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    Xray Machine Component

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    Xray Machine Component

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    heris
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    Xray Machine Component

    Uploaded by

    heris
    C

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    MAJOR COMPONENTS OF X-RAY

    GENERATING UNITS
    Prepared by:-
    EN KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH
    XRAY HISTORY
     Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - First X-ray
     On 8 Nov, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (accidentally) discovered
    an image cast from his cathode ray generator, projected far beyond
    the possible range of the cathode rays (now known as an electron
    beam). Further investigation showed that the rays were generated at
    the point of contact of the cathode ray beam on the interior of the
    vacuum tube, that they were not deflected by magnetic fields, and
    they penetrated many kinds of matter.
     A week after his discovery, Rontgen took an X-ray photograph of
    his wife's hand which clearly revealed her wedding ring and her
    bones. The photograph electrified the general public and aroused
    great scientific interest in the new form of radiation. Röntgen named
    the new form of radiation X-radiation (X standing for "Unknown").
    Hence the term X-rays (also referred as Röntgen rays, though this
    term is unusual outside of Germany).
    CONTENTS
    1.0 X-RAY TUBE
    2.0 CONTROL PANEL (OPERATION CONSOLE)
    3.0 X-RAY COUCH
    4.0 TUBE STAND
    5.0 BUCKY
    OBJECTIVES
     Describe what x-ray tube is.
     Identify the parameter selectors on control panel and
    their functions.
     Discuss the characteristics of x-ray couch.
     Describe the types of tube stand.
     Describe briefly the principle of Bucky.
    METHODOLOGY OF PRODUCING A
    RADIOGRAPH
     Patient positioned in relation to exam
    being undertaken.
     Radiographic equipment (i.e. X-ray
    tube) positioned.
     Exposure set on control panel.
     Instructions given to patient.
     Radiographer stands behind lead glass
    screen.
     Exposure undertaken.
     Cassette processed.
     Radiograph reviewed.
    Figure A: The X-ray Room
    1.0 X-RAY TUBE
     Attached to a tube support.
     Produces X-rays (& Heat).
     Operated at high voltage (40 - 150 kVp).
     Insulation required.
     Oil used to cool X-ray tube during
    exposures.
     Oil also acts as an insulator.
     X-ray tube lead lined.
     Incorporate safety interlocks.
     Light Beam Diaphragm.
     Integrated Collimation. Figure 1.1: The x-ray tube.
     Equipment Earthed (Shockproof).
    X-ray tube encased
    within LEAD lined
    case.

    Figure 1.2: The x-ray tube with diagram.


    2.0 CONTROL PANEL (OPERATION
    CONSOLE)
     THREE primary control
    a) kVp – quality
    b) mA
    quantity
    c) Time
     Auxiliary control (anatomical programs @ AEC control)
    kVp
    Selector

    mA
    Main
    selector
    Power
    Timer
    AEC Selector
    Exposure
    Bucky Switch
    Selector

    Anatomical
    Focal Spot
    Part
    Selector
    Selector

    Figure 2.1: The picture shows the control panel used at UiTM
    PJ.
    Figure 2.2: Control Panel Figure 2.3: Control Panel
    (Somasundaram, 2009) (Medilux, 2010)
    2.1 kV, mA and Timer(s) selectors
    kVp(KiloVoltagePeak)
     The energy (the penetrating power) of the x-ray beam is
    controlled by the voltage adjustment.
     It is labelled in keV (thousand electron volts) and
    sometimes the level is referred to as kVp (kilovoltage
    potential).
     The higher the voltage setting, the more energetic will be
    the beam of x-ray.
     It plays major part in affecting contrast of image.
    mA (MiliAmperage)
     The second control of the output of the x-ray tube is
    called the mA (milliamperage) control.
     This control determines how much current is allowed to
    flow through the filament which is the cathode side of the
    tube.
     The effect of the mA circuit is quite linear.
     It is more concerned in density aspect of the image.
    Timer (s)
     Control length of time machine produces x rays
     This is usually denoted as an "S" (exposure time in
    seconds) and is combined with the mA control.
     e.g using 10 milliampere seconds you could use a 10 mA
    current with a 1.0 second exposure or a 20 mA current
    for a 0.5 second exposure or any combination of the two
    which would result in the number 10.
     Both of these factors and their combination affect the
    film in a linear way.
    2.2 AEC (Automatic Exposure Chamber)

     Variable densities exist within


    subjects.
     AEC’s monitor the beam
    of X-rays transmitted from the
    patient.
     Production of X-ray radiation can
    be measured.
     Located under patient but above
    cassette. Figure 2.4: Automatic Exposure
    Chamber – Ionization Chamber.
     Minimizes inaccurate exposures.
     Exposure terminates once a
    sufficient quantity of radiation has
    been received to produce a
    radiographic image of required
    density.
     Permit accurate exposures
     Usually three AED’s incorporated
    in table tops and vertical chest
    stands.
     Markings usually on surface of
    table/chest stand.
     Individual chambers may be
    selected – depending on the Figure 2.5: The position of the chambers.
    exam being performed.
    3.0 X-ray Couch

    Figure 3.1: The picture shows the x-ray


    table/couch available at UiTM PJ.
    3.1 Characteristics of X-ray Couch

     Strong enough to support large


    patients.
     Low attenuation materials
    (Carbon Fibre).
     Rise and fall facilities.
     “Kick” buttons.
     Integrated “Bucky” tray
     Insulated. Figure 3.2: X-ray Couch
     Easy to clean – Cross infection
     Pressure switches.
    4.0 TUBE STAND

    Figure 4.1: Ceiling Mounted X-ray Figure 4.2: Floor Mounted X-


    Tube ray Tube
    4.1 Ceiling Mounted
    Advantages
     Flexibility
     Ease of use and Durable
     Safety features/interlocks
     Specifications of modern X-
    ray tube
     Integral features
     Wide range of movements

    Disadvantages
     Expensive
     Interlock – too sensitive
    4.2 Floor Mounted
    Advantages
     Inexpensive.
     Can be used with
    upright Bucky.
     Require less space.

    Disadvantages
     Less flexible.
     Not user friendly
    for complicated
    cases.
    5.0 BUCKY

    Figure 5.1: Table Bucky Figure 5.2: Erect Bucky

    • It actually acts as cassette holder.


    Characteristics of Bucky
     Integrated within table top.
     Lock mechanism ensures
    cassette is secure.
     Grid mechanism incorporated
    within cassette tray.
     Grid reduces scatter radiation
    from certain examinations
    – Abdomen
    – Pelvis
    – Hips
     Important that X-ray
    tube and cassette tray
    are aligned
     Set distance between X-
    ray tube and Cassette
    tray
     Oscillating movement
    ensures scatter is
    absorbed before reaching
    film
    Figure 5.3: The x-ray tube and bucky.
    Continue to Next Lesson…..
     Accessory Equipment….

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