Mahalakshmi R Nair Assignments
Mahalakshmi R Nair Assignments
Mahalakshmi R Nair Assignments
● Plain/ordinary concrete
This type of concrete is one of the most commonly-used, often for the construction of
pavements and where buildings don’t require very high tensile strength.
● Lightweight concrete
Also known as cellular concrete, this is a very 'flowable' material and so can be easily poured by
using gravity and is self-levelling. It is typically used to construct floor slabs, window panels and
roofs.
● Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete (RC) is a versatile composite and one of the most widely used materials in
modern construction.
● Precast concrete
They are typically used for structural components such as; wall panels, beams, columns, floors,
staircases, pipes, tunnels, and so on.
● Prestressed concrete
It is now commonly used for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as well as structures such
as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways.
● Smart concrete
Smart concrete technology offers an alternative method for monitoring the health of reinforced
concrete structures. It works by adding a small quantity of short carbon fiber to concrete with a
conventional concrete mixer which modifies the electrical resistance of the concrete in response
to strain or stress. This can be used to monitor stress or strain in concrete structures, identifying
potential problems before the concrete fails.
● Decorative concrete
Decorative concrete creates visually and aesthetically appealing concrete mixes. Decorative
concrete can go through several processes, such as:
Coloring
Molding
Polishing
Etching
● Pervious concrete
It is designed to deal with the problems of stormwater runoff and pools of water and puddles on
roadways or airport runways.
● Limecrete
This concrete uses lime instead of cement, along with lightweight aggregates like glass fiber or
sharp sand. It’s mainly used for the construction of floors, vaults and domes.
● Glass concrete
Commonly used in the large-format slabs found in flooring or on decorative facades, this
concrete can have shining or colored glass embedded during the mixing process to give it a
distinctive splash of color or sparkle.
● Shotcrete concrete
Shotcrete is shot through a nozzle onto a frame or formwork. Since this application requires
higher air pressure, the compaction process takes place at the same time as the placing.
After water, concrete is the second most consumed material by men and it has been used since
ancient times.The technological evolution since pre-roman concrete was most influenced by the
discovery of portland cement in the early years of the XIX century. Since then high-performance
concrete and ultra high-performance concrete are the most recent evolutions of this kind of
structural construction material.The HPC, primarily due to its high durability, is particularly suited
for structures located in particularly aggressive environments. The use of this type of concrete
allows structures to have an estimated high service life of 100 or more years and can be
considered as one of the largest developments in technology suffered on concrete. However,
this development can not be regarded as revolutionary and the HPC should be understood as
an evolution of conventional concrete. The main difference between conventional and HPC is
that the HPC must include SP that allows a substantial reduction of the W/Binder ratio below to
0.4.The HPC is manufactured, in general, using high cement content, and is endowed with high
mechanical strength and durability. However, for most practical applications, the compressive
strength of a conventional concrete is sufficient. However, it is unlikely that this HPC will be used
everywhere, but they will, as now, be applied in particular situations such as bridges and tall
buildings.HPC is not the most resistant and the most durable concrete that is possible to make
with portland cement. By a very high porosity reducing, thermal treatment and applied pressure
during curing period, it is possible to produce an even better concrete: an ultra
high-performance concrete. With such a concrete, when reinforced with fibres, one can produce
elements with tensile strength similar to the steel ones. However, this kind of concrete has a
limited application because of its extremely high price.
The latest new concrete technology is beginning to gain acceptance in the industry. Some of the
more interesting new concretes are called high performance concrete (HPC), ultra high
performance concrete, and geopolymer concrete. They have significant advantages and little or
no disadvantages when compared to standard concrete in use today.
High performance concrete usually contains recycled materials and thereby reduces the need to
dispose of these materials. Some of these materials include fly ash (waste by-product from coal
burning), ground granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume. But perhaps the biggest benefit
of using some of these other materials is the reduction in the need to use cement, also
commonly referred to as Portland cement. The reduction in the production and use of cement
will have many beneficial effects. These benefits will include a reduction in the creation of
carbon dioxide emissions and a reduction in energy consumption, both of which will improve the
global warming situation. It is estimated that the production of cement worldwide contributes five
to eight percent of global carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the use of fly ash and furnace
slag is usually cheaper than cement and they have properties that improve the quality of the
final concrete.
Today’s new concrete technology has produced new types of concrete that have live spans
measured in the hundreds of years rather than decades. The use of fly ash and other
by-product materials will save many hundreds of thousands of acres of land that would have
been used for disposal purposes. Fly ash and other by-products from burning coal, are some of
the most abundant industrial waste by-products on the planet. The elimination of burial sites for
these waste by-products will translate into less risk of contamination of surface and
underground water supplies. When compared to standard concrete the new concretes have
better corrosion resistance, equal or higher compressive and tensile strengths, higher fire
resistance, and rapid curing and strength gain. In addition, the production and life cycle of these
new concretes will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 90%.
BSI is a new concrete technology that has a much higher tensile and flexural (bending) strength
than standard concrete. It is a fiber-reinforced concrete that is combined with premixed dry
components. It is much denser than standard concrete and structures built with it will need far
less new concrete, perhaps as much as 80% less. The high density gives BSI concrete other
properties such as extremely high resistance to corrosion from chemicals. The higher strength
of BSI eliminates the need for placement of steel rebar in structural designs. BSI, or some
variation with metallic fibers and/or superplasticizers, will be used to build some structural
elements less than an inch thick. Overall, structures built with BSI will have much greater life
spans and will require far less maintenance.
Ductal is another new concrete technology that is denser than BSI. Ductal uses steel or organic
fibers to create a concrete that is stronger than BSI. Interestingly, the ancient Romans used
horse hair in their concrete to improve its strength. Ductal is being tested for use in earthquake
resistant structures, bridges, tunnels, and nuclear containment structures. Although it is more
expensive than traditional concrete there are a number of cost savings that will make it price
competitive. Among these cost savings are no steel rebar is needed, less material is needed
with less related labor and equipment costs, and structures are thinner with less weight and
require smaller foundations. In addition, both BSI and Ductal have low maintenance costs
because of their very low porosity and are very resistant to penetration by water or chemicals.
They are both resistant to salt water which is very corrosive and damaging to today’s bridges
and roadways.
Waterproofing
WATERPROOFING TECHNIQUES
1.Cementitious Waterproofing
CONSTRUCTION
Structure : A reinforced concrete thin shell structure.
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
CONNECTION DETAILS
The structure uses an umbrella footing to support the loads being transferred
through the hyperbolic structure connection details in thin shell structures.
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
● Since the concrete first poured into the wooden framework is slurry,it gives you
flexibility work with it so it can take any shape or form