PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024:chapter
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024:chapter
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024:chapter
1Mark Questions 12.In aquatic plants like water hyacinth and water
Lily the pollinating agent is
1. In maize the chromosome number present in (a) Wind and insect
the meiocyte is 20. Give the number of (b) Water
chromosomes present in the following: (c) Birds and butterflies
(a) Maize pollen (d) Aquatic organisms 2016 Say
(b) Maize endosperm
2012 March
13.The hard outer layer of pollen is composed of
2. Innermost wall layer of microsporangium (a) Exine
which nourishes the developing pollengrain is (b) Intine
called_______ 2012 Say (c) Integument
3. After syngamy and triple fusion in embryosac, (d) Sporopollenin 2016 Say
5.From the following, select the two having 15.Observe the relationship between the first two
haploid chromosome number. terms and fill in the blank.
a) Egg b) Endosperm Intine : Cellulose
c) Zygote d) Pollen 2014 March Exine : __________
2017 1st term
6.In flowering plants during double fertilization
two events take place in the embryosac namely 16.The hard outer layer of pollengrain is
___________and ____________ composed of
2014 March
(a) cellulose (b) pectin
7.Development of fruit without fertilization and (c) suberin (d) sporopollenin
are seedless known as... 2018 Model
(a)Polyembryony (b)Apomixis
17.Which among the following is the female
(c)Parthenocarpy (d)Parthenogenesis
2015 March gametophyte of angiosperms ?
a. Nucellus b. Antipodals
8.In some seeds the nucellus may be persistent. c. Embryosac d. Endosperm
Such nucellus is called 2018 1st term
(a)Endosperm (b)Scutellum 18.Choose the correct answer.
(c)Plumule (d)Perisperm 2016 March A parthenocarpic fruit is :
(a) Banana (b) Apple
9.What is a false fruit ? Cite an example. 2016 March
(c) Strawberry (d) Guava 2019 Say
10.The development of pollengrains in 19.Observe the relationship between the first two
angiosperms is called_________ terms and fill in the blank.
(a) Microsporogenesis Funicle : Stalk of the ovule
(b) Embryogenesis ________ : Protective Envelopes of the ovule
(c) Megasporogenesis 2019 Say
(d) Gametogenesis 2016 Say
20.Observe the figure given below. Identify the
11.Which of the following part in a flower is structure.
haploid ?
(a) Anther wall
(b) Pollen mother cell
(c) Synergid
(d) Secondary nucleus 2016 Say 2019 1st term
-1-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 1- Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
21.Observe the relationship between the first two 32.Choose the correct answer. The innermost
terms and fill in the blank. wall layer of microsporangium that give
Intine : Cellulose and pectin nutrition to pollen grain is called ________.
Exine : ___________ 2019 1st term (a) Epidermis (b) Endothecium
(c) Middle layer (d) Tapetum
22.Choose the correct answer and fill in the blank.
2023 Model
_______ is the female gametophyte of
angiosperms 33.Choose the correct answer.
(a) Embryosac (b) Nucellus The residual persistent nucellus is called_______.
(c) Integument (d) Pollen grain 2020 model (Pericarp, Tapetum, Scutellum, Perisperm)
2023 March
23.Observe the relationship between the first two
terms and fill in the blank. 34.Observe the figure of two celled Pollengrain.
Endothecium : Protection; Label A. 2023 Say
-2-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 1- Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
8.Most of the plants produce single type of
2 Marks Questions flowers but Viola, Commelina and Oxalis
1. Raju went to a Rice Research station on his produce two types of flowers. Explain. 2014 Say
study tour. There he noticed a scientist working 9.The chromosome number of onion = 16 (2n).
on a rice plants using scissors and forceps. To Find the chromosome number in the following
his surprise he saw the scientist covering the cells with reasons.
inflorescences with paper bags. a) Endosperm cells
(a) Name the techniques the b) Zygote 2015 Say
scientist was doing
10.Many of the flowering plants have developed
(b) Give the purpose of these
some devices for discouraging inbreeding.
techniques
2012 March Write any two of them. 2016 March
17.Fruit formation in apple is different from that 29.Observe the figure and label the parts A, B, C
in banana. and D
a) How do fruits develop in them ?
b) Write the name of these fruits.
2017 1st term
superior varieties of crops by artificial 30.The early stages of embryo development are
hybridization. Write the events of artificial similar in both dicots and monocots. However,
hybridization in correct order. mature embryos have differences. Write two
2017 2nd term
differences between dicot embryo and
20.Artificial hybridisation is one of the major monocot embryo 2019 March
approaches for crop improvement programme. 31.Double fertilization is a characteristic feature
Suggest the techniques used to protect the of angiosperms.
stigma of bisexual flowers during (a) Which are the events in double
hybridisation. 2018 Model fertilization ?
21.Flowering plants have developed many devices (b) Name the triploid nucleus formed
to discourage self pollination and to encourage as a result of double fertilization.
2019 March
cross pollination. List out such features found
32.Observe the diagram of young anther given
in plants. 2018 Model below.
(a) Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C
22.In angiosperms during fertilization two types and D
of fusion occur in the embryosac. (b) Which layer nourishes the
a) Name the types of fusion developing pollengrains ?
b) Which are the nuclei involved in each
fusion 2018 Model
seen. Name this condition and give an 48.Write four peculiarities of insect pollinated
flowers. 2021 March
example. 2019 1st term
49.Banana is a Parthenocarpic fruit. What are
38.Observe the events given below.
parthenocarpic fruits? How can be
Embryogenesis, Gametogenesis, Syngamy parthenocarpy induced ? 2021 March
Choose a post-fertilization event from the
above and define it 2019 1st term 50.Different stages of development in a dicot
embryo are given below. Arrange them the
39.The innermost wall layer of Microsporangium correct sequential order.
is Tapetum.
(a) What is its function ? Heart shaped embryo, globular embryo,
(b) Write two features of tapetal cells. mature embryo, pro-embryo 2021 March
2020 model
51.Self incompatibility is an outbreeding
40.How can you differentiate true fruits from mechanism seen in plants. Explain self
false fruits ? 2020 March
incompatibility. 2021 March
41.Flowers are classified into Chasmogamous and
Cleistogamous flowers. 52.What is the vital link that ensures continuity of
(a) Cleistogamous flowers are species between organisms of one generation
autogamous. Justify. to next generation and define embryogenesis.
(b) Define autogamy 2020 Say 2021 Say
42.A typical angiosperm embryo sac is 8-nucleate 53.Banana is a Parthenocarpic fruit.
and 7-celled. (a) What are Parthenocarpic fruits ?
(a) Name the cells that constitute egg (b) How Parthenocarpy can be induced ?
apparatus. 2021 Say
(b) Explain monosporic type of embryo
sac development. 2020 Say 54.Arrange the steps of artificial hybridisation in a
43.Observe the figure given below. correct sequencial order.
Bagging Self pollination Selection of parents
2021 Say
Emasculation.
55.Write any four devices to discourage self-
pollination and to encourage cross pollination
in flowering plants. 2021 Say
62.Observe the figure of Monocot seed and label 69.Identify the given figure and label the parts
the parts marked as A, B, C & D. 2023 Model
given below :
Plumule, Cotyledons, Radicle, Root cap
2024 Model
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PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 1- Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
6.Observe the figure given below.
(a) Name the parts 1, 2, and 3
(b) Write the peculiarities of
the identified parts
3 Marks Questions
10.Pollengrains represent the male gametophyte.
1.The developmental stages of male gametes in a. Outer hard layer of pollen is made of____
plants consists of microsporogenesis and male
gametophyte. Arrange the following terms in b. Name the two cells present inside a
their correct developmental sequence. typical pollengrain.
Pollen grain How these cells differ from each other ?
Sporogenous tissue 2018 1st term
Anther
Microspore tetrad 11.Flowering plants have developed many devices
Pollen mother cell
Male gamete 2014 March to encourage cross pollination. Find out any
three such devices in angiosperms.
2.Double fertilization and triple fusion are the 2018 1st term
two terms associated with angiosperm
fertilization. 12.Observe the figure given below.
(a) What is double fertilization ?
(b) Explain triple fusin
(c) Give the ploidy level of
(i) endosperm
(ii) zygote 2017 Say
2021 Say
4 Marks Questions
1. Artificial hybridization is one of the major 5 Marks Questions
approaches for crop improvement programme. 1.Sunflower is pollinated by insects while rice is
In such crosses it is important to avoid pollinated by wind.
unwanted pollen. a) How these plants are adapted to
a) Explain how can we protect stigma from their respective type of pollination
unwanted pollen. method ? (Hint-any 4 points)
b) How artificial pollination can be b) Plants can be self or cross
performed ? 2013 March pollinated. Write any two
2. Flowering plants evolved an array of mechanisms existing in nature to
adaptations to achieve pollination. promote cross pollination
2014 March
a) Explain pollination
2.Given below is the diagram of a mature
b) Point out adaptations found in
embryosac in angiosperm.
flowers for insect pollination and
Label the parts a,b, c and d.
wind pollination
What is double fertilization ?
c) Illustrate pollination in vallisnaria
2013 March Mention the ploidy of zygote
and PEN.
3. Egg cell formation in angiosperms involves
megasporogenesis and female gametophyte
development.
a) Briefly write the various steps involved
2022 Model
in female gametophyte development.
b) Mature angiosperm embryosac at 3.Pollination is an important mechanism found in
maturity, though 8 nucleated is 7 celled. flowering plants.
What is your explanation related to this (a) Define Pollination.
statement, explain ? 2014 Say (b) Write short note on :
4.Reeja a science student observed the structure (1) Autogamy
of a mature embryosac comprising antipodals, (2) Geitonogamy
central cells and egg apparatus. Explain each (3) Xenogamy 2022 March
in each ovary, numerous flowers packed into an Pollen grains Female flower Flowers are
inflorescence are light, reach the large,
Vallisnaria: Water pollinated- Female flower non-sticky, surface of colourful,
reach the surface of water by the long stalk and well-exposed
stamens, large water by the fragrant and
the male flowers or pollen grains are released on often feathery long stalk and rich in nectar,
to the surface of water. Pollen grains are stigma, flowers the male small flowers
protected from wetting by a mucilaginous often have a flowers or are clustered
covering. single ovule in pollen grains into an
each ovary, are released on inflorescence,
Rose: Insect pollinated- Flowers are large, numerous
colourful, fragrant and rich in nectar, small flowers packed to the surface Pollen grains
flowers are clustered into an inflorescence, Pollen into an of water. Pollen are sticky
grains are sticky Adaptations inflorescence grains are (any 2)
(any 2) protected from
wetting by a
mucilaginous
covering.
5 Marks Questions Pollen grains
in some are
1. a) Sunflower: Insect pollinated- Flowers are large, long, ribbon
colourful, fragrant and rich in nectar, small like and they
flowers are clustered into an inflorescence, Pollen are carried
grains are sticky (any 4) passively
Rice:Wind pollinated-Pollen grains are light, inside the
non-sticky, well-exposed stamens, large often water (any 2)
feathery stigma, flowers often have a single ovule
in each ovary, numerous flowers packed into an
inflorescence (any 4)
b)Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not
synchronised
Anther and stigma are placed at different
positions
Self-incompatibility
Production of unisexual flowers (any 2)
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PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 2- Biotechnology : Principles and Processes
1Mark Questions 8. Fill in the blank:
1.Identify the missing feature of a cloning vector. The restriction enzyme EcoRI is isolated
Recognition site for from the bacterium.............. 2021 Model
resriction enzyme 9. In recombinant DNA technology, DNA
fragments are joined by the help of the enlyme.
Cloning vector ----------- (a) DNA ligase
(b) DNA polyrnerase
(c) Restriction enzyme
Selectable (d) Restriction enzyme 2021 Model
marker 2017 2nd term
10.Choose the correctly matched pair from the
2. In Gel electrophoresis the separated DNA following:
fragments can be visualized after staining. (a)Gelelectrophoresis - Used to produce
Name the stain used for it. 2018 Say biological products
in large quantity
3. What is the function of Restriction
(b) Bioreactors - Separation of DNA
Endonuclease in recombinant DNA
fragments
technology ?
(c) PCR - Amplification of
(a) Link together fragments of DNA
gene 2021 March
(b) Make millions of copies of DNA
(c) Cut DNA into many fragments 11.Fill in the blanks :
(d) Separate fragments of DNA In rDNA technology, the DNA fragments can be
2019 March separated by a technique called _____. 2021 Say
4. Choose the correct answer.
DNA fragments with same kind of sticky 12.Observe the relationship of the first pair and fill
ends can be joined by : in the blank.
(A) Ligase (B) Endonuclease Restriction enzyme : Cutting of DNA
(C) Exonuclease (D) Polymerase _________: Joining of DNA fragments.
2022 Model
2019 1st term
2 Marks Questions
1. Genetic engineering include creation of
recombinant DNA with the help of restriction
enzymes.
a) Explain recombinant DNA technology
b) What are restriction enzymes ?
Name a restriction enzyme. 2013 March
8. Observe the cloning vector and explain the i. Gel electrophoresis a. Cloning vector
following: ii. Polymerase Chain b.Ethidium bromide
Reaction
iii.Restriction c. Molecular diagnosis
a) Ori endonuclease
b) Bam HI iv. pBR 322 d. EcoRI
2017 2nd term
2015 Say 17. Distinguish the activity of endonuclease from
exonuclease. 2017 2nd term
9. A multinational company successfully cloned a
gene of interest and also optimized the 18. Isolation of DNA from plant cell involves many
conditions to induce the expression of target steps. Explain the different steps. 2018 Model
protein.
(a) Name the apparatus for large scale 19. Identify the figure given below and explain the
production of such proteins. principles behind it.
(b) Briefly explain the apparatus. 2015 Say
21.(a)Expand PCR.
16.(a) Write the name of the process given in the (b)What are the three steps involved in PCR?
figure. (c)What are primers ? 2024 Model
(b) What is the purpose of this process in rDNA 22. Observe the figure given below:
technology? (1) Fill in the blanks a, b, & c in the figure.
(2) Write the name of this process.
(c) What is the name of thermostable DNA (3) What is the name of thermostable DNA
polymerase enzyme used in this technique? polymerase enzyme used in this technique?
2023 Model 2024 March
-7-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 2- Biotechnology : Principles and Processes
4 Marks Questions 5 Marks Questions
1. Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes 1.The given diagram depicts the separation of DNA
used to cut the DNA molecules. fragments.
(a) Give the general term for the specific
sequences where these enzymes cut
the DNA.
(b) Name the enzyme that joints the
foreign DNA and vector DNA.
(c) Give any two procedurs to introduce
the recombinant DNA into the host
cell. 2012 March
2. During genetic engineering Vector with (a) Identify the technique.
foreign DNA is transferred into a host (b) How can you visualize the separated
bacterium. The next target will be the DNA fragments in this technique ?
selection of transformants from (c) What is elution ? 2022 Model
non-transformants.
2.Restriction enzymes are widely used in
How antibiotic resistance and insertional
Biotechnology.
inactivation is exploited for this purpose ?
(a) Name two kinds of restriction enzymes.
2012 March
(b) Explain the naming procedure of
3. While studying necleotide sequence, Raj restriction enzymes with one example.
found the following sequence which can be 2022 March
recognized by some enzymes:
3.PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction:
5' - GAATTC - 3'
(a) What is the function of PCR in rDNA
3' - CTTAAG - 5'
technology?
a) Give salient features of this sequence.
(b) Name the three steps in PCR.
b) Write name of enzymes which recognize
(c) Name the DNA polymerase enzyme used
such sequences.
in PCR and the bacterium from which it
c) Elaborate importance of this enzyme in 2022 Say
is isolated.
Genetic engineering. 2012 Say
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PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024-Answer key : Chapter 2- Biotechnology : Principles and Processes
1Mark Questions 2 Marks Questions
1.Origin of replication (ori) 1. a) Recombinant DNA technology deals with
2.Ethidium bromide combining foreign DNA to the DNA of a cell to
3.(c) Cut DNA into many fragments change the characters
4.(A) Ligase b) Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific
5.C) Hind II locations. Hind II/EcoRI
6.(c) ampR 2. Restriction enzymes
7.1) 5' - GAATTC - 3' Eco - Escherichia coli
3' - CTTAAG - 5' R - derived from the name of strain RY 13
8.Escherichia coli/E.coli I - the order in which the enzyme is isolated from
9.(a) DNA ligase that strain of bacteria
10.(c)PCR - Amplification of gene 3. a) Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR
11.Gel electrophoresis b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
12.DNA ligase 4. (i) identification of DNA with desirable genes
13.Hind II (ii) introduction of the identified DNA into the host
14.DNA ligase (iii) maintenance of introduced DNA in the host
15.Thermus aquaticus and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.
16.Bioreactor 5. Origin of replication (ori), Selectable marker,
17.(a) Exonuclease Cloning sites, Vectors for cloning genes in plants &
18.Gel electrophoresis animals (any 2)
19.(b) Gel Electrophoresis : Separation of DNA- 6. (a) Used to combine DNA fragments
Fragments
20. (a) Microinjection (b) Helps to cut DNA at specific locations
21. (i) Plant cell 7. Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
Cellulase
8. a) It is a sequence in the DNA from where
22. Restriction enzymes replication starts
23. Spooling/Gel electrophoresis/Elution b) It is the resriction site for BamH I
9. (a) Bioreactor
(b) They are vessels in which raw materials are
biologically converted into specific products,
individual enzymes, etc., using microbial
plant, animal or human cells. A bioreactor
provides the optimal conditions for achieving
the desired product by providing optimum
growth conditions like temperature, pH,
substrate, salts, vitamins,oxygen.
10. A. Motor B. Foam breaker C. Flat bed impeller
D. Acid/Base for pH control
11. (a) Plasmids/Bacteriophages/Agrobacterium
tumifaciens/Retroviruses (any 1)
(b) The enzyme extends the primers using the
nucleotides provided in the reaction and the
genomic DNA as template
12.The DNA fragments can be separated by gel
electrophoresis. Since DNA fragments are
negatively charged molecules they can be
separated by forcing them to move towards the
anode under an electric field through a medium/
matrix.The DNA fragments separate according to
their size through sieving effect provided by the
agarose gel. Hence, the smaller the fragment size,
the farther it moves. The separated DNA fragments
-9-
20. (a) Agarose gel
can be visualised only after staining the DNA with
(b) Elution
a compound known as ethidium bromide followed
21. (a) pBR322/Cloning vector
by exposure to UVradiation
(b) (i) tetracycline resistance gene/antibiotic
13.(a) Polymerase Chain Reaction
resistance gene
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
(ii) proteins involved in the replication of the
(b) Plasmids are autonomously replicating circular
plasmid
extra-chromosomal DNA present in some
(iii) Origin of replication
bacteria
22. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)
Origin of replication (ori), Selectable marker,
Two sets of primers (small chemically
Cloning sites, Vectors for cloning genes in
synthesised oligonucleotides that are
plants & animals (any 3)
complementary to the regions of DNA) and the
14. Origin of replication (ori): It is a sequence from
enzyme DNA polymerase.
where replication starts and any piece of DNA
23. a. Palindromic sequence
when linked to this sequence can be made to
b. EcoRI
replicate within the host cells.
24. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Selectable marker: Sequence which helps in
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
identifying and eliminating non- transformants
25. Restriction enzymes
and selectively permitting the growth of the
EcoRI/Hind II
transformants.
26. a) pBR322
15. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)
b) Origin of replication (ori), Selectable marker,
(b) Thermus aquaticus
Cloning sites, Vectors for cloning genes in
16.
plants & animals (any 3)
Column A Column B 27. a) Recognition sequence/Palindromic sequence
i. Gel electrophoresis b.Ethidium bromide b) EcoRI
ii. Polymerase Chain c. Molecular diagnosis 28. Recognition sequence/Palindromic sequence.
Reaction Palindromic sequence in DNA is a sequence
iii.Restriction d. EcoRI of base pairs that reads same on the two strands
endonuclease when orientation of reading is kept the same.
iv. pBR 322 a. Cloning vector 29.
A B
17. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends (a) Cloning Vector (v) pBR322
of the DNA. (b) Separation of DNA (iii) Electrophoresis
Endonucleases make cuts at specific positions fragments
within the DNA. (c) PCR (ii)Taq polymerase
18. To release DNA, the plant tissue is treated with (d) Converts raw
enzyme cellulase. The RNA can be removed by materials into (i) Bioreactor
treatment with ribonuclease whereas proteins specific products
can be removed by treatment with protease.
Purified DNA precipitates out after the addition 30. The first letter of the name comes from the genus
of chilled ethanol. and the second two letters come from the species
19. Gel electrophoresis. Since DNA fragments are of the prokaryotic cell from which they were
negatively charged molecules they can be isolated. The third letter is derived from the name
separated by forcing them to move towards the of strain and Roman number following the names
anode under an electric field through a medium/ indicate the order in which the enzymes were
matrix. isolated from that strain of bacteria.
31.a) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
b) Thermus aquaticus
32.a) Palindromic sequence
b) Palindromic sequence in DNA is a sequence
of base pairs that reads same on the two
strands in the same direction.
-10-
33. The DNA fragments can be separated by gel 42. Selectable markers: ampR, tetR
electrophoresis. Since DNA fragments are Ori : It is a sequence from where replication starts
negatively charged molecules they can be and any piece of DNA when linked to this
separated by forcing them to move towards the sequence can be made to replicate within the
anode under an electric field through a medium/ host cells.
43. A series of processes before it is ready for
matrix.The DNA fragments separate according to
marketing as a finished product. The processes
their size through sieving effect provided by the
include separation and purification, product
agarose gel. Hence, the smaller the fragment size,
has to be formulated with suitable preservatives,
the farther it moves. The separated DNA fragments thorough clinical trials as in case of drugs, Strict
can be visualised only after staining the DNA with quality control testing for each product.
a compound known as ethidium bromide followed 44. Exonucleases : remove nucleotides from the ends
by exposure to UVradiation of the DNA.
34. (a) Microinjection : recombinant DNA is directly Endonucleases : make cuts at specific positions
injected into the nucleus of an animal cell. within the DNA.
(b) Biolistics : plant cells are bombarded with high 45. Palindromic sequence in DNA is a sequence
velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten of base pairs that reads same on the two
coated with DNA strands in the same direction.
35. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction GAATTC
(b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension 46. (a) pBR322
36. By treating them with a specific concentration of (b) Origin of replication (ori), Selectable marker,
Cloning sites, Vectors for cloning genes in
a divalent cation, such as calcium, which
plants & animals (any 3)
increases the efficiency with which DNA enters
47. Micro-injection : recombinant DNA is directly
the bacterium through pores in its cell wall
injected into the nucleus of an animal cell/
37. a) Denaturation b) Annealing c) Extension biolistics or gene gun : plant cells are bombarded
d) Taq polymerase with high velocity micro-particles of gold or
38. E - Escherichia/First letter of genus name tungsten coated with DNA/disarmed pathogen
co - coli/ first two letters of species name vectors : when allowed to infect the cell, transfer
R - derived from the name of strain RY 13 the recombinant DNA into the host.(any 2)
I - the order in which the enzyme is isolated 48. (a) Restriction enzymes
from that strain of bacteria (b) Cutting of DNA at specific locations
39. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction 49. The separated DNA fragments can be visualised
(b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension only after staining the DNA with a compound
40. (a) Simple stirred-tank bioreactor/Bioreactor known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure
(b) Large volumes (100-1000 litres) of culture to UV radiation
can be processed/provides the optimal 50. (a) Taq polymerase
(b) Thermus aquaticus
conditions for achieving the desired product
51. By treating bacteria with a specific concentration
by providing optimum growth conditions/has
of a divalent cation, such as calcium, which
an agitator system/has an oxygen delivery
increases the efficiency with which DNA enters the
system /has a foam control system/has a bacterium through pores in its cell wall.
temperature control system/has a pH Recombinant DNA can then be forced into such
control system and sampling ports so that cells by incubating the cells with recombinant DNA
small volumes of the culture can be on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 420 C
withdrawn periodically (any 1) (heat shock), and then putting them back on ice.
41. First letter - First letter of genus name of bacteria 52. By treating bacteria with a specific concentration
2nd and 3rd letters - First two letters of species of a divalent cation, such as calcium, which
name of bacteria increases the efficiency with which DNA enters the
bacterium through pores in its cell wall.
4th letter - derived from the name of strain of
Recombinant DNA can then be forced into such
bacteria cells by incubating the cells with recombinant DNA
Roman number - the order in which the enzyme on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 420 C
is isolated from that strain of bacteria -11- (heat shock), and then putting them back on ice.
53. (a) Multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of 5. (a) Taq polymerase
interest can be synthesised (b) Small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides
(b) Taq polymerase that are complementary to the regions of DNA
54. Taq polymerase (c) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
It remain active during the high temperature 6. (a) Hind II
induced denaturation of double stranded DNA/ (b) First letter - First letter of genus name of
Thermostable bacteria
55. (a) It is a technique used to separate fragments of 2nd and 3rd letters - First two letters of species
DNA name of bacteria
(b) Agarose gel 4th letter - derived from the name of strain of
56. (a) Recombinant DNA is directly injected into the bacteria
nucleus of an animal cell. Roman number - the order in which the enzyme
(b) plant cells are bombarded with high is isolated from that strain of bacteria
velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten 7. (a) Selectable markers are genes/DNA sequence in
coated with DNA. a cloning vector which help to identify
57. Bioprocess engineering, Genetic Engineering recombinants and non-recombinants.
58. Micro-injection- a method in which, recombinant ampR , tetR
DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an (b) Origin of Replication ( Ori)
animal cell. Cloning site
Biolistics/Gene Gun- suitable for plant cells which, Vectors for cloning genes in plants & animals
are bombarded with high velocity micro-particles (any 2)
of gold or tungsten coated with DNA. 8. a) Gel electrophoresis
b)Since DNA fragments are negatively charged
molecules they can be separated by forcing them
3 Marks Questions to move towards the anode under an electric field
1.a)1) PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction through a medium/matrix.The DNA fragments
2) ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent separate according to their size through sieving
Assay effect provided by the agarose gel. Hence, the
3) GEAC - Genetic Engineering Approval smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.
Committee The separated DNA fragments can be visualised
4) GMO - Genetically Modified Organism only after staining the DNA with a compound
b) 1) 5' - GAATTC - 3' known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure
3' - CTTAAG - 5' to UV radiation.
2. 1) Force DNA to move through gel 9. (i) identification of DNA with desirable genes
2) Stain DNA with ethidium bromide (ii) introduction of the identified DNA into the host
3) Expose to UV light (iii) maintenance of introduced DNA in the host
4) Cut out DNA bands and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.
3. (a) Gel electrophoresis 10.(a) Hind II
(b) The separated DNA fragments can be (b) First letter - First letter of genus name of
visualised after staining the DNA with a bacteria
compound known as ethidium bromide 2nd and 3rd letters - First two letters of species
followed by exposure to UV radiation name of bacteria
(c) 500bp. 4th letter - derived from the name of strain of
The smaller the fragment size, the farther it bacteria
moves. Roman number - the order in which the enzyme
4. Micro-injection : recombinant DNA is directly is isolated from that strain of bacteria
injected into the nucleus of an animal cell. 11. (a) A-Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR
Biolistics or gene gun : plant cells are bombarded B-Gel electrophoresis
with high velocity micro-particles of gold or (b) A-Amplification of desired gene
tungsten coated with DNA. B-Separation of DNA fragments
Disarmed pathogen vectors : when allowed to 12. (a) Gel electrophoresis
infect the cell, transfer the recombinant DNA into (b) Separation of DNA fragments
the host. -12-
(c) Ethidium bromide
13. (c) Isolation of DNA 4 Marks Questions
(e) Fragmentation of DNA 1. (a) Recognition sequence
(f) Isolation of desired DNA fragment (b) DNA ligase
(a) Ligation of DNA fragment into a vector (c) Micro-injection : recombinant DNA is directly
(d) Transferring the rDNA into the host injected into the nucleus of an animal cell.
(b) Culturing of host cells in a medium at Biolistics or gene gun : plant cells are bombarded
large scale with high velocity micro-particles of gold or
14. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction tungsten coated with DNA.
(b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension Disarmed pathogen vectors : when allowed to
(c) Taq polymerase infect the cell, transfer the recombinant DNA into
15. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR the host. (any 2)
(b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension 2. The ligation of alien DNA is carried out at a
(c) Small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides restriction site present in one of the two
that are complementary to the regions of DNA antibiotic resistance genes. The recombinant
16. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR plasmids will lose antibiotic resistance.
(b) Amplification of desired gene
The foreign DNA is inserted within the coding
(c) Taq polymerase
sequence of an enzyme, ß-galactosidase.This
17. E - Escherichia/First letter of genus name results into inactivation of the gene for synthesis of
co - coli/ first two letters of species name this enzyme. Presence of insert results into
R - derived from the name of strain RY 13 insertional inactivation of the ß-galactosidase gene
I - the order in which the enzyme is isolated and the colonies do not produce any colour in the
from that strain of bacteria presence of a chromogenic substance.
18. (a) Palindromic sequence in DNA is a sequence 3. a) This is the palindromic recognition sequence of
of base pairs that reads same on the two EcoRI. A palindromic sequence in DNA is a
strands in the same direction. sequence of base pairs that reads same on the
(b) EcoRI cuts the DNA in between the base pairs two strands in the same direction.
G and A in the sequence GAATTC on both b) Restriction enzymes/EcoRI
strands. c) Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at
(c) Sticky ends helps easy joining of cut ends of specific sequences.
4. Isolation of DNA
DNA by ligase
Cutting and separation of DNA fragments
19. (a) Escherichia coli/E.coli
Amplification desired DNA fragment using PCR
(b) E - Escherichia/First letter of genus name Ligation of DNA fragment into a vector
co - coli/ first two letters of species name Transferring the rDNA into the host
R - derived from the name of strain RY 13 Culturing of host cells in a medium at large scale
I - the order in which the enzyme is isolated Obtaining the foreign gene product
from that strain of bacteria Downstream processing
20. (a) Bioreactor 5 Marks Questions
(b) A. Motor B. Sterile air 1. (a) Gel electrophoresis
(c) Large volumes (100-1000 litres) of raw (b) Stain DNA with ethidium bromide and expose
materials are biologically converted into to UV light
specific products, individual enzymes, etc. (c) The separated bands of DNA are cut out from
using microbial, plant, animal or human cells. the agarose gel and extracted from the gel
21. (a) Polymerase Chain Reaction piece. This step is known as elution.
(b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension 2. (a) Restriction endonuclease
(c) Small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides Restriction exonuclease
that are complementary to the regions of DNA (b) E - Escherichia/First letter of genus name
22. (1) a) Denaturation b) Annealing c) Extension co - coli/ first two letters of species name
(2) PCR/Polymerase Chain Reaction R - derived from the name of strain RY 13
(3) Taq Polymerase I - the order in which the enzyme is isolated
from that strain of bacteria
3. (a) Amplification of desired gene
(b) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
-13- (c) Taq polymerase, Thermus aquaticus
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 3- Biotechnology and its applications
1Mark Questions 12. What does Bt stand for in Bt cotton ? 2021 Say
1. The regeneration of whole plants from any part 13. Fill in the blank.
of the plant grown under sterile conditions is Animals that have their DNA altered and
express a foreign gene are known as______
called tissue culture. 2022 Model
(a) The general term for the part of the
plant taken out for tissue culture 14. Expand ELISA. 2022 March
b) State the reason for the selection of this 18. Fill in the blank:
part as the explant. Animals that have had their DNA manipulated
2014 March
to possess and express an extra gene are
3. Bt cotton is regarded as an important known as _________ 2023 Say
achievement of genetic engineering. What
does Bt stands for ? 2014 March 19. Crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria
4. Biotechnology in agriculture will lead to pest do not kill the bacteria themselves because,
resistant plants, which could decrease the (a) bacteria are resistant to the toxin.
amount of pesticides used. For example Bt (b) toxin is immature.
cotton. Expand the letter 'B' and 't'. 2015 March
(c) toxin is inactive.
5. In 1997, an American company got patent (d) bacteria enclose toxin in specific sac.
rights on Basmati rice through the U.S. Patents
2023 2nd term
and Trademark Office. Variety of Basmati had
actually been derived from Indian farmer's 20. Name the first transgenic cow that produce
varieties. If so, what is Biopiracy ? 2015 March
human protein enriched milk. 2024 Model
6. Antigen- antibody reaction is the basis of the
technique called 21. A single stranded DNA or RNA tagged with
(a) ELISA (b) PCR radioactive molecule is called ____________
(c) RNA interference (d) Gene therapy (a) Plasmid (b) Probe (c) Clone (d) Vector
2017 Say 2024 March
7. Name the first transgenic cow. 2018 Model
-2-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 3- Biotechnology and its applications
20.Infection of Meloidegyne incognitia in tobacco 28.Write the steps involved in the production of
plant was prevented using a novel strategy of genetically engineered insulin. 2018 2nd term
r-DNA technology. Identify the strategy and
29.Transgenic animals have many uses to humans.
explain it. 2017 2nd term Name the first transgenic cow.
Name the protein contained in the milk of this
21.Animals that have their DNA manipulated to
cow. 2018 2nd term
possess and express extra genes are called
transgenic animals. Write any four uses of 30.Name the bacterium from which cry genes
transgenic animals 2017 2nd term
were isolated. Name any two kinds of cry
genes. 2018 2nd term
22.The first clinical gene therapy was given to a 4 31. Explant and totipotency are two terms related
year old girl child. What was her disorder and to tissue culture. Explain the two terms.
what is the cause of this disorder ? 2019 1st term
2017 2nd term
32.A nematode infects the roots of tobacco plants
23.The first clinical gene therapy was given to a and causes a great reduction in yield.
four year old girl child. (a) Name the nematode
(a) What was her genetic disorder ? (b) Name the strategy developed through
(b) Briefly describe the clinical procedure biotechnology to prevent the infection of
adopted in this case. 2018 Model
nematode 2019 Model
48.List any two uses of GMO (Genetically Modified 63.What are Genetically Modified Organisms
Organism) in agriculture. 2021 Model
(GMO) ? Mention any one merit of GM plants.
2023 March
49.Expand GEAC. Mention its function. 2021 Model
64.How does structure of proinsulin differ from
50.Write any two critical research areas of mature insulin? 2023 Say
biotechnology. 2021 March
65.Match the following:
51.What is the structural difference between
proinsulin and mature functional insulin?
2021 March
72.The first transgenic cow produced human 4. Gene therapy is a corrective therapy for a
protein enriched milk. Name the cow and the heriditary disease.
protein found in milk. 2024 March
(a) Name the disease which was successfully
corrected by gene therapy for the first
73. Match the following:
time.
A B (b) How gene therapy is practiced for a
2024 March
permanent cure of the disease ?
ADA
1. Biopiracy A. deficiency 2017 Say
5. The following figures represent the maturation
Gene
2. B. Basmathi of pro-insulin into insulin.
Therapy Rice a) Identify i, ii and iii.
RNA b) How did Eli Lilly
3. Interference C. Cry gene company overcome
Bacillus Melodegyne the problems
4. thuringiensis D. incognita associated with
insulin production ?
2017 2nd term
-6-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024-Answer key : Chapter 3- Biotechnology and its Applications
1Mark Questions 2 Marks Questions
1. (a) Explant 1. (a) Gene therapy
(b) Totipotency (b) Lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are
2. a) Meristem grown in a culture outside the body.
b) Meristem (apical and axillary) is free of virus A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral
3. Bacillus thuringiensis vector) is thenmintroduced into these
4. Bacillus thuringiensis lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned
5. Biopiracy is the use of bio-resources by to the patient.
multinational companies and other organisations 2. (a) RNA interference/RNAi/RNA silencing
(b) Silencing of a specific mRNA due to a
without proper authorisation from the countries complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to
and people concerned without compensatory and prevents translation of the mRNA.
payment. 3. a) Bt cotton/Bt corn/rice/tomato/potato
6. (a) ELISA /soyabean.(any one)
7. Rosie b) Bt toxin gene/cry gene
8. RNA interference/RNAi/RNA silencing c) Bacillus thuringiensis
9. ELISA d) The cry gene produce an insecticidal toxin
10. Emphysema called Bt toxin. Bt toxin exist as inactive
11. (d) Bonemarrow transplantation protoxin but once an insect ingest the inactive
12. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin
13. Transgenic animals due to the alkaline pH of the gut. The activated
14. Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial
15. ELISA cells and create pores that cause cell swelling
16. Rosie and lysis and eventually cause death of the
17. cryIAb insect.
18. Transgenic animals 4. Insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone which
19. (c) toxin is inactive. contains an extra stretch called the C peptide in
20. Rosie addition to A and B peptides. This C peptide is not
21. (b) Probe present in the mature insulin. Eli Lilly an American
company prepared two DNA sequences
corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin
and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to
produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were
produced separately, extracted and combined by
creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.
5. a) Silencing of a specific mRNA due to a
complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to
and prevents translation of the mRNA.
b) Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode-
specific genes were introduced into the host
plant. The introduction of DNA was such that it
produced both sense and anti-sense RNA in the
host cells. These two RNA’s being
complementary to each other formed a double
stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus,
silenced the specific mRNA of the nematode.
6. a) Adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme is crucial
for the immune system to function.
The disorder is caused due to the deletion of
the gene for adenosine deaminase.
b) Bone marrow transplantation/enzyme
replacement therapy/lymphocytes from the
patient are grown in a culture outside the body
and functional ADA cDNA is introduced
into these lymphocytes, which are returned to
the patient/gene isolated from marrow cells
producing ADA is introduced into cells at early
embryonic stages.
-7-
from marrow cells producing ADA is to be
7. 1) PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction introduced into cells at early embryonic stages.
2) ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay 18. (a) Antigen - antibody reaction (iv) ELISA
3) GEAC - Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (b) a-lactalbumin (iii) Rosie
4) GMO - Genetically Modified Organism (c) a-1-antitrypsin (ii) Emphysema
8. Bone marrow transplantation/enzyme (d) Gene therapy (i) ADA deficiency
replacement therapy/lymphocytes from the 19. They prepared two DNA sequences
patient are grown in a culture outside the body corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin
and functional ADA cDNA is introduced and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to
into these lymphocytes, which are returned to produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were
the patient/gene isolated from marrow cells produced separately, extracted and combined by
producing ADA is introduced into cells at early creating disulfide bonds to form human
embryonic stages. (any two) insulin
9. DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of 20. RNA interference/RNAi/RNA silencing
human insulin are prepared and introduced in Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode-
plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains. specific genes are introduced into the host
Chains A and B produced separately are extracted plant. The DNA is made to produce both sense
and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. These two
mature insulin. RNA’s being complementary to each other form
10. This is biopiracy,which is the use of bio- a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiate RNAi
resources by multinational companies and other and thus, the specific mRNA of the nematode is
organisations without proper authorisation from silenced.
the countries and people concerned without 21. To study normal physiology and development/
compensatory payment. Example : Basmati rice-an Study of disease/Synthesis of Biological products/
American company got patent rights on Basmati To test Vaccine safety/Chemical safety testing
rice which has been grown for centuries in India. (any four)
12. (a) RNA interference/RNAi/RNA silencing 22. ADA/Adinosine deaminase deficiency
(b) Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode- Deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase.
specific genes are introduced into the host 23. (a) ADA/Adinosine deaminase deficiency
plant. The DNA is made to produce both sense (b) Bone marrow transplantation, enzyme
and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. These two replacement therapy where functional ADA is
RNA’s being complementary to each other form given to the patient by injection.
a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiate RNAi 24. (a) i. Pro-insulin/pro-hormone
and thus, the specific mRNA of the nematode is ii. mature insulin
silenced. (b) Pro-insulin/pro-hormone contains an extra
13. To study normal physiology and development/ stretch called the C peptide. C peptide is not
Study of disease/Synthesis of Biological products/ present in the mature insulin and is removed
To test Vaccine safety/Chemical safety testing during maturation into insulin.
(any two) 25. Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses/
14. They prepared two DNA sequences Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides/
corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin Helped to reduce post harvest losses/
and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants
produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were which prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil/
produced separately, extracted and combined by Enhanced nutritional value of food/Supply
creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin. alternative resources to industries, in the form of
15. Biopiracy is the use of bio-resources by starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.(any four)
multinational companies and other 26. They prepared two DNA sequences
organisations without proper authorisation from corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin
the countries and people concerned without and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to
compensatory payment. produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were
16. A nematode infects the roots of tobacco plants produced separately, extracted and combined by
and causes reduction in yield. It can be prevented creating disulfide bonds to form human
by RNA interference (RNAi). Using Agrobacterium insulin
vectors, nematode-specific genes are introduced 27. (a) Human a- lactalbumin (4) ROSIE
into the host plant. The DNA is made to produce (b) Antigen Antibody interaction (1) ELISA
both sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. (c) Genetically engineered Insulin (2) ELI LILY
These two RNA’s being complementary to each (d) cry IAb (3) CORN BORER
other form a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiate 28. DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains
RNAi and thus, the specific mRNA of the nematode of human insulin are prepared and introduced in
is silenced. plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.
17. Lymphocytes from the patient are grown in a Chains A and B produced separately are extracted
culture outside the body and functional ADA cDNA and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form
is introduced into these lymphocytes, which are mature insulin.
returned to the patient. This is to be repeated 29. ROSIE
periodically. For permanent cure, gene isolated Human a- lactalbumin
-8-
30. Bacillus thuringiensis 48. Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses/
cryIAc/cryIIAb/cryIAb(any two) Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides/
31. Explant is the part of the plant taken out for Helped to reduce post harvest losses/
tissue culture. Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants
Totipotency is the capacity to generate a whole which prevents early exhaustion of fertility of
plant from any plant cell soil/ Enhanced nutritional value of food/Supply
32. (a) Meloidegyne incognitia alternative resources to industries, in the form of
(b) RNA interference/RNAi/RNA silencing starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.(any two)
33. Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to 49. Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
Make decisions regarding the validity of GM
possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are research and the safety of introducing GM-
known as transgenic animals. organisms for public services.
a-1-antitrypsin, human a-lactalbumin 50. Providing the best catalyst in the form of
34. Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses/ improved organism usually a microbe or pure
Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides/ enzyme/ Creating optimal conditions through
Helped to reduce post harvest losses/ engineering for a catalyst to act/Downstream
Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants processing technologies to purify the protein or
which prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil/ organic compound.(any two)
Enhanced nutritional value of food/Supply 51. Pro-insulin/pro-hormone contains an extra
alternative resources to industries, in the form of stretch called the C peptide. C peptide is not
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.(any two) present in the mature insulin and is removed
35. (a) Very low concentration of a bacteria or virus during maturation into insulin.
can be detected by amplification of their nucleic 52. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay
acid by PCR. Antigen Antibody interaction
53. (a) cry gene
(b) Antigen-antibody interaction.
(b) The crystal protein produced by the cry gene
36. Alpha -1 antitrypsin : used to treat emphysema.
is toxic to the insect. This gene produce the toxic
Alpha-lactalbumin : nutritionally more
protein in the cells of the plant
balanced for human babies than natural cow-
54. (a) Proinsulin consists of two short polypeptide
milk.
chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked
37. Bacillus thuringiensis, cry gene
38. RNA interference/RNAi/RNA silencing together by disulphide bridges and an extra
Meloidegyne incognitia peptide C.
39. a) Alpha -1 antitrypsin (b) C peptide is removed during maturation into
b) Rosie - Contains Alpha-lactalbumin insulin.
40. a) Cry IAb
b) Bacillus thuringiensis 55. GEAC make decisions regarding the validity of GM
41. A. Pro-insulin/pro-hormone research and the safety of introducing GM-
B. Mature insulin organisms for public services.
42. (a) Animals that have had their DNA manipulated 56. Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses/
to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides/
known as transgenic animals. Helped to reduce post harvest losses/
(b) To study normal physiology and development/ Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants
Study of disease/Synthesis of Biological products/ which prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil/
To test Vaccine safety/Chemical safety testing Enhanced nutritional value of food/Supply
(any two) alternative resources to industries, in the form of
43. (a) The method of producing thousands of plants starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.(any four)
through tissue culture is called micro- 57. (a) Bacillus thuringiensis
propagation. (b) Bt cotton is resistant to cotton bollworms
(b) The capacity to generate a whole plant from 58. Lymphocytes from the patient are grown in a
any cell/explant is called totipotency. culture outside the body and functional ADA cDNA
44. It is converted into an active form of toxin is introduced into these lymphocytes, which are
due to the alkaline pH of the gut of the returned to the patient. This is to be repeated
insect. periodically. For permanent cure, gene isolated
45. Recombinant DNA technology/Polymerase Chain from marrow cells producing ADA is to be
Reaction(PCR)/Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent introduced into cells at early embryonic stages.
Assay (ELISA)(any two) 59. RNA interference(RNAi) involves silencing of a
46. (a) Bacillus thuringiensis specific mRNA using a complementary dsRNA
(b) cryIAc/cryIIAb/cryIAb(any two) molecule that binds to and prevents translation of
47. GEAC - Genetic Engineering Approval Committee the mRNA (silencing).
60. Bt toxin exist as inactive protoxin but once an
ADA - Adenosine deaminase insect ingest the inactive toxin, it is converted into
an active form of toxin due to the alkaline pH of the
gut.
-9-
61. (a) Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay 73.
(b) Antigen Antibody interaction
62. Bt cotton is a transgenic plant which contain cry A B
gene taken from Bacillus thuringiensis. This gene
produce an insecticidal protoxin called Bt toxin in 1. Biopiracy B. Basmathi
the cells of cotton plant. The protoxin when gets Rice
into the gut of the insect turns toxic in the alkaline Gene ADA
2. A. deficiency
pH and kills the insect. Therapy
63. These are organisms whose genes have been RNA Melodegyne
altered by manipulation 3. Interference D. incognita
Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses/ Bacillus
Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides/ 4. thuringiensis C. Cry gene
Helped to reduce post harvest losses/
Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants
which prevents early exhaustion of fertility of
soil/ Enhanced nutritional value of food/Supply
alternative resources to industries, in the form of
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.(any one)
64. Mature insulin has 2 peptides A and B connected
by disulphide bond. Proinsulin contains an
additional peptide called C
65.
2020 Say
-1-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 4 - Organisms and populations
7.Given below is a table which shows inter-
2 Marks Questions specific interaction of populations. We
1. Read the statements below and identify the assigned '+' for beneficial, '-' for detrimental
mode of interaction between the species. and '0' for neutral interaction.
a) Tiger eating deer Fill in the blanks.
b) Butterfly feeding pollen Name of
Species A Species B
c) Human liver fluke feeds on snail interaction
d) Lice on humans _
e) Orchid attached to a tree + Parasitism
f) Mycorrhizal association of fungi and _ _ ...............
roots of higher plants
g) Sparrow eating seed
h) Egrets foraging close to cattle 2013 March + + ...............
6.Natality, Mortality, Immigration & Emigration 12.Predation is an interaction which has great
are the four factors that affects population significance in nature. Write down two
density in a region. Explain any two terms. significance of predation. 2019 Model
2017 Say
-2-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 4 - Organisms and populations
13.Observe the flow chart given below: 18.Identify the types of population growth noted
(a) Name the processes represented as A in the graph as 'A' and 'B'
and B.
(b) If 'Nt' is the population density at time
t, then write down the population
density equationn at time t+1.
2020 March
17.Observe the figure given below: 24.Fill in the blanks with indicators given below:
Competition, Parasitism, Mycorrhiza,
Sparrow eating seed
Name of interaction Example
Mutualism _______A_______
Abington tortoise
_______B_______
and Goat
Cuscuta on hedge
_______C_______
plant
Predation _______D_______ 2022 2nd term
a) Identify the population growth curve a, b.
b) What do r and K stand for in the equation
given in the figure? 2019 2nd term
-3-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 4 - Organisms and populations
25.Observe the chart. 32.Two characteristics of population density is
(a) Identify the population growth curve. given below. Explain the terms.
(b) What do the following represent? (a) Natality
(i) r (b) Emigration 2023 2nd term
(ii) K 2022 2nd term 33.Observe the figure given below:
(a) What are age pyramids?
(b) Identify the type of age pyramid
labelled as 'A' and 'B'. 2023 2nd term
31.
is the equation which
describe Verhulst- Pearl
Logistic Growth.
(a) What does 'k' stands for in this equation?
(b) Name the type of growth model when
resources in habitat are unlimited. 2023 Say -4-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 4 - Organisms and populations
39. Parasites evolved special adaptations to live on 5. The following graph shows two types of
host. What are they? 2024 March population growth curves:
+ + __(ii)__
(a) Identify (i) and (ii).
(b) Define (ii).
(c) Give an example of commensalism. (a)Label (a) and (b).
2020 Say
(b)Which are the factors that contribute to an
11.The four basic processes that affect the increase in population density?
population density are given below. (c)Define Natality. 2023 March
Natality, Mortality, Emigration,
Immigration 16.Examples of interations between certain
Which of the two processes contribute to a organisms in different habitat are provided below.
decrease in popuration density and explain Arrange them under appropriate headings.
them. 2021 March (Ticks on dog, Orchid and Mango tree,
Fungi and roots of higher plants, Lice on man,
12.Fill in the blank columns in the given table with
Cattle egret and grazing cattle, Lichen)
appropriate terms given in brackets.
[Commensalism, Cuscuta, Mutualism,
Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
Lichen, Parasitism, Epiphytic orchid]
•-------------- •-------------- •------------------
14.(a) Observe the figure and write the name of (i)Label (a) and (b).
two population growth curves marked as A & B. (ii)Define mortality.
(b) What does K and r stands for? 2023 Model
2024 Model
19. Given below are examples of some population
interactions. Identify and define the interaction.
(a) Cattle egret and grazing cattle
(b) Fig tree and wasp
(c) Cuscuta growing on hedge plants.
2024 March
-6-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 4 - Organisms and populations
4 Marks Questions 2. Students involved in nature club activity found
1. Interspecific interaction arise from the some interspecific interactions between
interaction of populations of two different organisms in a garden area. They made a table
species. If we assign '+' for beneficial, '-' for of interaction giving '+' for benefical
detrimental and '0' for neutral interactions, interaction, '-' for detrimental and '0' for
copy and complete the following chart. neutral interaction.
-7-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024-Answer key : Chapter 4- Organisms & Populations
1Mark Questions A population growing in a habitat with limited
resources show initially a lag phase, followed by
1. 2) Mortality and Emigration
phases of acceleration and deceleration and
2. 3) Commensalism
3. Natality and Immigraton finally an asymptote, when the population
4. This is the interaction in which one species density reaches the carrying capacity. This is
benefits and the other is neither harmed nor logistic growth.
benefited 6. Natality refers to the number of births during a
5. Carrying capacity given period in the population that are added to
6. Thorns the initial density.
7. Commensalism Mortality is the number of deaths in the
8. Commensalism population during a given period.
9. Natality Emigration is the number of individuals of the
10.Expanding population who left the habitat and gone
11. (c) Epiphytic orchid elsewhere during the time period under
12. Parasitism consideration.
13. Mutualism
Immigration is the number of individuals of the
14. (b) Mycorrhizae : Mutualism
same species that have come into the habitat
15. Brood parasitism
16. Amensalism from elsewhere during the time period under
17. Commensalism consideration.(any two)
18. Natality 7. Competition, Mutualism, Commensalism,
19. Amensalism Amensalism
8. Natality/Birth rate, Mortality/Death rate,
Sex ratio, Age distribution, Population density
9. Loss of unnecessary sense organs, presence of
adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host,
loss of digestive system and high reproductive
capacity.
2 Marks Questions
10. a. Beneficial to one species and harmful to the
1. a) Predation b) Mutualism c) Parasite other.
d) Parasite e) Commensalism
b. Commensalism
f) Mutualism g) Predation h) Commensalism
c. Beneficial to one species and harmful to the
2. a) Natality refers to the number of births during a
given period in the population that are added to other.
the initial density. d. Parasitism
b) Mortality is the number of deaths in the 11. a. Commensalism b. Amensalism
population during a given period. c. Mutualism d. Competition
c) Emigration is the number of individuals of the 12. Predators act as channels of energy transfer
population who left the habitat and gone across trophic levels/They keep prey
elsewhere during the time period under populations under control/Biological control
consideration. methods adopted in agricultural pest control are
d) Immigration is the number of individuals of the based on the ability of the predator/Predators
same species that have come into the habitat also help in maintaining species diversity in a
from elsewhere during the time period under community.(any two)
consideration. 13. (a) A - Mortality, B - Emigration
3. (a) Intrinsic rate of natural increase
(b) Nt+1 = Nt + [(B + I) – (D + E)]
(b) Carrying capacity
14.
4. (a) Logistic growth A B
(b) (a) Population density (i) Mutualism (e) Mycorrhizae
(b) Intrinsic rate of natural increase (ii) Predation (c)Biological control
(c) Carrying capacity (a)An orchid growing
(iii)Commensalism
5. If the resources are unlimited population grows in on a tree trunk
an exponential or geometric fashion. (b)Gauss's Exclusion
(iv) Competition
principle
-8-
15. Natality(B) refers to the number of births during 31. (a) Carrying capacity
(b) Exponential growth
a given period in the population that are added
32. Natality refers to the number of births during
to the initial density.
a given period in the population that are added
Mortality(D) is the number of deaths in the to the initial density.
population during a given period. Emigration is the number of individuals of the
16. Commensalism population who left the habitat and gone
The fish gets protection from predators which elsewhere during the time period under
stay away from the stinging tentacles. The consideration.
anemone does not have any benefit by hosting 33. (a) If the age distribution (per cent individuals of
the clown fish. a given age or age group) is plotted for the
17. a) a.Exponential growth b. Logistic growth population, the resulting structure is called
b) r - Intrinsic rate of natural increase an age pyramid
K - Carrying capacity (b) A. Expanding B. Declining
18. A. Exponential growth B. Logistic growth 34. (a) Mutualism (b) Commensalism
19. The parasitic bird lays its eggs in the nest of its (c) Parasitism/Brood parasitism
host and lets the host incubate them. The eggs of (d) Competition
the parasitic bird have evolved to resemble the 35. (a) A. Exponential growth, B. Logistic growth
host’s egg in size and colour to reduce the (b) r- intrinsic rate of natural increase
K- Carrying capacity
chances of the host bird detecting the foreign
36. (a) N = Population density at time t
eggs and ejecting them from the nest.
r = Intrinsic rate of natural increase
Eg.Cuckoo (koel) and Crow K = Carrying capacity
20. (a) + (b) + (c) - (d) Commensalism (b) The limit beyond which no further growth of
21. Parasites that feed on the external surface of the a population is possible in a natural habitat.
host organism are called ectoparasites. 37. Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle states
Eg. lice on humans/ticks on dogs/cuscuta that two closely related species competing for
Endoparasites are those that live inside the host the same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely
body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red and the competitively inferior one will be
blood cells, etc.) eliminated eventually.
22. (a) - (b) - (c) + (d) Amensalism 38. (1) (a) Exponential growth/geometric growth/
23. Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration J-shaped curve
24. A-Mycorrhiza B-Competition (b) Logistic growth/Verhulst-Pearl Logistic
C-Parasitism D-Sparrow eating seed Growth/S shaped curve/Sigmoid curve
(2) Carrying capacity
25. (a) Logistic growth
39. Loss of unnecessary sense organs, presence of
(b) (i) r - Intrinsic rate of natural increase
(ii) K - Carrying capacity adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host,
loss of digestive system and, high reproductive
26. Predators act as channels of energy transfer
capacity, the life cycles of parasites are often
across trophic levels/They keep prey
complex, involving one or two intermediate hosts
populations under control/Biological control or vectors to facilitate parasitisation of its primary
methods adopted in agricultural pest control are host, the human liver fluke (a trematode parasite)
based on the ability of the predator/Predators depends on two intermediate hosts (a snail and a
also help in maintaining species diversity in a fish) to complete its life cycle, the malarial
community.(any two) parasite needs a vector (mosquito) to spread to
27. B-Birth rate/Natality D-Death rate/Mortality other hosts. (any two)
I-Immigration E-Emigration
28. (a) Mutualism (b) Parasitism
(c) Commensalism (d) Mutualism
29. (a) (a) Exponential growth
(b) Logistic growth
(b) Carrying capacity
30. Parasites that feed on the external surface of the
host organism are called ectoparasites.
Endoparasites are those that live inside the host
body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red
blood cells, etc.)
-9-
10. (a) (i) 0 (ii) Mutualism
3 Marks Questions (b) Mutualism: Both partners are benefitted.(+ +)
1. (i) Predation: Beneficial to the predator and (c) An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango
harmful to the prey.(+ -) tree/barnacles growing on the back of a
(ii) Competition: Harmful to both organisms and whale/the cattle egret and grazing cattle/sea
the fittest shall survive.(- -) anemone and the clown fish(any one)
(iii) Parasitism: The parasite is benefitted and the 11. Mortality and Emigration
host is harmed.(+ -) Mortality is the number of deaths in the
(iv) Commensalism: Beneficial to one and the population during a given period.
other is neither benefitted nor harmed.(+ 0) Emigration is the number of individuals of
(v) Mutualism: Both partners are benefitted.(+ +) the population who left the habitat and gone
(vi) Amensalism: Harmful to one and the other is elsewhere during the time period under
neither benefitted nor harmed.(- 0) consideration.
(any three) 12. a. Mutualism b. Lichen
2. Mutualism, Commensalism, Commensalism, c. Commensalism d. Epiphytic orchid
e. Parasitism f. Cuscuta
Parasitism, Parasitism, Predation. 13. (a) D-Mortality/Deathrate
3. Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration E-Emigration
Natality and Immigration cause increase in (b) Natality(B) and Immigration(I)
population density 14. (a) A-Exponential growth B-Logistic growth
Mortality and Emigration leads to decrease of (b) K-Carrying capacity
population density r-Intrinsic rate of natural increase
4. (a) Commensalism (b) Mutualism 15. (a) (a) Mortality(D) (b) Emigration(E)
(c) Parasitism (d) Competition (b)Natality(B) and Immigration(I)
(e) Predation (f) Mutualism (c) Natality refers to the number of births
5. (a) a. Exponential growth b.Logistic growth during a given period in the population that
(b) Carrying capacity are added to the initial density.
16.
6. Natality and Immigration Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
Natality(B) refers to the number of births during •Fungi and roots •Orchid and
a given period in the population that are added •Ticks on dog
of higher plants Mango tree
to the initial density.
Immigration(I) is the number of individuals of •Cattle egret and
•Lice on man •Lichen
the same species that have come into the grazing cattle
habitat from elsewhere. 17. They keep prey populations under control,
7. a) Natality(B), Mortality(D), Emigration(E), Biological control methods adopted in
Immigration(I) agricultural pest control are based on the ability
b) Natality(B) refers to the number of births of the predator, Predators also help in
during a given period in the population that maintaining species diversity in a community
are added to the initial density. 18. (i) (a) Natality (b) Immigration
Mortality(D) is the number of deaths in the (ii) Mortality is the number of deaths in the
population during a given period. population during a given period.
8. (a) A-Immigration(I) B-Natality(B) 19. a) Commensalism-Interaction between two
C-Mortality(D) D-Emigration(E) organisms in which one is benefited and other
(b) A-Immigration(I) is the number of individuals is neither harmed or benefited / + and 0
of the same species that have come into the interaction
habitat from elsewhere. b) Mutualism-Interaction in which both the
D-Emigration(E) is the number of individuals of interacting species are benefited/+and+
the population who left the habitat and gone interaction
elsewhere during the time period under c) Parasitism-Interaction where one species
consideration. (parasite) depends on the other species (host)
9. for food and shelter/host is harmed, parasite is
Competition Parasitism Mutualism benefited/+and-interaction/Free lodging and
•(a)Abingdon •(b)Cuscuta and •(c)Fig tree and
meals
tortoise and goat host tree wasp
•(e) Balanus and •(f) Lice on •(d) Algae and
Chathamalus humans fungi in Lichens
barnacles
-10-
4 Marks Questions
1. Name of
Species A Species B
interaction
+ + Mutualism
_ _ Competition
+ 0 Commensalism
_
0 Amensalism
_ _ Competition
2. a) i. Mutualism
ii. Competition
iii.Commensalism
iv. Amensalism
b) Parasitism: The parasite is benefitted and the
host may or may not be harmed.(+ -)
Predation: Beneficial to the predator and
harmful to the prey.(+ -)
c) In nature, animals, plants and microbes do
not and cannot live in isolation but interact in
various ways to form a biological community
-11-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 5- Ecosystem
1Mark Questions 10. Which among the following equation is related
with net primary productivity?
1. Natural interlinked food chains are called...
2013 March
(a) GPP + R = NPP
(b) NPP-R=GPP
2. Which of the following is a detritivore ? (c) GPP + NPP = R
1) Earthworm (d) GPP - R = NPP 2022 Model
2) Virus
3) Fox 11. Choose the correct answer :
4) Cow 2013 Say The green plants in the ecosystem are the
chief ________
3. The rate of biomass production in an ecosystem
(a) Decomposers (b) Consumers
is called productivity. They are of two types,
(c) Producers (d) Herbivores
gross primary productivity and net primary
2022 March
productivity. How these productivities are
related ? 2014 March
12. Choose the correct answer :
Rate of formation of new organic matter by
4. By observing the relationship of the first pair consumers in an ecosystem is
fill up the blanks: (Gross Primary Productivity, Net Primary
a) Grazing food chain : producers and Productivity, Secondary Productivity,
consumers Decomposition) 2022 Say
Detritus food chain : dead organic
13. Fill in the blank.
matter and _________
The natural interconnection of different
b) Nitrogen : Gaseous cycle
food chains is called _________ 2023 Model
Sulphur : _________ 2014 Say
14. Fill in the blank:
5. By observing the relationship of the first pair The process of breaking down of detritus
fill up the blanks: into smaller particles is called _________
2023 Model
(a) Net primary productivity = Gross primary
15. Choose the correct answer.
productivity - Respiration
Example for Primary Producer in an
Gross primary productivity = _____________
ecosystem is
(b) Carbon : Gaseous cycle
2015 Say
(Man, Grass, Cow, Zooplankton) 2023 Say
Phosphorus : _________
16. GPP -R = NPP, what does R stands for ?
6. Earthworms are commonly referred as 2024 Model
farmers' friends. Define fragmentation.
2016 Say 17. Sun is the only source of energy for all
ecosystem on earth. But one exception. What
7. In a forest ecosystem different plant species
is that? 2024 March
are occupied in different vertical levels. Name
such vertical arrangement. 2018 Say
-1-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 5- Ecosystem
5. In the equation,
GPP - R = NPP;
if NPP = Net Primary Productivity
explain GPP - R = NPP 2013 Say
Organisms Biomass(g/m2)
Phytoplanktons 4
Zooplanktons 6
Small fishes 8
2 Marks Questions Carnivorous
12
1. In a marine ecosystem, a population of fishes
phytoplankton (1,50,000) supports a standing 2014 Say
crop of fishes ( 40,000). 8. Field survey by a group of students recorded
(a) Draw the pyramid of biomass and the following data related to number of
(b) The pyramid of numbers in this organisms in an ecosystem and plotted that
ecosystem. 2012 March into a figure shown below:
2. Given number of individuals in a grassland
ecosystem:
Grasshopper - 1500
Grass - 5,842,000 Observe the figure
Wolf - 28 and explain the
Birds - 215 pyramid.
a) Draw a pyramid of numbers showing
various trophic levels. 2015 Say
b) Explain trophic level. 2012 Say 9.Ecological pyramids are usually upright.
3. Rate of biomass production is called Meanwhile some, pyramid of biomass is
productivity and can be divided into GPP and inverted. Explain the reason.
2016 March
NPP.
a) Define GPP and NPP. 10.An ecosystem consist of the following
population:
b) How can we relate GPP and NPP ? 2012 Say Phytoplankton
4. A list of organisms are given.Place them in Man
different trophic levels. Fish
Zooplankton
Grass, Man, Fishes, Birds, Lion, 2013 March Draw a food chain denoting each trophic level.
Grasshopper, Zooplankton, Trees. -2- 2017 March
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 5- Ecosystem
11.Grasshopper, Grass, Man and Birds represent 19.Observe the equation given below.
members in a foodchain. Draw a food chain N.P.P = G.P.P - Respiration
representing each of the above in different
a) What does N.P.P and G.P.P stand for ?
trophic levels. 2017 Say b) Define secondary productivity 2019 Model
12.Ecological pyramids are very useful in 20. (a) Identify the type of ecological pyramid
ecological studies. However they have some given below.
limitations also. Write the limitations of (b) Pyramid of energy is always upright.
ecological pyramids. 2017 2nd term
Why ?
13.Some organisms are given below. Arrange Trophic level Dry weight (Kgm-2)
them in the order of their trophic levels.
Grasshopper, Birds, Man, Grass. TC 1.5
2017 2nd term
14. SC 11
PC 37
PC 21 Kgm-2
PP 809
2023 Say
-4-
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS XII 2012-2024 :Chapter 5- Ecosystem
44. A list of organisms is given below, arrange 2. Decomposition has five important steps.
(a) Write that five steps.
them in appropriate trophic levels : (b) Give an example of a detritivore 2020 Say
Lion, cow, wolf, trees 3. Observe the given ecological pyramid in an
1st Trophic level aquatic ecosystem.
2nd Trophic level
3rd Trophic level
4th Trophic level 2024 Model
45. The figure depicts pyramid of energy.
(a) Pyramid of energy is always upright, can
never be inverted. Justify Identify the type of pyramid and reason out
why the pyramid is inverted. 2022 Model
(b) Which are the other two ecological
4. The figure shows the pyramid of energy.
pyramids ? 2024 March
Pyramid of energy is always upright. Why ?
3 Marks Questions
1. Observe the figures A and B given below:
a) Identify the type of pyramid A, B.
b) Which kind of pyramid is always
upright? Justify your answer.
11.
Fishes 40,000 Grass Grasshopper Birds Man
Phytoplankton 1,50,000 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
trophic trophic trophic trophic
(b) level level level level
Wolf - 28 4th trophic level 12. It does not take into account the same species
Birds - 215 3rd trophic level belonging to two or more trophic levels.
2. a) It assumes a simple food chain, something that
Grasshopper - 1500 2nd trophic level
almost never exists in nature. it does not
Grass - 5,842,000 1st trophic level accommodate a food web. Saprophytes are not
given any place in ecological pyramids even
though they play a vital role in the ecosystem.
b) The trophic level of an organism is the 13. Grass, Grasshopper, Birds, Man
position it occupies in a food chain. 14. This is an inverted pyramid of biomass. The
biomass of Primary consumer(PC) is more than
3. a) GPP - is the rate of production of organic that of Primary Producer(PP)
matter during photosynthesis. 15. Energy at a lower trophic level is always more
NPP - Gross primary productivity minus than at a higher level. Only 10% of energy is
respiration losses (R),is the net primary passed on to the successive trophic levels.
productivity -6-
16. Humus
It is highly resistant to microbial action and 27. (a) Pyramid of Numbers
undergoes decomposition at an extremely slow
rate. Being colloidal in nature it serves as a
reservoir of nutrients. 3 Tertiary consumer
17. Pyramid of numbers 3,54,000 Secondary consumer
PC(Primary Consumer) 21 7,08,000 Primary consumer
PP(Primary Producer) 4 5,842,000 Primary producer
18. Detritus
(b) Pyramid of Biomass
Fragmentation 1.5 Kgm-2 Tertiary consumer
Leaching 11 Kgm-2 Secondary consumer
37 Kgm -2
Primary consumer
Catabolism -2
809 Kgm Primary producer
Humification 28. Energy at a lower trophic level is always more
than at a higher level. Only 10% of energy is
Mineralisation passed on to the successive trophic levels.
29. Fragmentation, Leaching,Catabolism,
19. a) GPP - is the rate of production of organic Humification, Mineralisation
matter during photosynthesis. 30.
Third Fourth
NPP - Gross primary productivity minus First trophic Second
respiration losses (R),is the net primary trophic trophic
level trophic level
productivity level level
b) Secondary productivity is the rate of
formation of new organic matter by Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fish Man
consumers.
20. (a) Pyramid of Biomass
(b) Energy at a lower trophic level is always 31. Energy at a lower trophic level is always more
more than at a higher level. Only 10% of than at a higher level. Only 10% of energy is
energy is passed on to the successive trophic passed on to the successive trophic levels.
levels. 32. (a) Natural interconnection of food chains is
21. (a) Detritivores are organisms which break called Food web
down detritus into smaller particles. (b) Only 10 per cent of the energy is transferred
(b) Earthworm to each successive trophic level
22. Leaching, Catabolism, Humification, 33. GPP - is the rate of production of organic
Mineralisation matter during photosynthesis.
23. GFC - Grazing food chain NPP - Gross primary productivity minus
DFC - Detritus food chain respiration losses (R),is the net primary
Grazing food chain begins from Producers productivity
Detritus food chain starts with dead organic 34. (a) Pyramid of energy
matter (b) Energy at a lower trophic level is always
more than at a higher level. Only 10% of
24. a) Gross primary productivity/GPP and Net energy is passed on to the successive trophic
primary productivity/NPP levels.
b) Plant species inhabiting a particular area/ 35.
A B
environmental factors/availability of
nutrients/photosynthetic capacity of Fragmentation Breakdown of detritus into
smaller particles
plants.(any two) Water soluable inorganic
25. Humification is the formation a dark coloured Leaching nutrients go down into the soil
amorphous substance called humus. Bacterial and fungal enzymes
Mineralisation is the breakdown of humus by Catabolism degrade detritus into simpler
inorganic substances
some microbes and release inorganic nutrients.
26. (a) Grass Grasshopper Bird Mineralisation Formation of inorganic
nutrients from humus
(b) 2nd trophic level
36. Grazing food chain begins from Producers.
Detritus food chain starts with dead organic
matter.
-7-
37. The rate of biomass production is called 3 Marks Questions
productivity
Plant species inhabiting a particular area, 1. a) A- Pyramid of Biomass
environmental factors, availability of nutrients, B- Pyramid of Energy
photosynthetic capacity of plants. b) B- Pyramid of Energy
38. Energy at a lower trophic level is always more Energy at a lower trophic level is always
than at a higher level. Only 10% of energy is more than at a higher level. Only 10% of
passed on to the successive trophic levels. energy is passed on to the successive
39. Leaching, Catabolism, Humification, trophic levels.
Mineralisation 2. (a) Fragmentation, Leaching, Catabolism,
40. GPP - is the rate of production of organic Humification, Mineralisation
matter during photosynthesis. (b) Earthworm
NPP - Gross primary productivity minus 3. Pyramid of Biomass
respiration losses (R),is the net primary Biomass of primary producers (phytoplanktons)
productivity is much lessthan primary consumers
41. (zooplanktons)
300 Tertiary consumer 4. Energy at a lower trophic level is always more
than at a higher level. Only 10% of energy is
3,54,000 Secondary consumer
passed on to the successive trophic levels.
7,08,000 Primary consumer 5. (a) Pyramid of numbers, Pyramid of biomass
5,842,000 Primary producer
Pyramid of energy
(b) Pyramid of numbers
42. Temperature and soil moisture 3 Secondary consumer
43. (a) Primary productivity is the rate of biomass
production by plants during photosynthesis 708 Primary consumer
(b) Plant species inhabiting a particular area, 5842 Producer
environmental factors, availability of nutrients
and photosynthetic capacity of plants.
44. 1st Trophic level - Trees
2nd Trophic level - Cow
3rd Trophic level - Wolf
4th Trophic level - Lion
45. a) Flow of energy is always unidiredtional and a
part is lost as heat/Only 10% of energy is
transfered to next trophic level.
b) Pyramid of number and Pyramid of biomass
46. 1st Trophic level - Phytoplankton
2nd Trophic level - Zooplankton
3rd Trophic level - Fish
4th Trophic level - Man
47. a) GPP- Gross Primary productivity
NPP- Net Primary productivity
b) GPP-R = NPP
-8-