DLD Lab#14
DLD Lab#14
DLD Lab#14
DEPT: CS-03
GROUP MEMBERS
NAME:
RIJA MOBIN IFRAH JANNAT EMAN SHAHID
REG NO:
37 40 44
OBJECTIVES:
• TO INTERPERT DATESHEETS of counter ICs and registers.
• To design and implementation of shift registers using ICs.
• To design and implementation of counter using ICs.
EQUIPMENTS:
• Logic gates (IC 74195, 7476, 4027).
• Connecting wires
• LEDs
• Logic probes/states
INTRODUCTION:
COUNTERS:
Counters are electronic devices used to count numbers of events or occurrences of the
particular signals over time. A binary counter is made of flip flops which are memory
elements that can store a binary value of (0 or 1). Each flip flop represents a bit in the
counter. E.g 4-bit counter has four flip flops labeled as Q3,Q2,Q1 and Q0 represents a most
significant bit(MSB) at least significant bit(LSB). Initially we set outputs of flip flops at 0 and
when the pulse arrives, the first flip flop (LSB) toggles it output from 0 to 1. There are two
types of counters includes:
1. Synchronous
2. Asynchronous
ASYNCHRONOUS:
Asynchronous counter is also known as ripple, it consist of series of flip flops connected in
cascading manner and it drivens by the pulse through an external clock. The output of each
flip flops serves as the clock input for the next flip flop in the sequence. Due to propagation
delay inherents in electronic circuits, the updated of the first flip flop takes some time to
propagate through the circuit and reach the subsequent flip flops. This delay gives rise to
the term “ripple counter”. Here we mention the counter and pulses of 2-bit asynchronous
binary counter.
SHIFT MODE:
The Shift mode refers to a specific operating mode or functionality of a sequential circuit,
typically found in shift registers. In the Shift mode, the circuit performs the shifting of data
within its storage elements, typically flip-flops or latches, to create a serial data flow. The Shift
mode can have two directions: left shift or right shift. In a left shift, the data moves from
higher-order positions to lower-order positions within the register. In a right shift, the data
moves from lower-order positions to higher-order positions. The shift operation is controlled
by the clock signal. The clock signal determines the timing at which the shifting occurs. In some
shift registers, such as Serial In Serial Out (SISO) or Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO) registers, the
shift operation involves serial input or output.
TASK RESULT
Task1(Asynchronous) Procedure:
1.Take 2 4027 flipflop ICs.
2.Give inputs of J and K of both flipflops as 1.
3.Give a DC clock at CLK of first IC.
4.Take NOT of output Q of first flipflop and give it as an input to CLK of second IC.
5.Now, attach a 100ohm resistance to output(Q) of first IC and connect it to an Led.
It gives LSB.
6.Connect an LED to output Q of second IC that gives MSB.
7.We can confirm its output using its diagram below.
Task2(Synchronous)
Procedure:
1.Take 2 4027 flipflop ICs and give input 1 to J and K of first flipflop.
2.Give DC clock at CLK of first flipflop IC and same to CLK of second IC.
3.Now, give output Q of first flipflop as an input to J and K of second flipflop.
4.Connect Output Q of first flipflop to an Led that gives LSB.
5.Attach an LED to output Q of second IC that gives MSB.
6.We can observe its output using its diagram of outputs given below.
CONCLUSION:
Synchronous counters have numerous applications in real-world scenarios, such as their
utilization in controlling moving machines, multiplexing circuits, and alarm clocks. A
prominent and essential example Of a synchronous counter in everyday life is the digital clock.
On the other hand, asynchronous counters find their use in frequency dividers, ring and
counters, and various other contexts. An elevator floor indicator serves as a practical
illustration of an asynchronous counter in action. In multi-story buildings equipped with
elevators, these indicators display the current floor number. Hence, both synchronous and
asynchronous counters play vital roles in performing diverse tasks within our reality.