CH4 Chapter 4 Bouyancy and Floatatio 11

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FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS
4 BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION
1. INTRODUCTION
When a body is immersed in a fluid, an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body. This
upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called the forces
of buoyancy or buoyancy.
In Horizontal Direction:
In Vertical Direction:
Buoyancy force on strip,

dFB = (P2 – P1) dA
= g (h2 – h1) dA
= ρgh dA (i)
Here, h dA = volume displaced
Integrating equation (i), we get
FB = g Vdisplaced
FB = weight of displacement.
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2. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
When a body submerged or immersed (fully or partially) in a static fluid, a net hydrostatic force
acts on the body in the vertically upward direction. This force is known as up thrust or Buoyant
force and value of this force is the weight of displaced fluid by the body.
Example: A stone weighs 392.4 N in air and 196.2 N in water. Compute the volume of stone
and its specific gravity.
Solution:
Given: Weight of stone in air = 392.4 N
Weight of stone in water = 196.2 N
For equilibrium,
Weight in air – Weight of stone in water = buoyancy force by the fluid = Weight of water
displaced
392.4 – 196.2 = 196.2 = 1000 × 9.81 × Volume of water displaced
196.2
So, Volume of water displaced = × 106 = 2 × 104 𝑐𝑚3
1000×9.81
Which is equal to volume of the stone.

Specific Gravity of Stone:
𝑊𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 392.4
Mass of stone = = = 40 kg
𝑔 9.81
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 40
Density of stone = = 1 = 2000 kg/m3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
50
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 2000

Specific gravity of stone = = =2
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000
3. IMPORTANT DEFINITION
(i) Centre of Buoyancy: It is a point, through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to
act. As the force of buoyancy is a vertical force and is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the body, the centre of buoyancy will be
(ii) Meta – Centre: It is defined as point about which a body starts oscillating when the body
is tilted by a small angle.
Also, it is the point at which the line of action of forces of buoyancy will meet the normal axis
of the body when the body is given a small angular displacement.
(iii) Meta Centre Height: The distance MG, i.e. the distance between the meta centre of a
floating body and the centre of gravity of the body is called meta centric height.
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4. EFFECT OF DISTURBANCES
(i) Submerged Body
There is no change in the shape of displaced volume during disturbances so centre of buoyancy
remains at the same point of vertical axis of the body.
(ii) Floating Body
The shape of displaced volume changes during disturbances so centre of buoyancy changes its
location and shifts from the vertical axis of the body.
5. STABILITY OF SUBMERGED BODY
(i) Unstable Condition
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(ii) Neutral condition
(iii) Stable Condition
6. STABILITY OF FLOATING BODY
(a) Neutral Equilibrium (M and G coincide with each other)

(b) Stable Equilibrium (M is above G i.e. GM > 0)
(c) Unstable Equilibrium (M is below G i.e. GM < 0)
Note: Higher the GM of body, higher will be the stability.
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7. META CENTRIC HEIGHT
I
GM = − BG
Vdisplaced
Here,
𝑰
= 𝑩𝑴.
𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅
I = moment of inertia of the plane cut by free surfaced level of liquid.

Cases of equilibrium:
GM > 0 → Stable equilibrium
GM = 0 → Neutral equilibrium
GM < 0 → Unstable equilibrium.
Example: A block of wood of specific gravity 0.7 floats in water. Determine the metacentric
height of the block if its size is 2 m × 1 × 0.8 m.
Given: Dimension of block = 2 × 1 × 0.8

Let depth of immersion = h m
Specific gravity of wood = 0.7
Weight of wooden piece = Weight density of wood × Volume
= 0.7 × 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8 N
Weight of water displaced = Weight density of water × Volume of the wood sub
merged in water = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × h N
For equilibrium,
Weight of wooden piece = Weight of water displaced
⇒ 700 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8 = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × h
⇒ h = 0.56 m
ℎ 0.56
Distance of centre of Buoyancy from bottom, i.e., AB = = = 0.28m
2 2
0.8
And, AG = = 0.4m
2
BG = AG – AB = 0.4 – 0.28 = 0.12 m

The meta-centric height is given by:
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𝐼
𝐺𝑀 = − 𝐵𝐺
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
1
where 𝐼 = × 2 × 13 = 0.167 m4
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Volume of water displaced = 2 × 1 × h = 2 × 1 × .56 = 1.12 m3

0.167
𝐺𝑀 = − 012 = 0.029 m
1.12
8. ROLLING AND PITCHING
The angular displacement of a boat or ship about its longitudinal axis is known as 'rolling'
while that about its transverse axis is known as "pitching".
bl 3 lb3
Ixx = ; Iyy =
12 12
(BM )xx = VIxx ,(BM )y−y = V yy

I
disp disp
Since, IXX > IYY
KG2
T = 2
gGM
(BM )pitching  (BM )rolling

Time period of Oscillation of the floating body:
The time period of the oscillation is given by the following expression:
KG2
T = 2
gGM
Since GM ( )pitching  (GM )rolling
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Increasing the metacentric height gives the greater stability but reduces the time period of the
roll so the ship will be less comfortable for the passengers.
Note: While designing boats and ships, (BM )rolling must always be taken because if the ship
designed in rolling condition is stable then the boat will be stable in all the cases.
Example: A submarine is rolling under seawater whose radius of gyration is 12 m and period
of oscillation of rolling of ship is 22 seconds then nearest metacentric height in metres is
______.
Sol.
Time period of ship T= 22 sec
GM = 1.197 m
GM = 1.2 m
****

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FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

4 BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION

Buoyancy force on strip,

Which is equal to volume of the stone.

𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 2000

(i) Submerged Body

5. STABILITY OF SUBMERGED BODY

(i) Unstable Condition

(iii) Stable Condition

6. STABILITY OF FLOATING BODY

(a) Neutral Equilibrium (M and G coincide with each other)

I = moment of inertia of the plane cut by free surfaced level of liquid.

Given: Dimension of block = 2 × 1 × 0.8

BG = AG – AB = 0.4 – 0.28 = 0.12 m

Volume of water displaced = 2 × 1 × h = 2 × 1 × .56 = 1.12 m3

8. ROLLING AND PITCHING

(BM )xx = VIxx ,(BM )y−y = V yy

Since, IXX > IYY

(BM )pitching  (BM )rolling

Since GM ( )pitching  (GM )rolling

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