.
3. Design an electric field model to acquaint the concepts and realized the exis-
tence of it in the real world
INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic forces exist everywhere and all around us, but are invisible and intangible. Yet
it's electromagnetism that is behind almost every invention of the modern world, from light
bulbs to iPads. It's the theory that makes smart phone apps possible (by describing the motion
of electrons flying through wires) a
nd allows you to send text messages (by explaining how a cell phone antenna can send data
through the air)
Moving charges create magnetic fields—electricity and magnetism are really two sides
of the same bar magnet. Just like electricity, magnetism has polarity, la-
beled north and south, and opposite poles attract.
Unlike electricity, however, there is no way to isolate a magnetic pole. Break a refrigera-
tor magnet in half and you're left with two smaller refrigerator The interaction of electric-
ity and magnetism, called electromagnetic induction, can be used to generate power,
turn motors, accelerate particles, and is an essential part of our modern lifestyle.
CONTENT
ELECTROSTATIC
The study of electromagnetic phenomena that occur when there are no moving charge, i.e., af-
ter a static equilibrium has been established. Charges reach their equilibrium positions rapidly,
because the electric force is extremely strong. The mathematical methods of electrostatics
make it possible to calculate the distributions of the electric field and of the electric poten-
tial from a known configuration of charges, conductors, and insulators. Conversely, given a set
of conductors with known potentials, it is possible to calculate electric fields in regions between
the conductors and to determine the charge distribution on the surface of the conductors. The
electric energy of a set of charges at rest can be viewed from the standpoint of the work re-
quired to assemble the charges; alternatively, the energy also can be considered to reside in the
electric field produced by this assembly of charges. Finally, energy can be stored in a capacitor;
the energy required to charge such a device is stored in it as electrostatic energy of the electric
field.
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a type of energy that can build up in one place or flow from one place to another.
When electricity gathers in one place it is known as static electricity (the word static means
something that does not move); electricity that moves from one place to another is called cur-
rent electricity.
Static electricity often happens when you rub things together. If you rub a balloon against your
pullover 20 or 30 times, you'll find the balloon sticks to you. This happens because rubbing the
balloon gives it an electric charge (a small amount of electricity). The charge makes it stick to
your pullover like a magnet, because your pullover gains an opposite electric charge. So your
pullover and the balloon attract one another like the opposite ends of two magnets.
Have you ever walked across a nylon rug or carpet and felt a slight tingling sensation? Then
touched something metal, like a door knob or a faucet (tap), and felt a sharp pain in your hand?
That is an example of an electric shock. When you walk across the rug, your feet are rubbing
against it. Your body gradually builds up an electric charge, which is the tingling you can sense.
When you touch metal, the charge runs instantly to Earth—and that's the shock you feel.
Lightning is also caused by static electricity. As rain clouds move through the sky, they rub
against the air around them. This makes them build up a huge electric charge. Eventually, when
the charge is big enough, it leaps to Earth as a bolt of lightning. You can often feel the tingling in
the air when a storm is brewing nearby. This is the electricity in the air around you. Read more
about this in our article on capacitors.
RESISTANCE
The property of materials that allow the flow of electric current. Resistance certainly opposes the
flow of current. It is expressed in terms of Ohm (Ω).
According to OHM”S LAW , "The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly pro-
portional to the potential difference across its ends provided the physical conditions
(temperature, dimensions, pressure) of the conductor remains the same."
V
I
R=
Where;
R = resistance, ohm
I = current, ampere
Sample Problem
1. A potential difference across 24 Ω resistor is 12 V. What is the current through the resis-
tor?
Given
V = 12 V and R = 24 Ω
Required
Solution
I = V/R
I = 12/24
I = 0 .5 A
2. A small light bulb is connected to a 6 V battery and draws 2 A of current. What is the net
resistance of the bulb?
Given
V=6V
I=2A
Required
R
Solution
From Ohm’s Law;
V
I
R=
R = 6/2
R = 3Ω
RESISTORS IN SERIES
Resistors are connected in series if they are joined end to end so that the same amount of elec-
tricity flows through each resistor
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 +……..Rn
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 =……….In
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + …….Vn
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Resistors are said to be connected together in parallel when both of their terminals are respec-
tively connected to each terminal of the other resistor or resistors
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +. .. . ..
R T R 1 R2 R3 Rn
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +……In
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = …..Vn
RESISTORS IN SERIES – PARALLEL
Combinations of series and parallel can be reduced to a single equivalent resistance using the
technique illustrated. Various parts can be identified as either series or parallel connections, re-
duced to their equivalent resistances, and then further reduced until a single equivalent resis-
tance is left.
Sample Problem
1. Find the current I passing through and the voltage across each of the resistors in the circuit below.
Given
Required
IT
V1 , V2 , V 3
Solution
RT = 100 + 400 + 200
RT = 700 Ω
IT = VT/RT = 7/700
IT = 0.01 A = I1 = I2 = I3
V1 = I1 R1 = (0.01)(100) = 1 V
V2 = I2 R2 = (0.01)(400) = 4 V
V3 = I3 R3 = (0.01)(200) = 2 V
2. In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of voltage (24 volts) from a single
source. Calculate the amount of current “drawn” by each resistor and the total resistance
of the circuit
Given
Required
I1 , I 2 , I 3
RT
Solution
I1 = V1/R1 = (24)(1) = 24 A
I2 = V2/R2 = (24)(2) = 12 A
I3 = V3/R3 = (24)(3) = 8 A
RT = 0.545 Ω
Expressed as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference (i.e.,
voltage) between them. The capacitance value of a capacitor is measured in farads (F), units
named for English physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867). A farad is a large quantity of capaci-
tance.
Q
V
C=
Where;
Sample Problem
1. Determine the amount of charge stored on either plate of a capacitor having a capaci-
tance of 4 x 10-6 when connected across a 12 v battery
Given
C = 4 x 10-6 F
V = 12 v
Required
Q
Solution
Q
V
C=
Q = CV = (4 x 10-6 F)(12 v)
2. How many electrons are stored in the capacitor of a memory chip of a computer if it has
a capacitance of 3 x 10-14 F if the voltage across the capacitor is 0.5 v?
Given
C = 3 x 10-14 F
V = 0.5 v
Required
# of electrons
Solution
Q = CV = (3 x 10-14 F)(0.5 v)
Q = 1.5 x 10-14 Coul
Q 1. 5 x 10−14
Qofelectron 1. 6 x 10−19
# of electrons = =
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +.. . .. ..
CT C 1 C 2 C 3 Cn
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ……..Vn
QT = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = …….Qn
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL
CT = C1 + C2 + C3 +……Cn
Q T = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 +…..Qn
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 =…….Vn
CAPACITORS IN SERIES-PARALLEL
Sample Problem
1. Find the capacitance for three capacitors connected in seriesl, given their individual ca-
μ μ μ
pacitances are 4 F, 3 F and 6 F
Given
Required
CT
Solution
1 1 1 1
= + +
CT 4 3 6
μ
CT = 1.33 F
Given
C1 = 2 μF
C2 = 4 μF
C3 = 6 μF
C4 = 5 μF
C5 = 10 μF
Required
CT
Solution :
3. Calculate the total capacitance and the charge in each capacitor of the circuit shown be-
low
Given
Required
CT
Q1 , Q 2 , Q 3
Solution
CT = C1 + C2 + C3 = 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3
CT = 0.6 μF
Q1 = C1V1 = (1x10-7F)(12v) = 1.2x10-6 Coul
Q2 = C2V2 = (2x10-7F)(12v) = 2.4x10-6 Coul
Q3 = C3V3 = (3x10-7)(12v) = 3.6x10-6 Coul
CELLS
A cell or a battery is a power supply that uses chemical energy to make electricity.
In the circuit below, electricity will flow from the cell or battery, through the lamp and back to the
cell. This is called direct current. Two or more cells joined together is called battery
CELLS IN SERIES
If cells are joined together one after the other, they are said to be connected in series. Compo-
nents are connected in series when they are joined end to end in a circuit, so that the same cur-
rent flows through each. When cells are connected in series their voltages are summed
.
EmfT = E1 + E2 + E3 + …..En
rT = r1 + r2 + r3 +…..rn
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 =…..In
CELLS IN PARALLEL
Cells are connected in parallel if all the positive terminals are connected together and all the
negative terminals connected together
EmfT = E1 = E2 = E3 = …….En
1 1 1 1 1
= = = =. . .. .
rT r1 r2 r3 rn
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 =……In
CELLS IN SERIES-PARALLEL
1. Four cells of 1.5 v each and 1Ω internal resistance are connected in series to external
resistor of R resistance. If the total current flowing in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the value
of R
Given
Required
Solution
RT = EmfT/IT = 6v0./0.5 A = 12 Ω
R = R T – 4(1.0) = 12 – 4
R=8Ω
2. From the figure below
Find
a) Equivalent emf
Solution
c) total current,
I ≈ 0.5 A
I ′ = 0.5/4 = 0.125 A
3. Four group of cell are connected in parallel. Each has two cell connected in series. If
each cell has an Emf of 2 V, what is the total Emf
Given
Required
EmfT
Solution
Consider group 1
Emf1 = 2v + 2v = 4 v
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws allow is used solve complex circuit problems that cannot be reduced to
a simple series or parallel connection by defining a set of basic network laws and theorems for
the voltages and currents around a circuit
ΣI = 0
ΣV = 0
Circuit – a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an electrical current flows.
Loop – a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit element or node is
encountered more than once.
Mesh – a mesh is a single closed loop series path that does not contain any other paths.
There are no loops inside a mesh.
Note that:
Components are said to be connected together in Series if the same current value flows
through all the components.
Components are said to be connected together in Parallel if they have the same voltage ap-
plied across them.
A Typical DC Circuit
Sample Problem
1. Find the current flowing in the 40Ω Resistor, R3
Given
Required
I3
Solution
The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.
Using Kirchhoffs Current Law, KCL the equations are given as:
At node A : I1 + I2 = I3
At node B : I3 = I1 + I2
Using Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as:
We now have two “Simultaneous Equations” that can be reduced to give us the values
of I1 and I2
Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143 Amps
As : I3 = I1 + I2
and the voltage across the resistor R3 is given as : 0.286 x 40 = 11.44 volts
The negative sign for I1 means that the direction of current flow initially chosen was wrong, but
never the less still valid. In fact, the 20v battery is charging the 10v battery.
Required
I1 , I2 and I3
Solution:
Assume currents to flow in directions indicated by arrows.
Apply KCL on Junctions C and A.
Therefore, current in mesh ABC = i1
Current in Mesh CA = i2
Then current in Mesh CDA = i1 – i2
Now, Apply KVL on Mesh ABC, 20V are acting in clockwise direction. Equating the sum
of IR products, we get;
10i1 + 4i2 = 20 ……………. (1)
MAGNETISM
It refers to physical phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets. objects that
produce fields that attract or repel other objects. Materials/elements that can be mag-
netic include Fe, Co, Ni
Properties of magnets
1. Have polarity ( North seeking pole and South seeking pole)
2. Cannot have only 1 pole
3. Like poles repel; opposite poles attract
HISTORY OF MAGNETISM
ØRSTED'S LAW
“When a steady electric current passes through a wire it creates a magnetic field around it”
The RIGHT HAND RULE is used to determine the direction of the MAGNETIC FORCE
from a MAGNETIC FIELD on the VELOCITY OF THE CURRENT running through a
wire.
They are perpendicular to each other.
FORMULA
F = IL B sin θ
q charge Coulom
C
b
B Magnetic field T T
Sample Problem
1. A 1.5m wire has a 4.5A electric current is oriented horizontally. At that point on the
Earth’s surface, the dip angle of the Earth’s magnetic field makes an angle of 38° to the
wire. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force due to the Earth’s magnetic field of
5.5 x 10-5 T at this point?
Given
L = 1.5 m
I = 4.5 A
Θ = 380
B= 5.5x10-5 T
Required
F
Solution
F = ILBSinθ
F = (4.5A)(1.5m)(5.5x-5T)sin 380
F = 2.29x10-5 N
2. A proton moves east with a speed of 4 x 106 m/s in a magnetic field of 2 x 10-4 T directed
into the page. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the proton?
Given
V = 4 x 106 m/s in
B = 2 x 10-4 T
Q = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Required
F
Solution
F = ILBSinθ
Q
But I = t
Q
F= t LBSinθ
F = Q V B Sin θ
F = (1.6 x 10-19 C)( 4 x 106 m/s in)( 2 x 10-4 T) Sin 900
F = 1.28 x 10-16 N
REFERENCES
Kruas, Allan D. (2012) introduction to thermal and fluid engineering: Boca Raton FL CRC Press
Sons Inc
https://www.google.com/search?q=cells+in+series+and+parallel+problems&tbms
Young, Hugh D. and Freedman, Roger A.(1996) University Physics, 9th Edition, Volume I1, Ad-
Jones, Edwin R. and Childers, Richard (1999) Contemporary Physics, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc