COMPUTER

HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE
 INTRODUCTION

• A computer is an electronic device that accept data (input)

and, process data arithmetically and logically, produce
information (output).
• It is divided into main categories
• Hardware
• Software
 HARDWARE

• Hardware is the physical aspect of computers,

telecommunications, and other devices.
• It includes not only the computer proper but also the cables,
connectors, power supply unit, and peripheral devices such
as the keyboard, mouse, audio speakers, and printers.
 TYPE OF HARDWARE

Internal Hardware
• Internal hardware is also called components. It includes
• CPU
• Motherboard
• RAM
• ROM
 TYPE OF HARDWARE
INTERNAL HARDWARE

CENTRAL PROCESSING MOTHERBOARD

UNIT (CPU)
• Is the main circuit
• It is the brain of the board of a
computer. microcomputer.
• Most of calculations
• It contains the CPU,
take place here.
memory, expansion slot
• Two typical and all the controllers
components of a CPU required to control
are Arithmetic Logic
standard hardware
Unit (ALU) and Control
devices.
Unit (CU)
 TYPE OF HARDWARE
INTERNAL HARDWARE
RANDOM ACCESS READ ONLY MEMORY
MEMORY (RAM) (ROM)
• RAM is the place in a
• It is technology that
computer where the
allows you to write data
operating system,
application programs, only once. After the
and data in current use data has been written,
are kept. you can read it an
• It is a temporary memory unlimited number of
and can be compared to times.
a person’s short-term
memory
 TYPE OF HARDWARE

Input Hardware
• Input hardware consists of external devices by which we
give information and instruction to the computer. Common
input hardware are:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
 TYPE OF HARDWARE
INPUT HARDWARE

KEYBOARD MOUSE SCANNER

• The set of typewriter- • A device that controls • A device that can read
text or illustrations
like keys that enables the movement of the
printed on paper and
you to enter data into cursor or pointer on a translate the
a computer display screen information into a form
the computer can use.
 TYPE OF HARDWARE

Output Hardware
• Output hardware consists of internal and external devices
that transfer information from the computer’s CPU to the
computer user. Common output hardware are:
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
 TYPE OF HARDWARE
OUTPUT HARDWARE

MONITOR PRINTER SPEAKER

• A display screen used • In computers, a printer • Speakers or
to present output from is a device that
accepts texts and
headphones to an
a computer, video graphics output from a output port to hear
camera, VCR or other computer and transfer the audio produced
video generator the information to by the computer.
paper.
 SOFTWARE

• A set of instructions that enables physical components of a

computer to work in a synchronize way is known as software.
• This set of instruction is often called a program.
• Computer cannot do any useful work without instructions
from software
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Computer software is also divided in four major types

• System software
• Programming software
• Application Software
• Utility Software
 TYPE OF SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Operating systems Device drivers

An operating system is an interface between • In computing, a device driver is a
hardware and user; it is responsible for the
computer program allowing higher-
management and coordination of activities and
level computer programs to interact
the sharing of the limited resources of the
computer. with a hardware device.
 TYPE OF SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• WEB BROSING SOFTWARE – it allows one to surf the
Web. Example MS Internet Explorer
• WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE – Allows users to
create, edit a document. Ex. MS Word
• SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE – Allows users to create
documents and perform calculation. Ex. MS Excel
• DATABASE SOFTWARE – Allows users to store and
retrieve vast amount of data. Ex. MS Access etc.
• PRESENTATION GRAPHICS SOFTWARE – Allows
users to create visual presentation. Ex. MS
PowerPoint
 TYPE OF SOFTWARE
UTILITY SOFTWARE
• Disk Defragmentors – It detect computer files whose
contents are stored on the hard disk in disjointed
fragments, and move the fragments together to increase
efficiency.
• Backup – This utility make a copy of all information
stored on a disk, and restore either the entire disk or
selected files
• Disk Partitioner – It divide an individual drive into
multiple logical drives, each with its own file system
which can be mounted by the operating system and
treated as an individual drive.
• Anti-Virus – These utilities scan computer for viruses.
 TYPE OF SOFTWARE
PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE

• This is one of the most commonly known and

popularly used forms of computer software. These
software come in forms of tools that assist a
programmer in writing computer Programs.
KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT
KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT 2. Numeric keypad:
3. Function (F) keys: Keys at the right side of
Used to execute 1. Alphanumeric keys: the keyboard used to
commands, sometimes Letters, numbers, and enter numeric copy and
with other keys. symbols. perform calculations.
Commands vary with
software.
KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT

5. ESC (Escape): Closes

a software menu or
dialog box.

6. TAB: Moves the

insertion point to a 4. Arrow keys:
preset position Move insertion point
up, down, left, or
right.
KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT

7. CAPS LOCK: Used to

make all capital letters.

8. SHIFT: Makes
capital letters and
symbols shown at
tops of number keys.

9. CTRL (Control):
With other key(s),
executes commands.
Commands may
vary with software.
10. ALT (Alternate): 12. ENTER (return): 13. DELETE:
With other key(s), Moves insertion point to Removes text to the
11. Space Bar: right of insertion
executes commands. margin and down to
Inserts a space in point.
Commands may vary next line. Also used to
text.
with software. execute commands.

KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT
KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT
14. NUM LOCK:
16. BACKSPACE: 15. INSERT:
Activates/deactivates
Deletes text to the left of Activates insert or
numeric keypad.
insertion point type over.
 THE PROPER TYPING
POSTURE GUIDE FROM
ERGONOMISTS
 THE PROPER TYPING POSTURE GUIDE
FROM ERGONOMISTS
• There are many health hazards from typing that people are not aware of. One of the
biggest problems is repetitive typing, particularly with posture and proper typing hand
position, resulting in strain injury when a prolonged performance of repetitive
maneuvers and actions leads to impairment or pain in muscles and tendons.
• That is where proper wrist position for typing comes in, because it helps prevent those
injuries. Especially within the past two years, with more and more individuals working
from their computers, it’s imperative that people take the correct steps to fix their
typing posture. Also, you may check out how to correctly set up an ergonomic home
office, so you can make sure your space is suitable for you.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF STRAINING?

Some of the most common symptoms of strain injury

are:
• Cold hands, mainly found in the fingertips
• Weakness in arms or hands
• Aching pain
• Tingling, numbness, or swelling of the hands
 WHAT ARE TYPING ERGONOMICS?

• Ergonomics is the science of finding the perfect balance between people

and their work. To prevent the most common workplace injuries, people have
looked to find the correct and proper wrist position for typing.

• Typing ergonomics aims for the correct setup of the desk equipment and
the posture of the individual. It also looks at the proper way to type. Overall,
the goal is to reduce strain, pain, and tension from the individual’s joints.
HOW TO PRACTICE ERGONOMICS
TYPING AND PROPER TYPING
POSTURE

Wrist Placement
• When typing, wrists should be kept
neutral rather than bent up or down.
• Place the keyboard below elbow
level
• Your keyboard should be flat on the
desk or slightly slanted away from
you.
• Have a look at your elbows and
make sure they’re at an open angle
at 90-110 degrees.
HOW TO PRACTICE ERGONOMICS
TYPING AND PROPER TYPING
POSTURE

Posture
• Your feet should be placed flat on
the floor.
• Your back needs to be straight while
sitting at your desk, and it should be
ultimately touching the back of your
chair.
• Do not lean forward because this
can cause back and neck injury.
HOW TO PRACTICE ERGONOMICS
TYPING AND PROPER TYPING
POSTURE

Monitor Placement
• Make sure that your eyes are level
with the top of the computer screen
to get proper typing posture.
Mouse Placement
• Ensure that wherever the mouse is,
your arms are at or below 90-
degrees. Your hand should not be
strained or feel uncomfortable
while using your mouse.
 • The keyboard and mouse should be as close
QUICK TIPS FOR together as possible to get proper typing
WORKSTATION ERGONOMICS posture. The alphanumeric part should be
found in the desk's center when looking at the
• Pick an adjustable chair. Having an adjustable keyboard. Hands should be level with the
chair gives you the freedom to make sure it is elbows or slightly lower, while hands and
perfect for your sitting position. Also, make sure forearms form a straight line. Try not to bend
that it supports the lower back region; otherwise, your wrists sharply downwards or upwards
there may be back pain.
while typing.
• Think about the height of your keyboard. Placing
• Take Regular Breaks
the keyboard on the top of a desk can make it
too high to execute the proper typing position. • The most important tip to remember is to take
Instead, look at purchasing one with an regular breaks. It is recommended that
adjustable keyboard tray. individuals take a five-minute break every 30-
• Having the monitor placed in the correct minutes. Take that time to stand up and stretch,
position is vital because it can reduce neck so you are not just sitting in front of the desk all
strain. When looking straight at the monitor day. Having regular breaks is excellent for your
screen, ensure that your eyes are level with the posture and your mental health. Sometimes
top of the screen. having those five minutes away can clear the
mind.