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Calanoids, Cyclopoids, and Cladocerans, Oh My! Zooplankton Trends in the San Francisco Estuary from 2011-2019

Conference Paper · August 2020

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Christina E. Burdi Maria Velazquez

California Department of Water Resources Sonoma State University
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 Calanoids, Cyclopoids, and Cladocerans, Oh My!
Zooplankton Trends in the San Francisco Estuary from 2011-2019
Christina E. Burdi* and Maria Velazquez
Interagency Ecological Program
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
[email protected]

Introduction: Results:
• Zooplankton are prey for many fish species in the San Francisco
Estuary (SFE).
• Species in the SFE vary by salinity tolerance and season.
Regional Species Composition and Salinity
• Regular zooplankton monitoring allows for the detection of • Zooplankton abundance and species composition varied by location, season, and water year type (Fig. 2).
community changes and seasonal trends. • Suisun Bay and Suisun Marsh had the highest species diversity compared to other regions.
• The California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s (CDFW) Summer • Years with lower salinity had higher species abundance, except in the South Delta.
Townet Survey (STN) and Fall Midwater Trawl (FMWT) added • Freshwater species (Bosmina, Sinocalanus) were found in Suisun Bay, Marsh and Confluence during wet years (2011, 2017, 2019).
consistent zooplankton sampling in 2011. • There was an increase in higher salinity tolerant species (Tortanus, O. davisae) during dry years (2013-2015) in these regions.
• The status and trends of zooplankton abundance from these two • Pseudodiaptomus forbesi dominated in all regions.
surveys from 2011-2019 are presented here. • Acartiella sinensis abundance was the second highest in Suisun Bay, Suisun Marsh, and the Confluence.

A B
Acartiella Eurytemora P. forbesi Diaptomus Eurytemora P. forbesi
P. spp Copepodids and Nauplii Sinocalanus Tortanus P. spp Copepodids and Nauplii Sinocalanus Bosmina
O. Davisae Limnoithona Bosmina Daphnia Diaphanosoma PPTSurf
8,000 14 25,000 1.2
Diaphanosoma PPTSurf

Average Surface Salinity (ppt)

7,000 12 1

Average Surface Salinity (ppt)

Average CPUE (#/m3)
Average CPUE (#/m3)

20,000
6,000
10
0.8
5,000 15,000
8

Methods 4,000

3,000
6 10,000
0.6

• Summer Townet conducts samples twice monthly from June to 4

0.4
2,000
August (Fig. 1). 5,000
0.2
1,000 2
• Fall Midwater Trawl samples monthly from September to
0 0 0 0
December (Fig.1).
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
• Zooplankton was collected using a 10-min oblique tow and
processed in lab. Suisun Bay Suisun Marsh Confluence Sacramento River SDWSC South Delta

Figure 2: Average CPUE and surface salinity (ppt) for (A) Suisun Bay, Suisun Marsh, and the Confluence. (B) Sacramento River, SDWSC, and the South Delta. Note the different y-axis scales.

Regional Monthly Trends from 2011-2019

• In most regions the highest abundances occurred during summer and fall and decreased in winter months (Fig. 3).
• This was mostly due to Pseudodiaptomus forbesi and Acartiella sinensis.
• Cyclopoids had higher abundances in winter compared to summer months.
• Overall the South Delta had the highest zooplankton average CPUE, due to Cladocerans and Rotifers.
• 2019 was the year with the highest average CPUE for Suisun Bay and Marsh, due Pseudodiaptomus adults and copepodids.
• 2019 had higher abundances than 2018 in all regions, except the South Delta and Sacramento River.
• Zooplankton abundance decreased in 2019 in the South Delta compared to 2018. Both years were higher than 2017.

Figure 1. Locations of zooplankton sampling stations for FMWT and STN. , and South Delta.
Suisun Bay Suisun Marsh
A s B
Calanoid Adults Calanoid Copepodids Calanoid Nauplii 20,000 Calanoid Adults Calanoid Copepodids Calanoid Nauplii
30,000
Cyclopoid Adults Cyclopoid Copepodids Other Copepod Nauplii Cyclopoid Adults Cyclopoid Copepodids Other Copepod Nauplii
Cladocerans Rotifers Other Cladocerans Rotifers Other
Average CPUE (#/m3)

25,000
Average CPUE (#/m3)

15,000

20,000

10,000
15,000

10,000
5,000
5,000

0 0
7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11

Discussion: 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

• P. forbesi and A. sinensis are more abundant in summer to fall in

the SFE. 1, 2, 3. Confluence C
Sacramento River D
• A. sinensis and P. forbesi both inhabit brackish to fresh water. 1, 3 35,000 Calanoid Adults Calanoid Copepodids Calanoid Nauplii
• Wet water years, especially 2017, allowed for freshwater species Cyclopoid Adults Cyclopoid Copepodids Other Copepod Nauplii
45,000 Calanoid Adults Calanoid Copepodids Calanoid Nauplii
30,000 40,000 Cyclopoid Adults Cyclopoid Copepodids Other Copepod Nauplii
to move further downstream and increase in abundance in Cladocerans Rotifers Other Cladocerans Rotifers Other
35,000
these regions.
Average CPUE (#/m3)
Average CPUE (#/m3)

25,000
30,000
• Dry years allowed more brackish species to move further 20,000 25,000
upstream.
15,000 20,000
• Detecting changes in the zooplankton community can help assist
15,000
with the management of endangered fish species in this region. 10,000
10,000
5,000 5,000

0 0
7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel South Delta

E F
Calanoid Adults Calanoid Copepodids Calanoid Nauplii Calanoid Adults Calanoid Copepodids Calanoid Nauplii
60,000
25,000 Cyclopoid Adults Cyclopoid Copepodids Other Copepod Nauplii Cyclopoid Adults Cyclopoid Copepodids Other Copepod Nauplii
Cladocerans Rotifers Other Cladocerans Rotifers Other
50,000
Average CPUE (#/m3)

20,000
Average CPUE (#/m3)

40,000

Acknowledgements: 15,000
30,000
• We would like to thank the countless people that helped process and collect these samples, 10,000
Tricia Bippus for the zooplankton pictures, and our funding sources, USBR and DWR. 20,000

5,000 10,000

References: 0 0
1. Kayfetz, K. and W. Kimmerer. 2017. Abiotic and biotic controls on the copepod Pseudodiaptomus forbesi in the upper San 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11 7 9 11
Francisco Estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Vol 581 (85-101).
2. Orsi, J.J. and T. C. Walter. 1991. Pseudodiaptomus forbesi and P. marinus (Copepoda: Calanoida), the Latest Copepod Immigrants 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
to California’s Sacramento- San Joaquin Estuary. In: Uye SI, Nishida S, Ho JS (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference
on Copepoda. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, Spec. Vol. p. 553-562. Figure 3. Average CPUE in 2011 to 2018 from June to December in (A) Suisun Bay (B) Suisun Marsh (C) Confluence ( D) Sacramento River (E) SDWSC (F) South Delta.
3. Slater and Baxter. 2014. Diet, Prey Selection, and Body Condition of Age-0 Delta Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus, in the Upper
San Francisco Estuary. San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 12(3).

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