Atoll Research Bulletin NO. 570
Atoll Research Bulletin NO. 570
Atoll Research Bulletin NO. 570
NO. 570
BY
ISSUED BY
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A.
JULY 2009
Figure 1. Index map of French Polynesia.
INVENTORY OF MARINE MOLLUSCS
OF FRENCH POLYNESIA
BY
ABSTRACT
RÉSUMÉ
INTRODUCTION
French Polynesia (Fig. 1) consisting of 118 volcanic and low coral reef islands
in Oceania is oriented on a South East – North West axis between 8 and 28° South
latitude and 134 and 155° West longitude. The exclusive economic zone is more than 5
millions km2. Land area covers 3,726 km2 and the coral reef ecosystem covers 15,047
km2 (2,140 km2 of reefs and 12,907 km2 of lagoons). Geomorphological diversity is very
important among all these islands (Salvat et al., 2008). The Society archipelago is a
perfect illustration of islands emerging from hot spots which drift with the oceanic floor
: the youngest are volcanic islands without reefs (e.g. Mehetia), then islands become
surrounded by reefs (e.g. Tahiti, Moorea), then follows considerable subsidence of the
volcanic substrate leaving a large lagoon (e.g. Bora Bora) and finally true atolls (e.g.
________________________________________________________________________
1
Attaché au Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution
55, rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France – [email protected]
2
98712 Papara, Tahiti, Polynésie française – [email protected]
Scilly). The Tuamotu archipelago, consisting of 76 atolls (either open with passes,
closed or elevated), is one of the richest groups of atolls in the world. The Marquesas
archipelago lacks barrier reefs and lagoons and has a poor coral fauna. The Austral
archipelago consists of either volcanic islands with lagoons (e.g. Raevavae) or islands
without lagoons but with coral reef beds (e.g. Rapa). These two last archipelagos are
known to have endemic marine species.
Since the 18th century, large expeditions have collected fauna and flora of French
Polynesian islands including marine molluscs (see Tröndle and Van Cossel, 2005). The
first inventory of marine molluscs of Oceania was by Dautzenberg and Bouge in the
Journal de Conchyliologie (1933). The first author was a Belgian malacologist while the
second, an enlightened amateur, was French Polynesia’s Governor between 1928 and
1931. In 1975 “Coquillages de Polynésie” was edited by Salvat and Rives illustrating
more than 400 species with colour photos. In 1985, for the fifth international coral
reefs symposium in Tahiti, Richard published a list of 1159 species, 98 of which were
unidentified. These inventories also gave the species distributions known at that time.
The present inventory takes into account only those species from past inventories
whose presence has been confirmed by the present authors during field expeditions
and from collections at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris (MNHN), at
the Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement de Moorea
en Polynésie française (CRIOBE), at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE -
Université de Perpignan), at the National Museum of Natural History Washington D.C.
(USNM) and from several local French Polynesian private collections.
Two recent expeditions to the Marquesas (1997) and Austral archipelago (2002)
provided the most valuable inventories of marine molluscs and greatly enlarged our
faunistical knowledge. The first one, organized by the MNHN in collaboration with the
Institut de Recherches pour le Développement (IRD), “MUSORSTOM 9” expedition,
collected fauna from 168 stations between 40 and 1250 m depth. An additional 40
stations were prospected in the littoral zone on Ua Huka. The second expedition, jointly
organized by CRIOBE, IRD and MNHN, “BENTHAUS expedition”, worked in Rapa at
159 dredge stations between 50 and 1800 m depth and with 99 additional stations in the
littoral zone.
The present list of molluscs in French Polynesia is the first step of an inventory
which will be completed with a future article that will provide information and
argumentation on each species with their references.
S : Society Islands
T : Tuamotu Islands
G : Gambier Islands
M : Marquesas Islands
A : Austral Islands
m. add. : additional morphospecies recognized, but not identified
Institutional abbreviations:
LIST OF SPECIES
The list of molluscs follows the systematic order adopted by Beesley et al. (1998),
except for the Colubrariidae family which is itself considered as a family (Bouchet
and Rocroi, 2005). All genera and species are listed in alphabetic order within each
family. Sub-families, sub-genera and sub-species are not mentioned, except for the
Coralliophilinae which is a special group that was considered distinct from the Muricidae
for a long time.
BIVALVIA
CRASSATELLIDAE
(1 m. add.)
Scaphopoda
CEPHALOPODA
GASTROPODA
PROSOBRANCHIA
EPITONIIDAE Berry, 1910. According to H. DuShane (1990) and E.F. Garcia (2002-
2004)
Amaea boucheti Garcia, 2003 (M)
Asperiscala goldsmithi DuShane, 1988 (S)
Cirsotrema varicosum (Lamarck, 1822) (M)
Cycloscala crenulata (Pease, 1868) (S, T)
Cycloscala hyalina (Sowerby, 1844) (S, T, M, A)
Cylindriscala humerosa (Schepman, 1909) (M)
Depressiscala aurita (Sowerby, 1844) (M)
Depressiscala umbilicata (Pease, 1869) (S)
Epitonium alatum (Sowerby, 1844) (M)
Epitonium costulatum (Kiener, 1838) (S)
Epitonium hemmesi DuShane, 1988 (S, T)
Epitonium lyra (Sowerby, 1844) (S)
Epitonium marmoratum (Sowerby, 1844) (S)
Epitonium replicatum (Sowerby, 1844) (S, T, A)
Epitonium stigmaticum (Pilsbry, 1911) (M)
Epitonium thorsoni DuShane, 1988 (S)
Epitonium ulu Pilsbry, 1921 (S)
Gregorioscala burchorum (DuShane, 1988) (M)
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) (S, T, G, M, A)
Labeoscala thelcterium (Melvill & Standen, 1903) (T)
Laeviscala fucata (Pease, 1861) (S, T, A)
Laeviscala sandwichensis (Nyst, 1871) (S, T, G, A)
Laeviscala subauriculata (Souverbie, 1866) (S, T, A)
Librariscala millecostata (Pease, 1861) (G)
Opalia bicarinata (Sowerby, 1844) (S)
Opalia sumatrensis (Thiele, 1925) (M)
Parviscala crispata (Pease, 1868) (S, T)
Parviscala deifica (Melvill & Standen, 1903) (S, T)
Parviscala cf. gracilis (Jousseaume, 1912) (S, T)
Sodaliscala cf. cophinodes (Melvill, 1904) (T)
Sodaliscala paumotensis (Pease, 1868) (T, G, M)
Sodaliscala symmetrica (Pease, 1868) (S, T, M)
(4 m. add.)
26
TURRIDAE Swainson, 1840. Here, all Conoidea except "Conidae" and "Terebridae"
are included under the paraphyletic assemblage "Turridae"
Anacithara cf. dulcinea (Melvill & Standen, 1895) (S)
Anacithara hebes Hedley, 1922 (S, T)
Anarithma alphonsiana (Hervier, 1899) (S, T)
Anarithma cf. dorcas Kuroda & Oyama, 1971 (T)
Anarithma metula (Hinds, 1843) (S, T, M, A)
Anarithma salisburyi (Cernohorsky, 1978) (S, T)
Carinapex minutissimus (Garrett, 1873) (S, T, M, A)
Ceritoturris bittium Dall, 1924 (S)
Ceritoturris papillosa (Garrett, 1873) (S, T, M)
Ceritoturris theoteles (Melvill & Standen, 1896) (S, T)
Clathurella fuscobasis Rehder, 1980 (A)
Clavus bilineatus (Reeve, 1845) (S, T, A)
Clavus fulvus (Hinds, 1843) (G)
Clavus laetus (Hinds, 1843) (S, T, A)
Clavus lamberti (Montrouzier, 1860) (S, T)
Clavus protentus Hervier, 1896 (S, T, A)
Daphnella atractoides Hervier, 1897 (T)
Daphnella aureola (Reeve, 1845) (S, T)
Daphnella boholensis (Reeve, 1843) (S, T)
Daphnella curta Pease, 1868 (T)
Daphnella flammea (Hinds, 1843) (S, T, G, M, A)
Daphnella interrupta Pease, 1860 (S)
Daphnella ornata Hinds, 1844 (S, T)
Daphnella reeveana (Deshayes, 1863) (S, T, G)
Daphnella terina (Melvill & Standen, 1896) (T)
Daphnella varicosa (Souverbie, 1847) (S)
Diaugasma olyra (Reeve, 1845) (S, T)
Etrema acricula Hedley, 1922 (T, M, A)
Etrema crassilabrum (Reeve, 1843) (A)
Etrema culmea Hedley, 1922 (T)
Etrema glabriplicata (Sowerby, 1913) (G)
Etrema cf. royi (Sowerby, 1913) (T, A)
Eucyclotoma bicarinata (Pease, 1862) (T)
Eucyclotoma fusiformis (Garrett, 1873) (S, T, M)
Eucyclotoma lactea (Reeve, 1843) (T)
Eucyclotoma tricarinata (Kiener, 1839) (T)
Eucyclotoma varicifera (Pease, 1868) (T)
Eucithara abbreviata (Garrett, 1873) (T)
39
PULMONATA
CONCLUSIONS
Dautzenberg and Bouge (1933) listed 1008 species for French Polynesia,
together with numerous varieties, some of which are now considered distinct species.
On the other hand, some taxa which they listed are now considered either synonyms or
their presence has not been confirmed by our study. It was not our objective to discuss
synonymy in the present study. Richard (1985) listed 1159 species. Our study records
2373 species of which at least 21 are new. Part of the material collected during the
Marquesas and Austral expeditions are still under review, including many small molluscs.
We consider that the whole marine malacological fauna of French Polynesia consists of
over 2500 species.
53
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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