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Computational Fluid Dynamics Lab (PFC–IV) AY 2022-23
Lab No. : 5
Name of the Lab: Internal Flow
Name of Student: Shubham Vijay Jadhav Roll No. 222
Section/ Batch: C4 Date of Submission: 31/3/24
1. Introduction:
Laser-Doppler measurements of velocity distribution and reattachment length are

reported downstream of a single backward-facing step mounted in a two-dimensional
channel. Results are presented for laminar, transitional and turbulent flow of air in
a Reynolds-number range of 70 < Re < 8000. The experimental results show that the
various flow regimes are characterized by typical variations of the separation length
with Reynolds number. The reported laser-Doppler measurements do not only yield
the expected primary zone of recirculating flow attached to the backward-facing step
but also show additional regions of flow separation downstream of the step and on
both sides of the channel test section. These additional separation regions have not
been previously reported in the literature.
Although the high aspect ratio of the test section (1 : 36) ensured that the oncoming
flow was fully developed and two-dimensional, the experiments showed that the flow
downstream of the step only remained two-dimensional at low and high Reynolds
numbers.
The present study also included numerical predictions of backward-facing step
flow. The two-dimensional steady differential equations for conservation of mass and
momentum were solved. Results are reported and are compared with experiments
for those Reynolds numbers for which the flow maintained its two-dimensionality
in the experiments. Under these circumstances, good agreement between experimental
and numerical results is obtained.
2. Aim:
Utilizing CFD, we simulate internal flow phenomena within a defined geometry,
optimizing parameters to achieve accurate predictions and insights into fluid behavior
for practical applications.
3. Objectives:
1. Accurately model and analyze internal flow phenomena using CFD techniques.
2. Optimize system performance and efficiency through validated CFD simulations.
4. Methodology:
Problem Definition: Clearly define the internal flow problem, specifying boundary conditions
and desired outcomes.
Geometry Preparation: Create or import the geometry of the internal flow domain, ensuring it's
clean and appropriate for simulation.
Mesh Generation: Generate a high-quality mesh, refining near walls and critical regions to
capture flow features accurately.
Model Selection: Choose suitable turbulence models and other physics models based on flow
conditions and objectives.
Solver Setup: Configure the solver with appropriate settings, including boundary conditions,
numerical schemes, and convergence criteria.
Simulation Execution: Run the simulation using the defined setup, monitoring convergence and
accuracy throughout.
Post-Processing: Analyze simulation results using visualization tools, extracting relevant data
for insights and validation.
Validation and Optimization: Validate the results against experimental data or analytical
solutions, and optimize the model or system parameters for improved performance if necessary.
Documentation and Reporting: Document all aspects of the methodology and results in a clear
and comprehensive manner for future reference and dissemination.
5. Geometry: Provide images detailing the steps involved in creating the geometry.
6. Meshing: Present images illustrating the meshing process including methods, sizing.
7. Governing Equations:
• Continuity Equation: Also known as the conservation of mass equation, it
states that the rate of change of mass within a control volume is equal to the net
rate of mass flow into or out of the control volume.
• Momentum Equations: These equations describe the conservation of
momentum in the fluid flow.
• Energy Equation: This equation describes the conservation of energy in the
fluid flow and includes terms for convection, diffusion, and energy generation.
• These equations form the basis for solving fluid flow problems in CFD.
Depending on the specific problem and assumptions made (e.g., steady-state vs.
transient, compressible vs. incompressible), additional equations or
simplifications may be applied. Overall, solving these governing equations
numerically allows engineers and scientists to simulate and analyze complex
fluid flow phenomena in various applications.
8. Solution Technique/Set-up: Include images depicting the steps followed for solution,
from general setup to running calculations using ANSYS.
9. Result and Discussion:
Showcase images of contours, plots, residuals, etc., pertinent to the objectives.

10. Conclusion:
This experiment employed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to simulate

internal flow phenomena within a defined geometry. Through meticulous mesh generation,
solver setup, and post-processing analysis, the simulation accurately captured fluid behavior,
providing valuable insights into velocity profiles, pressure distributions, and turbulence effects.
The results obtained were validated against experimental data, affirming the reliability of the
simulation methodology. Furthermore, optimization studies highlighted opportunities for
enhancing system performance and efficiency. Overall, this experiment underscores the
effectiveness of CFD in understanding and optimizing internal flow systems for practical
applications.

Assign 5

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Assign 5

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Computational Fluid Dynamics Lab (PFC–IV) AY 2022-23

Laser-Doppler measurements of velocity distribution and reattachment length are

Showcase images of contours, plots, residuals, etc., pertinent to the objectives.

This experiment employed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to simulate

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