11th History - Kavin Guide - TM 2024

KAVIN
WAY TO SCORE
11
tuyhW
gj;jhk; tFg;G
Nky;epiy Kjyhk;
Kjyhk; Mz;L
r%f mwptpay;
KOikahd ifNaL
khzth;fspd; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy;
xU KOikahd
KOikahd tpdh - tpilfs; njhFg;G
khzth;fs; eyd;fUjp ntspapLNthh; :
ftpd; gjpg;gfk; - fj;jpathb> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il khtl;lk;.

njhlh;Gf;F : 9585 144 888 > 9585 244 888 > 9677 9577 88
11 Mk; tFg;G
tuyhW
1. gz;ila ,e;jpah : njhlf;fk; Kjy; rpe;J ehfupfk; tiu 1
2. gz;ila ,e;jpah : nrk;Gf;fhy> ngUq;fw;fhy> ,Uk;Gf;fhy> 6

Ntjfhyg; gz;ghLfs;
3. gpuNjr KbauRfspd; Njhw;wKk; Gjpa kjg;gpupTfs; cUthf;fKk;

Kk; 10
4. muR kw;
kw;Wk; NguuR cUthf;fk; 14
5. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rKjha cUthf;fk; 18
6. nksupaUf;Fg; gpe;ija murpay; mikg;Gk; r%fKk; 21
7. Fg;jH 26
8. `H\
`H\H kw;Wk; gpuNjr KbauRfspd; vOr;rp 30
9. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;L tsHr;rp 33
10. mugpaH>
mugpaH> JUf;fpaupd; tUif 36
11. gpw;fhyr; NrhoHfs;> ghz;baHfs; 40
12. ghkpdp kw;Wk; tp[aefu muRfs; 45
13. gz;ghl;L xUikg;ghL : ,e;jpahtpy; gf;jp ,af;fk; 50
14. Kfyhag; NguuR 54
15. kuhj;jpaH 62
16. INuhg;gpaupd; tUif 69
17. Mq;fpNyaH
pNyaH Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs; 77
18. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;Fj; njhlf;ffhy vjpHg;Gfs; 83
19. etPdj;ij Nehf;fp 88
tuyhW - fhyf;NfhL 92
gz;ila
ila ,e;jpah
pah - tiuglq;fs; 100
11 Mk; tFg;G tuyhW ftpd; ifNaL 2024 1
gz;ila ,e;jpah : njhlf;fk; Kjy;

Kjy;
myF 1
rpe;J ehfhpfk; tiu
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f :

1. vOj;Jfs; mwpKfkhtjw;F Ke;ija fhyfl;
fhyfl;lk; ...................
................... vdg;gLfpwJ.
.m) tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyk;. M) tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
,) goq; fw;fhyk; <) Gjpa fw;fhyk;
2. tuyhw;wpd; goikahd fhyk; ...............
..................
......... MFk;.
.m) goq; fw;fhyk;. M) Gjpa fw;fhyk;
,) nrk;Gf; fhyk; <) ,Uk;Gf; fhyk;
3. goq;fw;
fw;fhyf; fUtpfs;
fUtpfs; Kjd;Kjypy; .................
................. ,y; milahsk; fhzg;gl;
l;ld.
m) 1860 .M) 1863.
1863. ,) 1873 <) 1883
4. kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Nrh Nrhd;
d; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cs;s ghNfhH -1> ghNfhH-
ghNfhH-3 Mfpait
..................
.................. ehfhpfk; epytpa ,lq;fs;.
m) fPo;g; goq;fw;fhyk; M) ,ilg; goq;fw;fhyk;
.,) Nky; goq;fw;
fw;fhyk;
hyk.; <) Gjpa fw;fhyk;
5. nk`HfhH ................. gz;ghl;Lld; njhlHGilaJ.
m) gioa fw;fhyk; .M) Gjpa fw;fhyk;
hyk.;
,) ,ilf; fw;fhyk; <) nrk;Gf; fhyk;
6. ..............
........................
.......... fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;Gfs; nkrgNlhkpahTf;Fk; ùg;ghTf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
tzpfj; njhlHGfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
.m) f;A+dpghHk;. M) i`Nuhf;isgpf;]; ,) Njtehfhp <) fNuh\;b
7. gHrN
gHrN`hk;
rN`hk; ................... epytpa ,lkhFk;.
.m) fh\
fh\kP
;khP pd; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL.
hL.
M) fq;ifr; rkntspapd; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL
,) fpof;fpe;jpahtpd; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL
<) njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL
8. njhlf;f ùg;gh fhyfl;lk; vd;gJ .................. MFk;.
.m) ngh.M.K.
ngh.M.K. 3000 - 2600.
2600. M) ngh.M.K. 2600 - 1900
,) ngh.M.K. 1900 - 1700 <) ngh.M.K. 1700 - 1500
9. ùg;gh kf;fSf;F Kf;fpakhd tho;thjhu topKiwahf .................. ,Ue;jJ.
.m) Ntshz;ik.
k. M) kl;ghz;lk; nra;jy;
,) iftpidj; njhopy;fs; <) kPd; gpbj;jy;
10.
10. rpe;J ehfhpfk; Vwj;jho
jho ..................
.................. ,ypUe;J tPo;r;rp mile;jJ.
m) ngh.M.K.1800 .M) ngh.M.K.1900.
ngh.M.K.1900. ,) ngh.M.K.1950 <) ngh.M.K.1955
II. FWfpa tpil jUf :

1. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyj;Jf;fhd Ma;Tf;F cjTk; rhd;Wfs; ahit?
ahit?
fw;fUtpfs; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;
vYk;Gf; fUtpfs; epytpay; mLf;Ffs;
ghiw Xtpaq;fs; njhy;ypay; Ma;tplq;fs;
tpyq;Ffspd; vYk;Gfs; iftpidg; nghUl;fs;
2. goq; fw;fhyk; vt;thW gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

LfpwJ?
goq; fw;fhyk; %d;whfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. fPo; goq; fw;fhyk;
2. ,ilg; goq; fw;fhyk;
3. Nky; goq; fw;fhyk;
3. N`hkpdpd; Fwpj;J rpWFwpg;

rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
jw;fhy kdpjDf;F neUf;fkhd Njhw;wk; nfhz;l kdpj %jhijaH.
N`hkpdpd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; mjpfkhf tho;e;jdH.
eh;kij kdpjdpd; kz;ilNahL `j;Ndhuhtpy; fpilj;Js;sJ.
4. ,ilf; fw;fhyg; gz;ghL

hL : Fwpg;G tiuf.
,ilf; fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; fhyk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgLk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Vwj;jho ngh.M.K. 10>000 thf;fpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
Nfush> jkpo;ehl;by; ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk; tiu ePbj;jJ.
5. ùg;gh ehfhpfk
ehfhpfk; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fshf
shf vt;thW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
1. njhlf;ffhy ùg;gh ehfhpfk; ( ngh.M.K. 3000 - 2600 )
2. Kjph;r;rp mile;j ùg;gh ehfhpfk; ( ngh.M.K. 2600 - 1900 )
3. gpw;fhy ùg;gh ehfhpfk; ( ngh.M.K. 1900 - 1700 )
6. ngUq;Fsk; : rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

ehd;;F gf;fq;fspYk; eilghij kw;Wk; gy miwfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
tlf;fpYk; njw;fpYk; gbf;fl;Lfs;> fopTePh; tbfhy; trjp cs;sd.
Rth;fs; [pg;rk; fye;j Rz;zhk;G rhe;jhy; G+rg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd.
7. rpe;J ehfhpfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf.

fhyepiy khw;wk;> nts;sg; ngUf;F> MW jd; Nghf;if khw;wpaJ.
njhlh; twl;rpapd; fhuzkhf MWfs; kw;Wk; ePh; epiyfspd; kiwT.
mayth; gilnaLg;G> nkrgNlhkpahTld; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tPo;r;rp.
III. RUf;fkhd tpil jUf :

1. mr;#ypad;> Nrh`hdpaf
Nrh`hdpaf; fUtpj; njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
vOJf.
mr;#ypad; fUtpfs; Nrh`hdpad; fUtpfs;
 mr;#ypad; kuG - iff;Nfhhlhhp  Nrh`hdpad; kuG - $ohq;fy;iyr;
tiff; fUtpfisf; nfhz;lJ. nrJf;fp fUtpfis cUthf;fpdh;.
 mr;#ypad; kugpdh; ngUkstpy;  Nrh`hdpad; kugpdh; Jz;lhf;Fk;

Nfhlhhpfs;> ntl;Lf; fj;jpfs; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; mijr; rhh;e;j
Mfpad gad;gLj;jpdh;. fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
2. ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilg; goq;fw;

fw;fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfi
$Wfis vOJf.
jpwe;j ntspapYk;> FiffspYk;> ghiwg; gLf;iffspYk; trpj;jhh;fs;.
Ntl;ilahLjy;> czitr; Nrfhpj;jy; Mfpad Kf;fpaj; njhopy;.
fUtpfs; rpwpajhapd. Nfhlhhpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; gof;fk; Fiwe;jJ.
fw;fUtp cw;gj;jpapy; %yf;fy;iy jahh; nra;Ak; El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jpdh;.
3. ,ilf; fw;fhy ehfhpfk; epytpa ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,ilf; fw;fhyk; xUrpy gFjpfs; jtpu ,e;jpah KOtJk; epytpaJ.
jkpo;ehL - J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Njhpf; Fd;Wfs;.
Me;jpuk; - rdfdfy;Y" fh;ehlfk; - fpg;gd `s;sp" gPfhh; - gap];uh.
F[uhj; - yq;[d;" cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; - rhuha; efh;> jk;jkh.
4. ,ilf; fw;fhyg; gz;ghLfspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;Gfs; ahit ?

XusT epue;ju kw;Wk; jw;fhypff; FbapUg;Gfspy; trpj;jdh;.
jpwe;j ntspapYk;> FiffspYk; trpj;jdh;. ,we;Njhiug; Gijj;jdh;.
fiyj; jpwd; kpf;fth;fshf ,Ue;jij gpk;Ngl;fhtpy; fhzKbfpwJ.
rpwpa tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfis Ntl;ilahl Ez; fw;fUtpfs; cjtpd.
5. rpe;J ehfhpfk; epytpa gFjpapd; vy;iyfi

yfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fpof;F - cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Myk;fph;Gh;
Nkw;F - ghfp];jhd;> <uhd; vy;iyapd; rl;fhn[d; - Nlhh; FbapUg;Gfs;
tlf;F - Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; cs;s \hh;l;Lif.
njw;F - kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy; cs;s ijkhghj;.
6. ùg;gh nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspj;j iftpidj; jahhpg;G Fwpj;J vOJf.

kzpfs; nra;jy;> rq;F tisay;fs; nra;jy; kw;Wk; cNyhf Ntiyfs;
jq;fk;> nrk;G> ntz;fyk;> gPq;fhd; Mfpatw;wpyhd mzpfyd;fs;.
rq;F> RLkz;> fhh;dpypad; kzpfs; Mfpatw;wpyhd mzpfyd;fs;.
fphp];ly; (gbff;fy;)> ];Bl;ill; (Eiuf;fy;) Mfpatw;wpyhd mzpfyd;fs;.
7. ùg;gh kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwpe;jJ vd;d?

,iw ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ,aw;ifia topgl;ldh;.
mur kuk;> jha; nja;tk; Nghd;w RLkz; cUtq;fis topgl;ldh;.
,wg;gpw;F gpd;duhd tho;f;ifapy; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
GijFopfspy; kl;ghz;lq;fs;> mzpfyd;fs;> kzpfs; itj;jdh;.
IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :

1. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija ,e;jpah Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
 tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija ,e;jpah vd;gJ vOj;JKiw Njhd;whj fhykhFk;.
 fw;fhyk;> ntz;fyf; fhyk;> nrk;Gf; fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf; fhyk; vdg; gphpf;fyhk;.
 ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> ,yq;if> Neghsk;> tq;fNjrk; KOtJk; xNu gFjp.
 ,e;jpahtpy; 10 Kjy; 20 ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng tho;e;jhh;fs;.
 Kjypy; ehfhpfk; fz;lwpag;gl;l ,lj;jpd; ngaiu gz;ghLf;F #l;bdh;.
 kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; mbg;gilapYk; gz;ghLf;F ngahpl;ldh;.
 tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ùg;gh gz;ghL fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l rhk;gy; epw kl;ghz;lg; gz;ghL epytpaJ.
2. fPo; kw;Wk; ,ilg; goq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghLfi

hLfis xg;gPLf.
fPo;g; goq;fw;fhyg;
hyg; gz;ghL :
 nrd;idf;fUfpy; gy;yhtuj;jpy; ,uhgh;l; G&]; G+l; milahsk; fz;lhh;.
 guty; - mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> gy;yhtuk;> Fbak;> gpk;ngl;fh> ,rhk;G+h; Mfpad.
 Nfhlhhpfs;> Jz;lhf;Fk; fUtpfs;> gpsf;Fk; fUtpfs; cUthf;fpdh;.
 fw;fUtpfis tbtikf;f Rj;jpay; Nghd;w fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
,ilg; goq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL :
 gputhuh Mw;wq;fiuapy; nethrhtpy; H. D. rq;fypah milahsk; fz;lhh;.
 guty; - aKid> eh;kij> fpU\;zh> Nfhjhthp> MWfspd; rkntspfs;.
 Ruz;Lk; fUtpfs;> JisapLk; fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fpdh;.
 fUtpfs; rpwpajhapd. Nfhlhhpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; gof;fk; Fiwe;jJ.
3. ‘fh\
fh\;kPh; gFjpapd; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL ùg;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; fhyj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jJ”
J” $w;iw epWTf.
 fh\;kPhpd; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghLk; ùg;gh ehfhpfKk; rkfhyj;jit.
 fh\;kPhpy; cs;s gh;rhN`hk; Kf;fpakhd Gjpa fw;fhy Ma;tplkhFk;.
 gh;rhN`hikr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; ùg;gh kf;fNshL tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
 NfhJik> ghh;yp> gl;lhzp> gUg;G Mfpa tpijfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
 rptg;G epw kl;ghz;lq;fs;> nrk;ghyhd mk;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw nra;jhh;fs;.

 fhh;dpypad; kzpfisAk;> tz;zk; G+rpa ghidfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
 Jzpapy; tpyq;Ffspd; Njhiyr; Nrh;j;J ijf;Fk; Fj;J}rpfs; gad;gl;ld.
4. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL vq;F epytpaJ?

epytpaJ? mjd; Kf;fpakhd
pakhd
$Wfi
$Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> ngz;zhW> Jq;fgj;jpuh rkntspfspy; epytpaJ.
 fh;ehlfhtpy; - gpuk;kfphp> kh];fp> tlfy; Mfpa ,lq;fs;.
 Me;jpuhtpy; - ehfh;[_d nfhz;lh> uhkhGuk;> tPuhGuk; Mfpa ,lq;fs;.
 jkpo;ehl;by; - igak;gs;sp kw;Wk; fhtphp Mw;wpd; rkntspfs;.
 xU rhk;gy; Nkl;ilr; Rw;wpYk; FbapUg;Gfs; #o;e;j fl;likg;G ,Ue;jd.
 nky;ypa rhk;gYk;> rpijf;fg;gl;l khl;Lr;rhz mLf;FfSk; fpilj;jd.
 rhk;gy; Nkl;ilr; Rw;wpYk; tPLfSk; Gij FopfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
5. rpe;J ehfhpfk; Vd; ùg;gh ehfhpfk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

 rpe;J ehfhpfj;jpd; milahsk; Kjypy; ùg;ghtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l ,lj;jpd; ngauhy; ùg;gh ehfhpfk; vd;wiof;fpd;wdh;.
 yh$hpy; ,Ue;J Ky;jhDf;F uapy;ghij mikf;Fk; gzp eilngw;wJ.
 uapy;ghij mikf;Fk; gzpapd; NghJjhd; ùg;gh efuk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
 mnyf;]hz;lh; fd;dpq;`hk; ùg;ghtpy; xU Kj;jpiuiaf; fz;nlLj;jhh;.
 ùg;ghtpy; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;s rh; [hd; khh;\y; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.
 1940 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; khh;bkh; tPyh; ùg;ghtpy; Ma;Tfs; elj;jpdhh;.
6. jpl;lkplg;gl;l efuq;fshd ùg;gh> nkhfQ;rjhNuh gw;wp vOJf.

 ùg;gh - ghJfhg;G muz;fs;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l njUf;fs;> re;Jfs; ,Ue;jd.
 fl;Lkhdj;Jf;F Rl;l kw;Wk; Rlhj nrq;fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sdh;.
 efuq;fs; rl;lf tbtikg;igf; nfhz;ljhf mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
 nkhfQ;rjhNuh xh; cah;e;j Nkil kPJ ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lf; fl;lg;gl;l efuk;.
 ngUq;Fsk; ePh; Gfhjgb [pg;rk; nrwpe;j Rz;zhk;G rhe;jhy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jd.
 tPLfs;> fopTePh; tbfhy;fs; Rl;l nrq;fw;fshy; jpl;lkpl;L fl;lg;gl;ld.
 tPLfSk; FspayiwfSk; fopTePh; tbfhYld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
gz;ila ,e;jpah : nrk;Gf;fhy> ngUq;fw;fhy>

myF 2 ,Uk;Gf;fhy> Ntjfhyg; gz;ghLfs;

1. Ntjg; ghly;fspd; Kf;fpa njhFg;gpd; ngaH ....................
....................
m) gpuhkzq;fs; .M) rk;
rk;`pijfs;
pijfs.; ,) Muz;afq;fs; <) cgepljq;fs;
2. Nky; fq;ifr; rkntspg; gFjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
.m) FU-
FU-ghQ;ryk;. M) fq;ifr; rkntsp ,) rpe;Jntsp <) tpNjfh
3. Mjpr;rey;Y}H ...................
................... khtl;
khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
m) Nfhak;Gj;J}H M) <NuhL .,) J}j;Jf;Fb.
b. <) NtY}H
4. fPo;fhZk; ,izfis ftdpf;fTk;.
(i) Nrdhdp - gilj;jsgjp
(ii) fpuhkzp - fpuhkj; jiytH
(iii) gyp - jd;dhHtj;jhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
(iv) GNuhfpjH - MSeH
Nkw;fz;ltw;wpy; ve;j ,iz jtwhdJ?
m) i M) ii ,) iii <) iv.
.<)
5. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f.
$w;W : Kw;fhy Ntjfhyj;jpy; Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.
fhuzk; : gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; rlq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp itf;fg;gl;ldH.
m) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhpahdit. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
.M) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhpahdit. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
y..
,) $w;W rhpahdJ. fhuzk; jtwhdJ.
<) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhpahdit.

1. Ntjfhy ,yf;fpaq;fis thpirg;
thpirggLj;
;gLj;jTk;.
ehd;F Ntjq;fshd hpf;> a[{h;> rhk> mjh;t Ntjq;fs;.
Ntjg; ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghd rq;fpijfs; kw;Wk; gpuhkzq;fs;.
Muz;afq;fs;> cgepljq;fs; Ntjfhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Njhd;wpd.
2. n[d;l; mt];jhitg;
hitg; gw;wp vOJf.
n[huh];bhpa kjj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ghurPf / <uhdpa nkhop E}yhFk;.
,e;Njh - <uhdpa nkhop kf;fspd;; epyg;gug;G> flTs;fs; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
Ntj rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fNshL nkhop xg;Gik nfhz;Ls;sJ.
3. njhlf;f Ntj fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyia

epiyia Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lf.
njhlf;f Ntj fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; cahpa ,lj;ij tfpj;jdh;.
fpuhkf; $l;lq;fspYk; Nts;tpfspYk; gq;nfLj;jdh;.
gyjhu kzKk; kWkzKk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
4. hpf;Ntjf; flTs;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

hpf;Ntjf; fhyj;jpy; Gue;juh vd;w ,e;jpuNd Kf;fpaf; flTs;.
,Uis ePf;Fk; flTs; #hpad;. ePh;f; flTs; tUzh.
typikapd; flTs; khUj;. jhtuq;fspd; flTs; Nrhkh.
c\h vDk; ngz; flTs; tpbaypd; flTs;.
5. ,e;
,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;Gf; fhyk; Fwpj;J ePtpH mwpe;jnjd;d.
,e;jpahtpy; ,Uk;Gf; fhykhdJ ,UNtW gz;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tl ,e;jpah - Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l rhk;gy; epw kl;ghz;lg; gz;ghL.
njd; ,e;jpah - <kr; rpd;dq;fSld; $ba ngUq;fw;fhy gz;ghL.

1. njd; ,e;jpahtpd; nrk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghLfisr; RUf;fkhf tpth
tpthpf;fTk;.
nrk;Gfhyg; gz;ghL njd; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpajw;fhd rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.
Jisapl;l ghz;lq;fs;> nfz;b tbtpyhdg; ghz;lq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
fw;fUtpfSk; ,Ue;jd. goq;fs;> ,iyfs;> fpoq;Ffs; Mfpad cz;lzh;.
Ntshz;ikAk;> fhy;eil tsh;g;Gk; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa tho;thjhukhFk;.
2. njhlf;ffhy Ntjfhyj;jpd; Gtpapay; guty;fisg; gl;baypLf.

njhlf;f Ntjfhyk; ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfspy; epytpaJ.
fpof;F Mg;fhdp];jhd; kw;Wk; ghfp];jhd; Mfpa ehLfspy; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; Nkw;F cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; Mfpa gFjpfs;.
njhlf;f Ntjfhy trpg;gplq;fs; gw;wp hpf; Ntjg; ghly;fs; njhptpf;fpwJ.
3. hpf; Ntjfhy r%fg; gph

gphpTfisf; Nfhbl;L fhl;Lf.
GU\ gypaplg;gl;l NghJ mtDila thapypUe;J gpuhkzh;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.
mNjNghy; mtDila ,uz;L iffspy; ,Ue;J rj;jphpah;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.
njhilfspy; ,Ue;J itrpah;fSk;> fhy;fspy; ,Ue;J #j;jpuh;fSk; Njhd;wpdh;.
Nghh; GhpNthUk;> fhy;eil tsh;g;NghUk;> Ntshz;ik nra;NthUk; ,Ue;jdh;.
4. Nka;r;ry; r%fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis Ma;f.

Nka;r;ry; r%fj;jpy; fhy;eilfis ikag;gLj;jp gy Nkhjy;fs; eilngw;wd.
Nka;r;ry; r%fk; ,df; FOf;fs;> kuGtopf; FLk;gq;fis nfhz;bUe;jd.
Nka;r;ry; njhopYf;F mLj;j epiyapNyNa Ntshz;ik njhopy; ,Ue;jJ.
th;zf; Nfhl;ghL Njhd;wptpl;lhYk; Nka;r;ry; r%fj;jpy; ghFghLfs; ,y;iy.
5. njhlf;f Ntjfhy r%fj;jpw;Fk; gpd; Ntjfhy r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s

NtWghLfisf; fhl;Lf.
njhlf;f Ntjfhy r%fk; gpd; Ntjfhy r%fk;
Mhpah;fs; Vida kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J th;z mbg;gilapyhd r%fg;

Nkk;gLj;jpf; fhl;bf; nfhz;ldh;. gbepiy Mokhff; fhY}d;wpaJ.
epwk;> tifiar; Rl;bf;fhl;l th;z #j;jpuh;fSf;Fk; fPohf rpy r%ff;
vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jpdh;. FOf;fs; itf;fg;gl;ld.
r%fj;jpy; ngz;fs; kpfTk; cah;e;j r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyik

,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;ldh;. jho;e;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fs; fpuhkf; $l;lq;fspYk; ngz; Foe;ijfs; gpur;ridfspd;
Nts;tpfspYk; gq;nfLj;jdh;. Njhw;Wtha; vd fUjg;gl;ldh;.

1. ,e;jpahtpy; gOg;G kQ;rs;epw kl;ghz;lg; gz;ghLfisg; gw;wp tpth
tpthp.
 tl,e;jpahtpy; gOg;G kQ;rs; epw kl;ghz;lq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
 gOg;G kQ;rs; epw kl;ghz;lq;fs; nrk;Gf; fhyg; gz;ghl;Lld; njhlHGilaJ.
 kl;ghz;lq;fs; rptg;Gepw mbg;Gwj;jpd; Nky; gOg;G kQ;rs; epwk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 mjpy; [hbfs;> nfhs;fyd;fs;> jl;Lfs;> fpz;zq;fs; Nghd;witfs; cs;sd.
 tPLfspy; Nkw;$iu> kujl;bfspd; Nky; fspkz; G+rg;gl;l Rth;fs; ,Ue;jd.
 nrk;ghyhd cUtq;fSk; Vida nghUs;fSk; mjpfk; fpilj;Js;sd.
 ,g;gz;ghL ‘nrk;G nghUl;Ftpay; gz;ghL” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 rpe;J - fq;if rkntspapy; njhlf;f Ntjfhyg; gz;ghNlhL njhlh;GilaJ.
2. jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUq;fw;fhy mfo;tha;tplq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.

Mjpr;rey;Y}h; :
 J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. jhopfs;> kl;ghz;lq;fs; mjpfk; cs;sd.
 Mzpfs;> fy;kzpfs;> MAjq;fs;> ntz;fy nghk;ikfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
igak;gs;sp :
 NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,q;F 1906 ,y;; mfo;tha;T eilngw;wJ.
 fUg;G kw;Wk; rptg;G epw kl;ghz;lq;fs;> <kj; jhopfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
nfhLkzy; :
 <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. mz;ikapy; 2012 ,y; mfo;tha;T ele;jJ.
 kl;ghz;lq;fs;> MAjq;fs;> fUtpfs;> mzpfyd;fs;> kzpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
3. Ntjfhy
Ntjfhy murpay; kw;Wk; epHthfk; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
m) njhlf;f Ntjfhyk; :
 njhlf;f Ntjfhy murpay; vd;gJ ,df;FOf;fspd; murpaNy MFk;.
 ,df;FOtpd; jiyth; uh[d; (murd;) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
 murUila Kf;fpag; gzp ,df;FOitf; fhg;gJ> vjphpfNshL NghhpLtJ.
 rgh> rkpjp> tpjjh> fzh Mfpa mikg;Gfs; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;wd.
M) gpe;ija Ntjfhyk; :
 murh; th[;Ngak;> uh[#ak;> m];tNkjk; ahfq;fis elj;jpdhh;.
 Kbahl;rp Kiw tYg;ngw;wjhy; murhpd; mjpfhuk; ngUfpaJ.
 NguuRfs; Njhd;wp rhk;uhl;> rhk;uh[; Nghd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; tsh;r;rp ngw;wd.
 rgh> rkpjp> tpjjh> fzh Mfpa mikg;Gfs; murpaypy; nry;thf;F ,oe;jd.
gpuNjr KbauRfspd; Njhw;wKk; Gjpa

myF 3 kjg;gphpTfs; cUthf;fKk;

1. Gj;jH jdJ Kjy;
Kjy; Nghjidia ..................
....................
............. ,y; epfo;j;jpdhh;.
m) rhQ;rp M) thuzhrp .,) rhuehj;. <) Yk;gpdp
2. m[hj rj;UTf;Fk; Gj;jUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd re;jpg;igf; Fwpg;gpLk;
pLk; ngsj;j E}y;
...................
................... MFk;.
m) rPtfrpe;jhkzp M) mr;ruq;f #j;jpuk;
,) fy;g #j;jpuk; .<) rkdgy Rj;jh.
h.
3. gftjp
gftjp #j;jpuk; xU ...................
................... E}yhFk;.
m) ngsj;jk; .M) rkzk;. ,) MrPtfk; <) Ntjk;
4. ...................
................... Ntshz;ik Kiwia Nkk;gLj;jpajpy;
pajpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpaJ.
.m) ,Uk;G. M) ntz;fyk; ,) nrk;G <) gpj;jis
5. tl,e;jpahtpy; 16 kfh[dgjq;fspy; typik gilj;jjhf tsHe;j muR
...................
................... MFk;.
m) Nfhryk; M) mte;jp .,) kfjk;. <) FU

1. ekJ Ma;Tf;Fr; rhd;whf cs;s jph
jphpgplfq;fis vOJf.
ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ngsj;j kjr; rl;lq;fs;.
mit : tpda gplfk;> Rj;j gplfk;> mgpjk;k gplfk;.
%d;W $ilfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. rhHthfk; Fwpj;J mwpe;jijf; $Wf.

rhh;thfk; vd;gJ ,e;jpa nghUs; Kjy;thjj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,J rhh;thfh; vd;gth; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhh;thfh; ,e;jpa nghUs; Kjy;thjj;ij cUthf;fpdh;.
3. kfhtPuUila Nghjidfspd; ikaf;fUj;J vd;d?

kfhtPuhpd; Nghjidfspd; ikaf; fUj;J mfpk;ir.
vWk;G Nghd;w rpW G+r;rpfSf;Fk; jPq;F nra;af; $lhJ.
thiaAk;> %f;ifAk; Jzpahy; fl;bf; nfhs;thHfs;.
elf;Fk; ghijia ,wfhy; ngUf;fpagbNa nry;thHfs;.
4. [dgjq;fSf;Fk; kfh[dgjq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghl;ilf; $Wf.

[dgjq;fs; kfh[d gjq;fs;
fq;if rkntspapypUe;j rpWehLfNs rpy [dgjq;fs; kw;w [dgjq;fis
[dgjq;fs;. mtw;wpy; rpy FbauRfs;. ifg;gw;wp kfh[dgjq;fshf khwpd.
tsq;fSf;fhf kw;Wk; murpay; hPjpahf kfh[dgjq;fs; vd;w kf;fis Ml;rp

Nkyhjpf;fk; nrYj;j rz;ilapl;ld. nra;j KbauRfs; cUthapd.
5. jkpo;ehl;bd; ngsj;j tuyhw;wpy; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

,uz;lhk; eurpk;k th;kd; Ml;rpapy; xU ngsj;j Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Ml;rpapy; xU ngsj;j Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
rPdj; Jwtp T-fpq; ehfg;gl;bdk; ngsj;j klj;Jf;F tUif je;jhh;.

1. fhl;ilj; jpUj;jpajpy; ,Uk;gpd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;J kjpg;gpLf.
,Uk;Gf; Nfhlhhpfs; fhLfisj; jpUj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpaJ.
,Uk;Gf; fj;jpfs;> kz;ntl;bfs; fhLfisj; jpUj;jg; NgUjtp Ghpe;jd.
,Uk;Gf; nfhOKid nfhz;l fyg;igfs; fhLfis Ntshz; epykhf;fpaJ.
kuNtiyfs;> iftpidg; nghUl;fs; nra;a ,Uk;Gf; fUtpfs; gad;gl;ld.
2. fq;ifr; rkntspapy; epfo;e;j efuq;fspd; Njhw;wj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

Ntshz; cghp - Ntshz;ik nropj;jjhy; cw;gj;jp Ntfkhf mjpfhpj;jJ.
ifj;njhopy; - kf;fs; Xa;T Neuj;ij ifj;njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F gad;gLj;jpdh;.
tzpf tsh;r;rp - Ntshz; cghpAk;> iftpidg; nghUl;fSk; Vw;Wkjpahapd.
kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk; - Mlk;gu ghz;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;.
3. ,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fj;Jf;Fg; gpwF> tsHr;rp ngw;w efuq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.

fq;ifr; rkntspapy; efuq;fs; Njhd;wpaNj ,uz;lhk;; efukakhf;fk; MFk;.
murpay; eph;thf ikaq;fs; - uh[fpUfk;> rpuh];tjp> nfsrhk;gp> rk;gh
tzpf efuq;fs; - c[;i[apdp> jl;rrPyk; ed;F tsh;r;rp ngw;wd.
rpwe;j Gdpjj; jyq;fs; - itrhyp> Gj;jfah Mfpa efuq;fs;.
4. ngh.M.K.
ngh.M.K. Ie;jhk;> Mwhk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j mitjPfr; rpe;jidahsHfis
milahsk; fhz;f.
ngh.M.K. 6 kw;Wk; 5 Mk; E}w;whz;LfNs ,e;jpahtpy; mwpT kyh;r;rp fhyk;.
Nfhryh;> nfsjk Gj;jh;> kfhtPuh;> m[pj Nfrfk;gsp MfpNahh; Njhd;wpdh;.
Md;kh> kdk;> cly; Mfpa Ntjf; fUj;Jf;fis Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jpdh;.
Gjpa kjq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;;. rkzKk; ngsj;jKk; gpugykhapd.
5. jkpo;ehl;by; rkzk; nrYj;jpa nry;thf;iff; Fwpg;gpLf.

ngh.M.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; rkzk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ.
kJiu cs;spl;l ,lq;fspy; rkzh;fspd; Fiffs;> fw;gLf;iffs; cs;sd.
jkpopy; rkz kj E}y;fs; - ehybahh;> gonkhop> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> ePyNfrp.
jpUg;gUj;jpf; Fd;wk; rkzf; Nfhapy; „rkzf; fhQ;rp… vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. ngh.M.K.
ngh.M.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l mwpT kyHr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
 Gjpa muRfs; cUthf;fk; kdpjdpd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.
 Ntj kjj;jpd; fLikahd eilKiwfSf;F vjpuhd rpe;jid Njhd;wpaJ.
 Nkl;Lf;Fb kf;fs; r%f mikg;G Fwpj;J mjpUg;jp nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
 Ntj kjk; ,e;jpahtpy; r%fj;jpd; midj;J gFjpfspYk; guttpy;iy.
 Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa mitjPf kjq;fis gpd;dw;WtJ fbdkhf ,y;iy.
 gpuhkzh;fSf;F kl;LNk Mrpukq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;l tho;f;if Kiw.
 efukakhf;fk;> tzpf tphpthf;fk; Vw;gl;ljhy; Gjpa th;f;fk; cUthdJ.
 kf;fs; jkJ nghUshjhu epiyf;F Vw;w r%f jFjpiaf; Nfhhpdhh;fs;.
2. MrPtfk; Fwpj;J tpsf;fTk;. NkYk; ,e;jpahtpy; mjd; gutiyAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.

 ee;jthr;rh vd;w JwtpNa MrPtfk; gphpitj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
 eph;thzj; Jwtpfshd MrPtfh;fs; Co;tpidf; Nfhl;ghl;il ek;gpdhh;fs;.
 MrPtfh;fspy; jiyrpwe;jth; kf;fhyp Nfhryh; Mthh;.
 MrPtfj;jpd; jiyikaplkhf rpuht];jp tpsq;fpaJ.
 MrPtfh;fspd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;if epajp my;yJ tpjp.
 MrPtfj;jpd;gb> tho;tpy; jtph;f;f Kbahj MW mk;rq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 mitahtd: yhgk;> e\;lk;> ,d;gk;> Jd;gk;> tho;T> kuzk;.
 MrPtfk; nry;thf;Fld; ,y;iy vd;whYk; ehL KOtJk; gutp ,Ue;jJ.
 Fath;fs;> tq;fpahsh;fs; Nghd;w Jwtwk; G+zhj rPlh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.
3. rkzj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpsit tpsf;Ff.

 kfhtPu; kiwe;J 500 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J rkzj;jpy; xU gpsT Vw;gl;lJ.
 kfjj;jpy; fLk; gQ;rk; Vw;gl;ljhy; gy rkzj; Jwtpfs; ntspNawpdhh;fs;.
 gj;ugh`{ jiyikapy; rpy rkzj; Jwtpfs; njw;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;whh;fs;.
 cilfs; vJTkpd;wp ,Ue;j ,th;fs; jpfk;guHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
 ];J}ygj;jpuh; jiyikapy; kw;w rkzj; Jwtpfs; kfjj;jpNyNa jq;fpdhh;fs;.
 nts;is Milia cLj;jpa ,th;fs; ];Ntjhk;guh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
 rkzj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,e;j gpsT kfjj;jpy; rkzj;ijg; gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ.
 ];J}ygj;jpuh; ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; xU nghpa rkz rka khehl;il elj;jpdhh;.
4. Gj;jupd; vz;topg; ghijia tptup.

 Gj;jh; Jd;gk; Fwpj;j ehd;F ngUk; cz;ikfis ntspapl;lhh;.
 Gj;jh; MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspapl;lhh;.
 Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy ngw vz;topg; ghijia filgpbf;ff; $wpdhh;.
 vz;topg; ghij NtWngah;fs; - kj;jpkg; ghij my;yJ ml;lhq;f khh;f;fk;.
 Gj;jhpd; vz;topg; ghij ( ml;lhq;f khh;f;fk; ) :
1. ey;y ek;gpf;if 2. ey;y Mh;tk; 3. ey;y tha;ik
4. ey;y nray; 5. ey;y tho;f;if 6. ey;y Kaw;rp
7. ey;y rpe;jid 8. ey;y jpahdk;
5. ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;jk; tPo;r;rp mile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

 ngsj;j kjj;jpy; gy gphpTfs; Njhd;wp mjd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia ,oe;jJ.
 `Pdahdh> kfhahdh> t[;uhadh> rf[ahdh Nghd;w gphpTfs; Njhd;wpd.
 kf;fspd; nkhopahd ghyp> gpuhfpUjk; Mfpad jkJ nry;thf;if ,oe;jd.
 ngsj;j kjr; nra;jpfs; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ntspahf Muk;gpj;jJ.
 `h;\ th;j;jdUf;Fg; gpwF ngsj;j kjk; murh;fspd; Mjuit ,oe;jJ.
 `_zh;fs; gilnaLg;G - `_zh;fs; ngsj;j kjj;jpdiu ntWj;jdh;.
 ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; ngsj;j kjj;jpdiuj; Jd;GWj;jp nfhy;tjpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
 mNugpah;> JUf;fpah; gilnaLg;Gfs; ngsj;j Jwtpfis ntspNaw;wpaJ.
myF 4 muR kw;Wk; NguuR cUthf;fk;

1. mNrhfuJ J}z;fspy; cs;s gpuhkp vOj;JfSf;F nghUs; fz;Lgpbj;jtH .............
...............
...............
.....
m) jhk]; rhz;lH]; .M) N[k;]; gphpd;nrg;.
,) rH [hd; khH\y; <) tpy;ypak; N[hd;];
2. kfjj;jpd; Kjy; muruhf mwpag;gLgtH> `Haq;
`Haq;fh tk;rj;ijr; NrHe;j ..................
..................
.m) gpk;gprhuH.
prhuH. M) m[hrj;U ,) mNrhfH <) kfhgj;k ee;jH
3. ............
................... vd;w ,yq;ifapy;
fapy; fpilj;j> ghypapy;
ghypapy; vOjg;gl;l tphpthd tuyhw;W E}y;
nkshpag; NguuR gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk; Kf;fpakhd rhd;whFk;.
.m) kfhtk;rk;
k.; M) jPgtk;rk; ,) gpukhzk; <) Kj;uhuhl;rrk;
4. .............
................
... vd;w tprhfjj;jhpd; ehlfk; re;jpuFg;jH gw;wpAk;> mtH kfjg; Nguurpd;
mhpaiz VwpaJ gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.
.m) Kj;uhuhl;rrk;. M) uh[juq;fpzp ,) mHj;jrh];jpuk; <) ,z;bfh
5. nkf
nkf];
];jdp]; vOjpa .................
................. re;jpuFg;jhpd; muritiaAk;> mtuJ epHthfj;ijAk;
tpthpf;fpwJ.
.m) ,z;bfh.
fh. M) Kj;uhuhl;rrk; ,) m\;lj;ahap <) mHj;jrh];jpuk;
6. ................
................ ey;y epHthfk; gw;wpa topfhl;Lk; E}yhFk;.
.m) mHj;jrh];jpuk;
puk.; M) ,z;bfh ,) uh[juq;fpzp <) Kj;uhuhl;rrk;

1. gpk;gprhuH vt;thW kfjg; Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpdhH?
kfjg; Nguuir jpUkz cwTfs; kw;Wk; Nghh;fs; %yk; tphpTgLj;jpdhh;.
ypr;rhtp> khj;uh ,sturpfis kze;jhh;. mq;fk; Nghh; %yk; ,izj;jhh;.
jdJ rNfhjhpia Nfhry murDf;F kzk; Kbj;J fhrpia ghprhf ngw;whh;.
2. kfhgj;k ee;jH gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

kfj ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j Kjy; ee;j murh; k`hgj;k ee;jh;.
rpRehf muriuf; nfhd;W tpl;L k`hgj;k ee;jh; mhpaiz Vwpdhh;.
mtuJ mjpfhuk; vjphpfSf;F mr;r%l;baJ.
3. vjd; fhuzkhf kfh mnyf;rhz;lH> Nghu]pd; mupaiziaj; jpUg;gpj; je;jhH?

Nghu]pd; fz;zpaj;jhy; mnyf;rhz;lh; nghpJk; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
mnyf;rhz;lhpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Nghu]; rk;kjpj;jhh;.
Nghhpy; fisg;gile;j tPuh;fs; NkYk; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;y kWj;jdh;.
4. xU ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpd; Kf;fpag; mk;rq;fs;

fs; ahit?
Nguurpd; KOtJk; xNu khjphpahd eph;thf mikg;G fhzg;gLk;.
mjpfhu th;f;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;> thpfs; %yk; epjp jpul;Ljy;.
ehl;il eph;thfpj;jy; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;ij top elj;Jjy;.
5. nksh
nkshpa muR gw;wp Ma;Tf;F cjTk; ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;G jUf.
murpay; rhzf;fpah; nfsby;ah; ,aw;wpa mh;j;jrh];jpuk;.
fpNuf;fj; J}Jth; nkf];jdp]; ,aw;wpa ,d;bfh.
tprhfjj;jh; ,aw;wpa Kj;uhuhl;rrk; vd;w ehlf E}y;.
6. mnyf;rhz;lhpd; gilnaLg;G ve;j tiffspy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;GKidahf

mikfpwJ?
,e;jpah - fpNuf;fk; ,ilNa Neubj; njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ.
Nkw;F cyfpw;F ehd;F tzpfg; ngUtopfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.
re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; Kjy; ,e;jpag; Nguuir cUthf;fpdhh;.

1. njhy;ypay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; %yk; njh
njhpatUk; efug; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpf;fhf MWfis xl;bag; gFjpfspy; mike;jpUe;jd.
ghJfhg;gpw;fhf mfopfSk;> Nfhl;ilr; Rth;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
efuq;fspy; ciwfpzWfs;> fopTePH fhy;tha;fs;> Fbik trjpfs; ,Ue;jd.
tPLfs; nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. Rfhjhu trjpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
2. fq;ifr; rkntspapd; Kbahl;rpfspd; mk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff.

f.
rpwpa ehLfisAk; fzrq;fq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wp NguuRfis cUthf;fpdh;.
Nguurh;fs; rf;uth;j;jp my;yJ Vf;uhl; Nghd;w cah;e;j gjtpfis Vw;wdh;.
fq;ifr; rkntsp gFjpfspy; xU ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l NguuR cUthdJ.
rh;thjpfhukhd muR r%f> nghUshjhu> eph;thf mikg;ig khw;wpaJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; kfh mnyf;rhz;lhpd; gilnaLg;gpd; jhf;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fpNuf;f rj;ug;Gfs; (khfhzq;fs;) mikf;fg;gl;ld.
Nkw;F cyfpw;F nrd;Wtu ehd;F tzpfg; ngUtopfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;fpy; gy fpNuf;f FbapUg;Gfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
fpNuf;f tzpfh;fSk; iftpidf; fiyQh;fSk; ,e;jpah te;jdh;.
4. mNrhfH fypq;fk; kPJ gilnaLj;jJ gw;wp eP

ePtph;
ph; mwptJ vd;d?
mNrhfh; vl;lhtJ Ml;rp Mz;by; fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.
kfjg; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;J nrd;w fypq;fj;ij jz;bNt gilnaLj;jhh;.
Nghhpy; gy gj;jhapuf; fzf;fhNdhh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;" gyh; fhak;gl;ldh;.
Nghhpd; mopTfisf; fz;L tUe;jpa mNrhfh; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F khwpdhh;.
5. nksh
nkshpaH fhyj;jpy; gue;j mstpy; ele;j Mil tzpfk; gw;wp tpthp.
E}y; E}w;wYk; gUj;jp Milfs; nea;jYk; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jd.
Kul;L ufk;> nky;ypa ufk; vdg; gy ufq;fspy; gUj;jpj; Jzpfs; jahhpj;jdh;.
mur FLk;gj;jhh;fs; jq;f> nts;sp [hpif nea;j Milfis mzpe;jhh;fs;.
rPdg; gl;L nkshpag; Nguurpy; fly;top tzpfk; ele;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
6. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Nkw;F> kj;jpa Mrpah ,ilapy;

,ilapy; tzpfk; nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; gw;wp
xU Fwpg;G tiuf.
fk;gsp> gl;L> etuj;jpdf; fw;fs;> tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;> thridf; fl;ilfs;.
,e;jpahtpy; jahuhd gUj;jp Milfs; tzpfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jd.
mThpr; rhak;> je;jk;> MikXL> Kj;J Mfpad Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
thrid jputpaq;fSk;> mg+h;t kuf;fl;ilfSk; vfpg;jpw;F Vw;Wkjpahapd.

1. nksh
nkshpag; NguuR gw;wp ehk; mwpa cjTk; rhd;Wfisg; gw;wp tpsf;fTk;.
 nkshpah;fs; gw;wp $Wk; rkz - ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhkzq;fs;.
 ,yq;ifapy; fpilj;Js;s ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}yhd kfhtk;rk;.
 ,e;jpahitg; gw;wp vOjpa fpNuf;f tuyhw;W mwpQh;fspd; gjpTfs;.
 njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; - fl;Lkhdq;fs;> cNyhfq;fs;> fUtpfs; Mfpad.
 ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspy; fpilj;Js;s mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf; fl;lisfs;.
 F[uhj;jpy; fph;ehh;-f;F mUfpy; [{dhfj;jpy; cs;s ghiwf; fy;ntl;L.
 nkf];jdp]; vOjpa ,d;bfh. tprhfjj;jh; vOjpa Kj;uhuhl;rrk;.
2. nksh
nkshpa Ml;rpaikg;gpd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfis tpth
tpthpf;fTk;.
 nkshpag; Nguurpy; ehl;bd; epHthfj;jpd; jiytuhf murh; ,Ue;jhh;.
 nkshpaj; jiyefh; ghlypGj;jpuk; Neubahf murdhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murUf;F cjtpahf xU kjFU> mikr;ruit> k`hkhj;jphpah;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.
 eph;thfg; gphpTfs; - NguuR> khfhzq;fs;> khtl;lq;fs;> efuq;fs;> fpuhkq;fs;.
 NguuR ehd;F khfhzq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L ,sturh;fshy; Msg;gl;ld.
 vy;yh gFjpapYk; xNu khjphpahd tUtha; kw;Wk; ePjp eph;thfk; epytpaJ.
 thp t#Yf;F nghWg;ghd mjpfhhp rk`h;j;jh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
 efuq;fspy; ,Utif ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd - jh;k];jpah> fe;jNfhre;jdh.
3. ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ghurPfHfspd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J ehk; mwptJ vd;d?

 tlNkw;F ,e;jpah ghurPf - ,e;jpag; gz;ghLfspd; rq;fkkhf khwpaJ.
 ghurPfj; njhlh;G gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 fiy> fl;blf;fiy> epHthfk; Mfpatw;wpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 fNuh\;b vOj;J Kiwia mNrhfh; jdJ fy;ntl;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
 ehzaj;jpd; ,e;jpar; nrhy; „fhh;rh… ghurPf nkhopapy; ,Ue;Nj te;jJ.

 ghurPfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpahtpYk; ehzaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 mNrhfh; J}z;fspd; cr;rp Mf;fpkPidl; Nguurpd; J}z;fis xj;Js;sd.
 ghlypGj;jpuk; muz;kidapd; vQ;rpa J}z;fs; ghurPfj; jhf;fj;Jld; cs;sJ.
4. mNrhfh
mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf; fl;lisfs; gw;wpf; $Wf.
 mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf; fl;lisfs; ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfshf cs;sd.
 mNrhfh; nkhj;jk; 33 fy;ntl;Lf; fl;lisfis ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
 mtw;wpy; 14 ghiwf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 7 J}z; fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
 mNrhfh; fy;ntl;Lfis ngUk;ghYk; gpuhkp vOj;J Kiwapy; ntspapl;lhh;.
 rpy fy;ntl;Lfis kfjp> gpuhfpUjk;> fNuh\;b vOj;J Kiwapy; ntspapl;lhh;.
 mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf; fl;lisfs; mtuJ Nguurpd; gug;gsitf; fhl;LfpwJ.
 nkshpag; Nguurpd; vy;iyf;F ntspNa ,Ue;j epyg;gug;Gfisf; $WfpwJ.
 mikjp> Neh;ik> ePjp Mfpatw;wpy; mNrhfUf;F ,Ue;j ek;gpf;if $Wfpd;wd.
myF 5 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rKjha cUthf;fk;

1. fhpfhyd; ....................
.................... kfdhdthH.
m) nrq;fz;zd; M) fLq;Nfh .,) ,sQ;Nrl; nrd;dp.p. <) mjpakhd;
2. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; ve;j ,iz jtwhdJ.
(i) jiyahyq;fhdk; - neLQ;nropad; (ii) gl;bdg;ghiy - cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH
(iii) f[ghF - ,yq;if (iv) jpUtQ;rpf;fsk; - NrhoH
m) i M) ii ,) iii <) iv.
.<)
3. .....................
..................... uh[#a ahfj;ij elj;jpdhH.
.m) ngUew;fps;sp.p. M) KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp ,) rpKfh <) mjpakhd;
4. ,f;rthFfs; ..................
....................
........... gFjpapy; typik ngw;wpUe;jdH.
.m) Me;jpuh
puh - fHehlfh.
fHehlfh. M) xbrh ,) jf;fhzg; gFjp <) gdthrp
5. fPo;f;fhZk; $w;Wfis thrp
thrpj;
rpj;J jtwhd $w;iw ntspf; nfhzHf
(i) fsg;gpuHfs; irtj;ij Mjhpj;jdH.
(ii) gy;ytiuAk; ghz;baiuAk; fsg;gpuH Njhw;fbj;jdH.
(iii) ,f;rthFfs; NtjNts;tpfis Mjhpj;jdH.
(iv) cg;G tpahghhpfs; ckzh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
.m) (i) kw;Wk; (ii). M) (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) ,) (i) kw;Wk; (iii) <) (iii) kw;Wk; (iv)

1. gz;lkhw;W Kiwia tpsf;F.
xU nghUis nfhLj;J jkf;F Njitahd kw;nwhU nghUis thq;FtJ.
tpiyAah;e;j Mguzf; fw;fisf; nfhLj;J %yg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;wdh;.
mjpy; gy;NtW nghUl;fis jahhpj;J NtW nghUshf gz;lkhw;W nra;jdh;.
2. kJiuf; fhQ;
fhQ;rpapypUe;J eP mwptJ vd;d?
rq;f ,yf;fpakhd kJiuf; fhQ;rp fil tPjpfisg; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
gfy; Neuf; fil - ehsq;fhb> ,uT Neuf; fil - my;yq;fhb.
mq;F tpw;gidahFk; gytif iftpidg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; NgRfpwJ.

1. rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpo; epyj;jpd; Ie;J jpizfs;.
FwpQ;rp - kiyAk; kiy rhh;e;j gFjp. Kf;fpaj; njhopy; Ntl;ilahLjy;.
Ky;iy - fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j gFjp. Kf;fpaj; njhopy; Nka;j;jy;.
kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh;e;j gFjp. Kf;fpaj; njhopy; Ntshz;ik.

nea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh;e;j gFjp. Kf;fpaj; njhopy; kPd;gpbj;jy;.
ghiy - kzYk; kzy; rhh;e;j gFjp. Kf;fpaj; njhopy; nfhs;isabj;jy;.
2. Nrho murHfspy; jiyrpwe;jtd; fh

fhpfhyd;.
,sQ;Nrl;nrd;dpapd; kfdhd fhpfhyd; gw;wp gl;bdg;ghiy $WfpwJ.
fhpfhyd; ntz;zpg; Nghhpy; Nruh;> ghz;bah; kw;Wk; 11 Ntsph;fis ntd;whh;.
fhpfhyd; fhtphpapy; miz fl;bdhh;. fhLfis ntl;b ehlhf;fpdhh;.
Fsq;fs;> tha;f;fhy;fs; ntl;b ePh;g;ghrd trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpj; je;jhh;.
3. nfsjkpGj;jpu rjfHdpapd; rhjidfs;.

nfsjkpGj;jpu rjfHdpapd; ntw;wpfisg; gw;wp ehrpf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ.
rhf murh; ehfgdh> gfy;th;> atdh;fs; MfpNahiu ntw;wp nfhz;lhh;.
ehfgdhtpd; ehzaq;fisj; jd; mur Kj;jpiuNahL kPz;Lk; ntspapl;lhh;.
nfsjkpGj;jpu rjfHdp m];tNkj ahfj;ij elj;jpajhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
4. fpohH-
fpohH- NtspH ,UtUf;FKs;s NtWghLfs;.
fpohh; Ntsph;
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; thOk;  kiyg;ghq;fhd fhl;Lg; gFjpia
goq;Fb ,dr; r%fq;fspd; jq;fs; fl;Lghl;by; itj;jpUe;j
jiyth;fNs fpohh;. FWepy kd;dh;fNs Ntsph;.
 xU rpwpa gFjpapd; jiytuhf  Mepiu fth;jy; fhuzkhf mbf;fb
,Ue;J> gpd;dh; ehL vd;w eph;thfg; Nghh;fs; %z;ld. Gyth;fs; kw;Wk;
gphptpd; jiytuhf khwpath;. fiyQh;fis Mjhpj;jdh;.

1. ‘rq;ffhy murpay; KiwahdJ muR cUthf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;gpUe;j jiyik
chpikNa MFk;". ,f;$w;iw Mjupj;Njh vjpHj;Njh cdJ fhuzq;fis toq;F.
(i)) Mjuthf Kd;itf;Fk; fhuzq;fs; :
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; r%fg; gphptpidfs; ntspg;gltpy;iy.
 muRfspd; vy;iyfs; njspthf tiuaiw nra;ag;glhjJ.
 thp tpjpg;G ,Ue;jjhfr; rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.
 xU muR cUthfj; Njitahd Ntshz; tsHr;rp NghHfshy; ehrkhapd.
(ii)) vjpuhf Kd;itf;Fk; fhuzq;fs; :
 kUj epyg; gFjpapy; r%f Ntw;Wikfs; Njhd;wp ,Ue;jd.
 %Nte;jh;fs; jq;fs; epyj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wk; nry;thf;Fk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
 tzpfg; ngUtopfs; kw;Wk; JiwKfq;fspy; thp t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jq;fs; Ml;rpg; gFjpia tphpTgLj;j Nghh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
2. %Nte;jH muRfSila epHthff; fl;likg;ig tpth

tpthpf;fTk;
Tk;.
 %Nte;jh;fSk; jq;fs; typikia ep&gpf;f Nghhpl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;.
 fpohh;fisAk; Ntsph;Fyj; jiyth;fisAk; mbgzpar; nra;jdh;.
 Nghh;Ghpa Ntz;b jq;fSf;nfd gil tPuh;fis mzp jpul;bdh;.
 rpy Nghh;fspy; Ntsph;Fyj; jiyth;fspd; cjtpiaAk; ehbdh;.
 Gyth;fisAk;> fiyQh;fisAk; Mjhpj;jNjhL muritapYk; mkh;j;jpdh;.
 jq;fsJ typikiag; giwrhw;w rpwg;Gg; gl;lq;fisr; #l;bf; nfhz;ldh;.
 gl;lg; ngah;fs; - fLq;Nfh> ,katuk;gd;> thdtuk;gd;> ngUtOjp
 jq;fis Ntsph;Fy jiyth;fsplk; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;bf; nfhz;ldh;.
3. fsg;gpuH vd;NghH ahH? mtHfs; Fwpj;J G+yhq;

G+yhq;Fwpr;rpf; fy;ntl;bypUe;J mwpe;J
nfhs;tnjd;d?
 fsg;gpuh; fhyk; vd;gJ rq;f fhyj;ijj; njhlh;e;J te;j fhykhFk;.
 rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fk;> gy;yth;fs; - ghz;bah;fs; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;.
 fsg;gpuh;fs; %Nte;jh;fisAk; tPo;j;jp Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdh;.
 fsg;gpuh;fs; jkpofj;jpy; Njhuhakhf> ngh.M. 300 - 600 tiu Ml;rp nra;jdh;.
 G+yhq;Fwpr;rpf; fy;ntl;L rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nre;jd;> $w;wd; vd;w ,U murh;fspd; ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L cs;sJ.
 mth;fsJ FLk;gk;> tk;rhtsp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; vJTk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
 fsg;gpuh;fs; fhyj;jpy; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
4. rq;f fhyk;> rq;f fhyj;

fhyj;ijj; njhlHe;J cldbahf te;j fhyj;ijr; NrHe;j
tzpfHfs; kw;Wk; njhiyJ}u tzpfk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
tzpfh;fs; :
 tzpfd;> rhj;jd;> epfk Nghd;w nrhw;fs; jkpo;-gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;sd.
 rhj;J vd;gJ ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; nrd;W tzpfk; nra;gth;fisf; Fwpg;gJ.
 cg;G tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;lth;fs; ckzh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
 cg;G tzpfh;fs; khl;L tz;bfspy; FLk;gj;NjhL tzpfk; nra;jdh;.
njhiyJ}u tzpfk; :
 tzpfj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W KiwNa mjpf mstpy; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
 Nuhkhdpaj; jq;f> nts;sp ehzaq;fs; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjtpd.
 Nuhk ehl;L [hbfs;> fz;zhbg; nghUs;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
 Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fs; Nfhak;Gj;J}iur; Rw;wpa gFjpfspy; mjpfk; cs;sd.
nkshpaUf;Fg; gpe;ija
myF 6 murpay; mikg;Gk; r%fKk;

1. mnyf;]hz;lhpd; jpwd;
jpwd;kpf;f jsgjpfSs; xUtH ..........................
.m) nrypAf]; epNflH.
epNflH. M) md;bNfhd];
,) mz;bNahf]; <) nlnkl;hpa];
2. nrypAf]; epNfluhy; jiyefuk; ghlypGj;jpuj;Jf;F ..................... J}juhf nkf];jdp];
mDg;gg;gl;lhH.
m) Nuhkhdpa .M) fpNuf;f. ,) rPd <) gphpl;b\;
3. tof;fkhd J}jHfs; kw;Wk; fbjg; ghpkhw;wk; .........................
m) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Nkw;Ff;fhd tof;fkhd tzpfj;ijg; ghjpj;jJ.
.M) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Nkw;Ff;F tof;fkhd tzpfj;jpw;F cjtpaJ..
cjtpaJ..
,) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J fpof;Ff;F tof;fkhd tzpfj;jpw;F cjtpaJ.
<) Nkw;$wpa vJTkpy;iy.
4. ,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murHfspy; ed;fwpag;gl;ltH .................
m) A+jpnlk]; M) nlnkl;hpa]; .,) kpdhz;lH.
H. <) Md;bahy;i]l];
5. F\hz ehzaq;fs; ................. ehzaq;fistpl caHe;j juj;jpy; ,Ue;jd.
m) Nuhkhdpa M) fpNuf;f ,) Fg;j <) rhjthfd
6. ,e;Njh - fpNuf;ff; fiy kw;Wk; rpw;gg; ghzp ................... vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
m) kJuh fiy .M) fhe;jhuf; fiy.
fiy. ,) ghf; fiy <) ghyh fiy
7. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; nghUj;jkw;wJ vJ?
m) Gj;jrhpjk; - m];tNfh\H .M) vhpj;hpaf; flypd; nghpg;s]; - nkf];jdp];.
,) mHj;jrh];jpuk; - nfsby;aH <) fhk#j;jpuk; - thj;rhadH
8. rf rj;ug;fspy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;wtH ......................
m) nkhf .M) Uj;ujhkd;. ,) m]p]; <) aNrhtHkd;
9. INuhg;ghTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
,ilapyhd tzpfj;jpd; jd;ikfs; nghJ Mz;bd;
njhlf;fj;
j;jpy; khwpajw;Ff; fhuzk;.
(i) ngh.M.K. filrp E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; cyfpd; ngUQ;rf;j
; pahf
Nuhk; vOr;rpAw;wJ.
(ii) mNugpaf; flypy; tPRk; gUtf; fhw;Wfspd; fhyKiw ,ay;Gfs; ngh.M. Kjy;
E}w;whz;by; `pg;ghy]hy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) (i) rhp M) (ii) rhp .,) (i)(ii) ,uz;LNk rhp.
rhp. <) (i)(ii) ,uz;LNk jtW.
10.
10. ....................... gFjpapy; Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fs; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld.
.m) mhpf;fNkL.
NkL. M) Mjpr;rey;Y}H ,) GfhH <) gy;yhtuk;.

1. ,e;jpahit kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; cyfj;NjhLk; kj;jpa MrpahNthLk; rPdhNthLk;
,izg;gjw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ vJ?
Nkw;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mrpahit Nrh;e;jth;fs; ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jJ.
fpNuf;fh;fs;> rhfh;fs;> F\hzh;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpia epWtpaJ.
,e;jpahTld; fhzg;gl;l tphpthd tzpfj; njhlh;Gfs;.
2. re;jpu Fg;jUf;Fk; nrypAf]; epNflUf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j Nghh

Nghhpd; tpisT vd;d?
nrypAf]; epNflh; 500 Nghh; ahidfis ghprhfg; ngw;whh;.
fpNuf;fh;fs; - nkshpah;fs; ,ilNa jpUkz cwT Vw;gl;lJ.
fpNuf;f J}Jth; nkf];jdp]; ghlypGj;jpuk; mDg;gg;gl;lhh;.
3. ‘atd" vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; vd;d?

atd vd;w nrhy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; fpNuf;fh;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,J ‘aAdh” vd;w ghurPf nkhopr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; ,r;nrhy; fpNuf;fh;fis> fyg;gpd kf;fis Fwpf;fpwJ.
4. ‘ehl;bd; tl Nkw;fpy; xUngupa muir kpdhz;lH Ml;rp nra;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ."

tpth
tpthpf;fTk;.
,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murh;fspy; ed;F mwpag;gl;lth; kpdhz;lh;.
kpdhz;lhpd; ehzaq;fs; tlNkw;fpy; mjpfkhf fpilj;Js;sd.
fhG+y;> rpe;J rkntsp Kjy; Nkw;F cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; tiu fpilj;Js;sd.
5. ‘rj;ug;fs;" gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ?

rhfh;fs; Ml;rpapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l khfhz MSeh;fNs rj;uGfs;.
tpiutpy; rj;uGfs; gyUk; Rje;jpu Ml;rpahsh;fshf khwpdh;.
mth;fs; kfhrj;uGfs; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; #l;bf; nfhz;ldh;.
6. gpd;tUtd Fwpj;J xU gl;baiyj; jahh

jahhpf;fTk;.
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J NuhKf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; :
kpsF> Kj;J> je;jk;> gl;Lj; Jzpfs;> ePyf;fy;> NfhNkjfk;> ituk;> MikXL> tpshkpr;ir
Nth;j; ijyk;> jhsprgj;jphp> gUj;jpj; Jzpfs; Mfpad Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
Nuhkpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahTf;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; :
ehzaq;fs;> jhkpuk;> jfuk;> <ak;> kJtiffs;> G\;guhff; fy;> mQ;rdk;> gtok;> fr;rh
fz;zhb Mfpad ,wf;Fkjpahapd.
7. ngUfptUk; tzpfj;jpw;Fk; tpahghuj;Jf;Fkhd tzpfHfspd; gq;fspg;ig tpth

tpthpf;f.
ntspehLfNshL jiutop kw;Wk; fly;top tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
tzpfh;fs; vz;zpf;if ngUfp rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhNdhh; Mapdh;.
xU nghUis kl;LNk tzpfk; nra;Ak; jdpj;jdp mq;fhbfs; ,aq;fpd.

1. nlnkl;upa]{ila ehzaq;fspd; rpwg;igr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.
fpNuf;f nts;sp ehzaq;fs; ghzpapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
xU gf;fj;jpy; murhpd; cUtj;ijAk;> ngaiuAk; jhq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gy tifahd jiyf; ftrq;fNshL murh;fspd; cUtj;ij nghwpj;jdh;.
jdpj;j Kfk; kw;Wk; cly; $Wfisf; nfhz;l cUtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
2. kpdhz;lH Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwpe;jit ahJ?

,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murh;fspNyNa ed;F mwpag;gl;lth; kpdhz;lh;.
ghQ;rhyk;> kJuh murh;fNshL Nrh;e;J fq;ifg; gFjpiar; #iwahbdhh;.
fypq;f murh; fhuNtyid tPo;j;jpdhh;. ghlypGj;jpuj;ijj; jhf;fpdhh;.
ehfNrdUld; tpthjk; nra;jhh;. kpype;j-gpd;`h vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;.
3. ‘Kw;gl;l fhy Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fs; Nfhak;Gj;J}H> <NuhL> Nryk;> f&H

khtl;lq;fspy; mjpfk; fpilf;fpd;wd." Vd;?
Kw;fhy Nuhkhdpah;fs; Fkhp Kidiar; Rw;wpf; nfhz;L nry;ytpy;iy.
Nkw;Ff; flw;fiu JiwKfq;fNs Nuhkhdpah;fspd; tzpf ikakhf ,Ue;jJ.
ghyf;fhL fztha; topahf Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL> Nryk;> f&h; te;jile;jdh;.
,g;gFjpfs; NfhNkjfk;> ,Uk;G vBF Mfpatw;wpd; cw;gj;jp ikaq;fshFk;.
4. ‘,uz;L tzpfr; Rw;Wfspd; ikakhf Krpwp ,Ue;jJ." vt;thW?

Nkw;Ff; flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;j Krpwp JiwKfk; gugug;ghd tzpf ikakhFk;.
mhprpia Vw;wp te;j glFfs; jpUk;gpr; nry;ifapy; kPd;fis Vw;wpr; nrd;wd.
fUkpsF %l;ilfs; fg;gypy; te;j jq;fj;jpw;F gz;lkhw;whf mike;jd.
Krpwp ,uz;L tzpfr; Rw;Wfspd; ikak; vd rq;f ghly;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
5. ghpkhw;wj;Jf;fhd xU Clfkhfg; gzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthpf;fTk;.

gzj;ijf; nfhz;L nghUl;fis thq;FtJk; tpw;gJk; Rygkhf ,Ue;jJ.
thpia gzkhfr; nrYj;JtJ kf;fSf;Fk; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; vspjhf ,Ue;jJ.
gzk; vd;gJ tpiy cah;e;j jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts;sp ehzaq;fshf ,Ue;jd.
ehzaq;fspd; jd;ik> msT kw;Wk; juj;jpw;F Vw;g nghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gl;ld.
6. fpNuf;fUldhd ,e;jpaj; njhlHgpd; tpisthd gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jpd;

rpwg;Gfisf; $wTk;.
ghlypGj;jpuk; epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; fpNuf;fg; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk; cs;sJ.
nkshpaH epHthf mikg;Gf;F ghurPf> fpNuf;f epHthf KiwfNs J}z;LNfhy;.
,e;jpahtpy; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l fiy rpe;jidg; Nghf;F Njhd;wpaJ.
tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murhl;rpfs; Njhd;wpd.

1. Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murHfspd; vOr;rp> tzpf> gz;ghl;Lj;
njhlHGfis tYg;gLj;jpaJ. tpth
tpthpf;fTk;.
 ,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murh;fspd; vOr;rp vfpg;J tiu tzpfk; nra;a cjtpaJ.
 tl Nkw;F Mg;fhdp];jhd; topahf jiutop tzpfk; eilngw;wJ.
 ghurPf tisFlh> nrq;fly; topahf fly;top tzpfk; eilngw;wJ.
 Kj;J> je;jk;> MikXL> mThpr; rhak;> jhsprgj;jphp Mfpad Vw;Wkjpahapd.
 fpNuf;fg; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;ij ghlypGj;jpu epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
 khWgl;l> jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l fiyr; rpe;jidg; Nghf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ.
 Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Njh - fpNuf;f murh;fspd; Ml;rp vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
 nkshpaH epHthf mikg;Gf;F ghurPf> fpNuf;f epHthf KiwfNs J}z;LNfhy;.
 fpNuf;f tzpfh;fSk; iftpidf; fiyQh;fSk; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;.
2. fiyf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fkhd fdp\

fdp\;fupd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fTk;.
 fdp\;fh; Mjhpj;j ngsj;j mwpQh;fs;; - ehfhh;[{dh;> tRkpj;jpuh;> ghh;];th;.
 ngsj;j jj;Jt Qhdp m];tNfh\h;> Gj;jrhpjk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;.
 cNyhf thh;g;Gf; fiy - fdp\;fh; cUtk; nghwpj;j ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;.
 kJuhTf;F mUNf fdp\;fhpd; rpiy xd;W fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fdp\;fhpd; rpiyapy; thh; g+l;ba mq;fp> ePz;l Nkyq;fp> fhyzpfs; cs;sd.
 rpw;gf; fiyapy; ,e;jpa - fpNuf;ff; $Wfs; Nrh;e;J Gjpa Kiw cUthdJ.
 ,e;Njh - fpNuf;f ghzpapy; cUthd fhe;jhuf; fiy tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.
 fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; jl;rrPyk; gFjpfspy; Gj;jhpd; rpiyfs; nrJf;fg;gl;ld.
 kJuh mUNf nrk;kzw; fy;ypy; El;gkhf gy rpw;gq;fSk; nrJf;fg;gl;ld.
3. kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; cyfpd; ngUQ;rf;jpahf Nuhkhdpa muR NknyOe;j tpjj;ij tpthp.

 ngh.M. njhlf;fj;jpy; cyf tuyhw;wpy; ,U Kf;fpa tsh;r;rpfs; Vw;gl;ld.
 ,U tsh;r;rpfs; INuhg;gpa - ,e;jpa tzpfj;jpd; tiuaiwfis khw;wpaJ.
 fpNuf;f muRfis mfw;wptpl;L Nuhkhdpa muR ngUQ;rf;jpahf NkyOe;jJ.
 Nuhkhdpaf; FbauR Nguurh; mf];l]pd; fPo; xU khngUk; Nguurhf khwpaJ.
 INuhg;ghtpYk; tl Mg;gphpf;fhtpYk; Nuhkhdpa muR gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;wJ.

 Nuhkhdpa muR gy ntw;wpfs; %yk; kpfg; ngUk; nry;tq;fisf; Ftpj;jpUe;jJ.
 Nuhk; nry;t nropg;G kpf;f efukhfTk;> cyfpd; ngUQ;rf;jpahfTk; NkyOe;jJ.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; eWkzg; nghUs;fs;> Jzp tiffspd; Njit mjpfhpj;jJ.
4. ngh.M. 1Mk; E}w;whz;L jkpo; murhl;rpfs; Fwpj;j tptuq;

tptuq;fs; jUf.
 jkpo; epyg;gFjp murpay; hPjpahf gy rpw;wuRfshfj; Jz;Lgl;L ,Ue;jJ.
 ngh.M. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; %Nte;jh;fs; murhl;rp elj;jpdh;.
 tQ;rpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhd;L Nruh;fs; Ml;rp elj;jpdh;.
 ciwA+iuj; jiyefuhff; nfhd;L Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp elj;jpdh;.
 kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhd;L ghz;bah;fs; Ml;rp elj;jpdh;.
 %Nte;jh;fisj; jtpu rpwpa gFjpfis Ml;rp nra;j Ntsph;fs; ,Ue;jdH.
 nkshpa murh;fs; jkpo; %Nte;jh;fis Fwpj;J mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh;.
 mNrhfhpd; 2-tJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;lhiz %Nte;jh;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
myF 7 Fg;jH

1. Fg;jH fhyk; Fwpj;j fPo;f;fz;l rhd;Wfspy
fspy; vJ ek;g KbahjJ vd;W ePq;fs;
fUJfpwPHfs;?
m) ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; M) fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
,) ehzar; rhd;Wfs; .<) fijfs;> Guhzq;fs;.
2. nghUj;Jf.
vOjpatH ,yf;fpag; gilg;G
(i) jd;te;jphp - 1. #hpa rpj;jhe;jh
(ii) tuh`kpfpuh - 2. mkuNfh\h
(iii) MHagl;lh; - 3. gpU`j;rk;`pjh
(iv) mkurpk;kh - 4. MAHNtjh
.m) 4> 3> 1> 2. M) 4> 1> 2> 3 ,) 4> 2> 1> 3 <) 4> 3> 2> 1
3. ....................... f;F ftpuh[h vd;W gl;lk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) Kjyhk; re;jpu Fg;jH .M) rKj;jpu Fg;jH.
H.
,) ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jH <) =Fg;jH
4. ......................... vd;w rPdg; gazp ngh.M. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,e;jpa r%fj;ijf;
Fwpj;J tphpthf vOjpAs;shH.
m) ,l;rpq; M) Athd;-Rthq; .,) gh`pahd;. <) thq;-Athd;-rP
5. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ Fg;jH fhyj;Jf; Filtiu Fiff; Nfhapy; ,y;iy?
(i) cjafphp Fif (xbrh)
(ii) m[e;jh- vy;Nyhuh Fif (kfhuh\;buh)
(iii) vypgz;lh Fif (kfhuh\;buh)
(iv) ghf; (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;)
m) i M) ii .,) iii. <) iv
6. jHf;fk; Fwpj;j Kjy; KOikahd ngsj;j E}iy vOjpatH .............................
m) jpf;ehfH .M) tRge;J. ,) re;jpufhkpah <) tuhfkpfpuH

1. ];fe;j Fg;jH tiuapyhd
tiuapyhd Fg;j murHfspd; gl;baiyf; fhyth
fhythpirg;gb vOJf.
1. =Fg;jh; 5. ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jh;
2. fNlhj;f[h; 6. Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jh;
3. Kjyhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; 7. ];fe;j Fg;jh;
4. rKj;jpu Fg;jh;
2. `{zH Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwptJ

mwptJ vd;d?
`_zh;fs; fh];gpad; fly; gFjpapy; tho;e;j goq;Fb ,dj;jth;.
`_zh;fs; NuhkGhpg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;fs;.
kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah Nehf;fp gilnaLj;J te;jdh;.
3. kJuh Fwpj;J gh`pahd; Fwpg;gpLtijr;

pLtijr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.
kJuhtpy; kf;fs;njhif mjpfk;. mth;fs; kfpo;r;rpahf tho;e;jdh;.
muruJ epyj;jpy; gaphpLNthh; jhdpaj;jpy; xU gFjpia juNtz;Lk;.
Fw;wthspfSf;F kpjkhfNth fLikahfNth mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ngsj;j mwpQHfisAk;
mwpQHfisAk; mtHfsJ gilg;GfisAk; gl;baypLf.
jh;f;f mwptpay; rhh;e;j Kjy; ngsj;j E}iy tRge;J ,aw;wpdhh;.
re;jpuNfhkpah; re;jputpahfuzk; vd;w ,yf;fz E}iyg; gilj;jhh;.
jpq;fehjh;> Mh;aNjth;> Mh;amrq;fh; - gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.
5. myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpj;Jf; $Wf.

rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd; Ml;rp> gilnaLg;Gfs;> rhjidfs; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
`hpNrdh; nghwpj;j ,f;fy;ntl;by; 33 thpfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ehfphp thptbtj;jpy; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;L cs;sJ.
III. RUf;fkhd
fkhd tpil jUf :
1. Fg;jg; Nguurpd; epHthfg; gphpTfisf; $Wf.
Fg;jg; NguuR Njrk; my;yJ Gf;jp vd;w khepyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld.
khepyq;fs; tp\;ah vd;w gy khtl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
khtl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpjp> g+kp> gjfh> gPlh Nghd;w eph;thf myFfs; ,Ue;jd.
fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; fpuhkpfh> fpuhk; mj;af;\h Nghd;w mjpfhhpfs; ,Ue;jdh;.
2. tpf;ukrPyh gy;fiyf;fofk; Fwpj;Jr; rpW Fwpg;G jUf.

tq;fhsj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;j ghyh; tk;r muruhd jh;kghyh; epWtpdhh;.
tpf;ukrPyh gy;fiyf; fofk; ,e;jpahtpd; njhlf;f fhyf; fy;tp ikak;.
ngsj;j> rkz> rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F top tFj;jJ.
Ntjf; fy;tp Kiwapd; topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp tpf;ukrPyh epWtg;gl;lJ.
3. Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; rkz ,yf;fpak; tsHe;

tsHe;jJ Fwpj;J tpthpf;fTk;.
rkz E}y;fs; Kjypy; gpuhfpUjj;jpy; gpd;dh; rk];fpUjj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ld.
gy nghpa mwpQh;fs; cUthfpdh;. tpkyh rkz ,uhkhazj;ij vOjpdhh;.
,e;J Guhzq;fSk; ,jpfhrq;fSk; rkzg; ghh;itapy; khw;wp vOjg;gl;ld.
rpj;jNrd jpthfuh rkzh;fspilNa jh;f;f rh];jpuj;jpw;F mbj;jskpl;lhh;.
4. Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; mwptpay; tsHr;rp Fwpj;J tpthpf;fTk;.

Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; Ropak; kw;Wk; gjpd;k ,yf;f Kiw fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
Mhpagl;lhpd; Mhpagl;Bak; fzpjk;> Nfhztpay;> my;[Pg;uh gw;wp NgRfpwJ.
tuh`kpfpuhpd; gpU`j; rk;`pjh thdtpay;> Gtpapay;> jhtutpay; gw;wpaJ.
etdpjfk; vd;w kUj;Jt E}y; kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwia $WfpwJ.
5. Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F Kf;fpakhd fhuzq;fs; ahit? VNjDk; %d;W

fhuzq;fisf;
isf; $Wf.
cs;ehl;Lg; G+ry;fSk;> mur FLk;gj;jpy; epytpa fUj;J NtWghLfSk;.
thflf muruhd `hpNrdh; khstj;ijAk; F[uhj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
`{zh;fs; gilnaLg;ghy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; epjp epiyik NkhrkhdJ.
gy rpw;wurh;fs; cUthfp Fg;jg; NguuR kfjj;jpy;; kl;Lnkd RUq;fpaJ.

1. ‘Fg;jH fhyk; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; nghw;fhyk;". tpthjpf;fTk;.
 Fg;j NguuR ,e;jahtpy; xU khngUk; rf;jpahf tsh;r;rp mile;jJ.
 Jizf; fz;lj;jpd; nghpa gFjpia murpay; hPjpahf xd;wpizj;jJ.
 typikahd ika muRk; mjd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; gy muRfSk; ,Ue;jd.
 nray;jpwd; kpf;f tzpff; FOfshy; Fg;jg; nghUshjhuk; vOr;rp fz;lJ.
 fiy> mwptpay;> fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; Mfpait rpwg;ghf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.
 rk];fpUj nkhopapy; gy nghpa E}y;fSk; gilg;GfSk; Njhd;wpd.
 fl;blf;fiy> rpw;gk;> Ez;fiy Mfpad ey;y gz;ghl;L Kjph;r;rp fz;lJ.
 kf;fs; Rje;jpukhf tho;e;jdh;. cah; Fbapdh;; tho;f;ifKiw cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
2. Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; epyq;fs; gph

gphpf;fg;gl;l tpjk;> epyFj;jif Kiwfs;
Kiwfs; Fwpj;J tpth
tpthp.
Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; epyq;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;l tpjk; :
1. N~j;uh - gaphplf;$ba epyk;
2. fpyh - jhpR epyk;
3. mg;u`jh - fhL my;yJ jhpR epyk;
4. th];jp - FbapUf;fj; jFe;j epyk;
5. fglr`huh - Nka;r;ry; epyk;
Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; epyf; Fj;jif Kiwfs; :

 eptp jh;kh - mwf;fl;lis Nghd;w mikg;Gf;F toq;fg;gl;l epy khdpak;.
 eptp jh;k mf;radh - epue;ju mwf;fl;lis ngw;wth;fSf;F jug;gl;l chpik.
 mg;ujh jh;kh - tUthiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; eph;thf chpik ,y;iy.
 G+kp rpj;uhadh - jhpR epyj;ij rhFgb epykhf khw;wpatUf;Fj; jug;gl;l chpik.
3. Fg;jH fhyj;J tzpff; FOf;fspd; gq;if Ma;T nra;f.

 tzpf FOf;fs; gw;wpf; $Wk; nrg;NgLfSk; Kj;jpiufSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
 nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp ngUfpajpy; tzpff; FOfspd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
 Fg;jh; fhyj;J tzpff; FOf;fs; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhuk; ngw;W nray;gl;ld.
 Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; tzpff; FOfspd; rl;l jpl;lq;fis muRk; kjpj;jJ.
 tzpff; FOfs; tq;fpfspd; gq;ifAk; kf;fs; eyg; gzpfisAk; Mw;wpaJ.
 epoy; Filfs;> rj;jpuq;fs;> tpLjpfs;> Nfhapy;fs;> kz;lgq;fs; fl;l cjtpd.
 gytpj FOfSk;> gytpj FOf;fisf; nfhz;l FOk mikg;GfSk; ,aq;fpd.
 iftpidQh;fs;; FOfs;> tq;fpahsh;fs; FOfs;> tzpfh;fs; FOfs; ,aq;fpd.
`h;\h; kw;Wk;
myF 8 gpuNjr KbauRfspd; vOr;rp

1. gpughfu tHj;jdH jdJ kfs; uh[;a=ia ............
...................... vd;gtUf;Fj; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhLj;jhH.
.m) fpuftHkd;. M) NjtFg;jH ,) rrhq;fd; <) G\;aGj;jpuH
2. `H\
`H\H fd;Ndhrpapd; mhpaizia ......................
...................... mwpTiuapd;gb Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH.
m) fpuftHkd; .M) mtNyhfpNj\
mtNyhfpNj\;tu Nghjprj;tH.
H.
,) gpughfutHj;jdH <) Nghdp
3. .................
.....................
........ vd;gtH maYwT kw;Wk; NghHfs; njhlHghd mikr;rH MthH.
m) Fe;jyh M) ghD .,) mte;jp.p. <) rHthfjh
4. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; `H\
`H\uhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y; vJ?
m) `H\rhpjk; .M) gphpajHrpfh.
gphpajHrpfh. ,) mHj;j rh];jpuh <) tpf;uk CHtrpak;
5. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; jtwhdJ vJ?
m) jHkghyH NrhkGhpapy; nghpanjhU ngsj;j tpfhiuiaf; fl;bdhH.
.M) ,uhkghyH ,uhkrhpjj;ij vOjpdhH..
vOjpdhH..
,) kfpghyH fPjq;fs; tq;fhsj;jpd; fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; ,g;NghJk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
<) nfslghlH Mfk rhj;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpdhH.

1. `H\
`H\g; NguuR Fwpj;J mwpa cjTk; fy;
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; ahit?
kJgdp nrg;Gg; gl;lak;
gd;];nfuh nrg;Gg; gl;lak;.
Nrhd;gl; nrg;G Kj;jpiu
ehse;jh fspkz; Kj;jpiu.
2. `H\
`H\H vt;thW fd;Ndhrpapd; kd;duhdhH?
mikr;rh; Nghdpapd; mwpTiug;gb fd;Ndhrp mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;.
uh[;Gj;jpuh;> rpyhjpj;ah gl;lq;fSld; `h;\h; fd;Ndhrp kd;duhdhh;.
`h;\h; jiyefiu jhNd];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fd;Ndhrpf;F khw;wpdhh;.
3. Kjyhk; kfpghyh
kfpghyhpd; rpwg;Gfs; Fwpj;J fye;JiuahLf.
,uz;lhk; tpf;fpuk ghyhpd; kfNd Kjyhk; k`pghyh;.
Kjyhk; k`pghyu ghyh; tk;rj;jpd; ngaiu XusT kPl;nlLj;jhh;.
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilfs; fq;ifiaf; flf;fhjgb jLj;jhh;.
4. jf;Nfhyg; Nghh
Nghhpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;Jf; $Wf.
ngh.M. 949 - Mk; Mz;L jf;Nfhyk; Nghh; eilngw;wJ.
,uh\;bu$l murh; %d;whk; fpU\;zh; Nrhoh;fis Kwpabj;jhh;.
uhNk];tuk; tiu nrd;W mq;F xU ntw;wpj; Jiz epWtpdhh;.
5. ghy tk;r Ml;rpapd; NghJ ehse;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthp.

ehse;jh gy;fiyf; fof tsh;r;rpf;F ghyh;fs; MjuT mspj;jdh;.
ngsj;j> rkz> rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.
Kf;fpa mwpQh;fs; - mjp\h> rufh;> rpygj;uh;> [pdkpj;uh;> Kf;jpkpj;uh;.

1. `H\
`H\Uf;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilNa epytpa cwT.
`h;\h; rPdhtpd; lhd;q; Nguurh; lha; Rq;Fld; ey;YwT nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
ngh.M. 643 kw;Wk; 647 ,y; rPdj; J}Jf;FO `h;\uJ muritf;F te;jd.
`h;\h; mz;ikapy; ,we;jij mwpe;J rPdj; J}Jth; kdk; tUe;jpdhh;.
rPdj; J}Jth; `H\uJ Ml;rpia mgfhpj;jtid rPdhtpw;F rpiw gpbj;jhh;.
2. `H\
`H\Uila Fw;wtpay; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
`h;\uJ Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fSk;> tprhuizfSk; fLikahf ,Ue;jd.
kPkhk;rfh;fs; - Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis tprhhpj;J ePjp toq;fpath;fs;.
tof;fkhd jz;lidfs; - ehL flj;Jjy;> cly; cWg;Gfis ntl;Ljy;.
rl;lj;ij kPwpdhNyh> rjp jpl;lk; jPl;bdhNyh MAl;fhy rpiwj; jz;lid.
3. vy;Nyhuh kw;Wk; vyp‡

vyp‡ngz;lhtpd; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;.
Kjyhk; fpU\;zh; vy;Nyhuhtpy; ifyhrehjh; Fiff; Nfhapiy fl;bdhh;.
Kjyhk; mNkhfth;\h; fhyj;J Ie;J rkz Fiffs; vy;Nyhuhtpy; cs;sd.
vyp‡gz;lhtpy; cs;s Nfhapypy; eluh[h;> rjhrptk; rpiyfs; cs;sd.
vyp‡gz;lhtpy; mh;j;j ehhp];tuh;> kNf\%h;j;jp rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.
4. uh\
uh\;bu$lHfs; fd;dl ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G.
mNkhfth;\h; fd;dl nkhop E}yhd ‘ftpuh[khh;f;fk;" ,aw;wpdhh;.
‘ftpuh[khh;f;fk;" fd;dl nkhopapy; Kjy; ftpijapay; E}yhFk;.
goq;fhy fd;dl ,yf;fpaj;jpd; %d;W uj;jpdq;fs; - gk;gh> nghd;dh> ud;dh.
[PdNrdh; - rkzh;fspd; MjpGuhzk;. Fzgj;uh; - rkzh;fspd; k`hGuhzk;.
5. uh\
uh\;bu$lHfs; rkz kjj;jpw;F mspj;j MjuT.
mNkhfth;\h;> II Mk; fpU\;zh;> III Mk; ,e;jpuh; rkz kjj;ij Mjhpj;jdh;.
mNkhfth;\h; fhyj;J Ie;J rkz Fiff; Nfhapy;fs; vy;Nyhuhtpy; cs;sd.
Kjyhk; mNkhfth;\h; jpfk;gu rkz Jwtpahd [PdNrdiu Mjhpj;jhh;.
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zhpd; Md;kPf topfhl;bahf Fzgj;uh; tpsq;fpdhh;.

1. `H\
`H\hpd; rkaf; nfhs;if gw;wp tpsf;fk; jUf.
 rptid topgl;L te;j `h;\h; tpiutpy; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F khwpdhh;.
 uh[;a= kw;Wk; Athd; Rthq; Kaw;rpfshy; ngsj;j kjj;ijj; jOtpdhh;.
 `h;\h; vy;yh kjq;fisAk; Mjhpj;jhh;. khkprk; cz;gJ jil nra;jhh;.
 gy kjq;fisr; Nrh;e;j mwpQh;fspd; nrhw;nghopTfSf;F Vw;ghL nra;jhh;.
 `h;\h; ngh.M. 643 ,y; ,uz;L ngsj;j kjf; $l;lq;fisf; $l;bdhh;.
 fd;Ndhrp $l;lj;jpy; ,UgJ murh;fSk;> gy khepy mwpQh;fSk; gq;Nfw;wdh;.
 gpuahifapy; Ie;J Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw ngsj;j kjf; $l;lk; elj;jpdhh;.
 `h;\h; jdJ nry;tq;fis midj;J gphpT kf;fSf;Fk; gfph;e;jspj;jhh;.
2. tl,e;jpahtpd; epiy Fwpj;j Athd; Rthq;fpd; fUj;Jfs; ahit?

 Athd; Rthq; tl ,e;jpahtpd; epiy Fwpj;J rp-a+-fp E}ypy; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
 kf;fspilNa r%f ey;ypzf;fk; epytpaJ. topghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpar; r%fj;jpy; ehd;F gphptpdUf;fhd njhopy;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
 jpUkz Kiwfs;> ngz;fs; Kfj;jpiu mzpAk; tof;fk; gw;wp $wpAs;shh;.
 kf;fs; gUj;jp> gl;L Milfs; kw;Wk; mzpfyd;fis ,UghyUk; mzpe;jdh;.
 ,e;jpah;fs; kuf;fwp czit cz;ldh;. ,iwr;rp cz;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;ld.
 efuq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fspd; mikg;G> moF> ghJfhg;G gw;wp tpthpj;Js;shh;.
3. ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F ghyHfs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G vd;d?

 tq;fhsj;ij Ml;rp nra;j ghyh;fs; kfhahd ngsj;j kjj;ij Mjhpj;jdh;.
 ngsj;j jj;Jt Qhdp `hp\;gj;uH jh;kghyhpd; Md;kPf FUthf tpsq;fpdhh;.
 jh;kghyh; gpfhhpy; tpf;ukrPyh ngsj;j klhyaj;ijf; fl;bdhh;.
 jh;kghyh; NrhkGhpapy; xU nghpa ngsj;j tpfhiu epWtpdhh;.
 Njtghyh; ehse;jh klhyaj;ijg; guhkhpf;f Ie;J fpuhkq;fis toq;;fpdhh;.
 tpf;ukrPyh> ehse;jh ngsj;j klhyaq;fs; rpwe;j fy;tp ikaq;fshf tpsq;fpd.
 Kjyhk; kfpghyh; rhuehj;> ehse;jh> fah Nghd;w Gdpj jyq;fis mikj;jhh;.
4. uh\
uh\;bu$lHfspd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit?
 rptd; kw;Wk; tp\;Z topghl;ilAk;> rkz kjj;ijAk; Mjhpj;jdh;.
 uh\;bu$lh;fs; fhyj;jpy; fd;dl> rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs; tsHr;rp fz;ld.
 fd;dl ,yf;fpaj;jpd; %d;W uj;jpdq;fs; (nghd;dh> ud;dh> gk;gh) Njhd;wpdh;.
 ,e;jpar; rpw;gf; fiyf;Fk;> Xtpa fiyf;Fk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sdh;.
 uh\;bu$lh;fs; vy;Nyhuh> vyp‡gz;lh Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;bdhh;fs;.
 vy;Nyhuhtpy; xNu fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy; rpwg;ghdit.
 Kjyhk; mNkhfth;\h; ftpuh[ khh;f;fk; vd;w fd;dl E}iy ,aw;wpdhH.
myF 9 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp

1. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ rhpahf ,izf;fg;gltpy;iy?
.m) %d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; - thjhgp.
thjhgp. M) utpfPHj;jp - ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp
,) tp\ak; - uh\;l;bu$lH <) ek;kho;thH - FU$H
2. NjHe;njLj;Jg; nghUj;Jf.
(i) rpk;k tp\;Z - 1. rhSf;fpa murd;
(ii) Kjyhk; n[arpk;kd; - 2. gy;yt murd;
(iii) Kjyhk; Mjpj;jd; - 3. fg;gy; jsk;
(iv) khky;yGuk; - 4. Nrho murd;
m) 4> 3> 1> 2 M) 4> 1> 2> 3 .,) 2> 1> 4> 3. <) 4> 3> 2> 1
3. fhk;Ngh[k;
gh[k; vd;
vd;gJ etPd ....................
....................
m) m];]hk; M) Rkj;uh ,) Mdk; .<) fk;Nghbah.
ghbah.
4. ....................
.................... rkzHfshy; epWtg;gl;l xU rka ikak;.
.m) rutz ngynfhyh.
ngynfhyh. M) kJiu ,) fhQ;rp <) fOFkiy
5. mur FLk;gk; njhlHghd rlq;Ffis elj;Jtjw;fhfr; rhSf;fpauhy; fl;lg;gl;l
Nfhapy;fs; vq;F cs;sJ?
m) IN`hy; M) thjhgp ,) NkFb .<) gl;lhlf;fy;.
6. may;ehl;L tzpfHfs; ....................
.................... vd;W mwpag;gl;ldH.
m) gl;lzrhkp .M) ehdhNjrp.
ehdhNjrp. ,) tpNjrp <) Njrp
7. Mjpr
Mjprq;fuuhy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghL ....................
....................
.m) mj;itjk;. M) tprp\;lhj;itjk; ,) irtrpj;jhe;jk; <) Ntjhe;jk;

1. jpUGwk;gpak; Nghiug; gw;wp eP
eP mwpe;jJ vd;d?
jpUg;Gwk;gpak; Nghh; gy;yth;fs; - ghz;bah;fs; ,ilNa eilngw;wJ.
Nrhoh;fs; kw;Wk; Nkiyf; fq;fh; MjuNthL ee;jp th;kd; Nghhpl;lhd;.
jpUGwk;gpak; / =gpuk;gpak; Nghhpy; ghz;bah;fs; Njhy;tpAw;wdh;.
2. IN`hy;
IN`hy; fy;ntl;L Fwpj;Jr; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; IN`hy; fy;ntl;il utpfPh;j;jp vOjpdhh;.
,J rhSf;fpa mur kugpdh; tuyhw;iw tpthpf;Fk; nka;fPh;j;jp.
,uz;lhk; GypNfrp jd; gifth;fisj; Njhw;fbj;jhh; vdf; $WfpwJ.
3. rhSf;fpaH fhyj;
fhyj;jpy; fd;dlj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd
,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ftpuh[khh;fk; fd;dl nkhopapd; Kf;fpa ,yf;fz E}yhFk;.
gk;g-ghujk;> tpf;fpukhh;[_d tp[ak; Mfpad fd;dlj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ld.
rhSf;fpa fy;ntl;L fd;dl nkhopia cs;@h; gpuhfpUjk; vd;fpwJ.
4. midtiuAk; cs;slf;fpa kjkhf itztj;ij khw;wpa uhkhD[upd;

gq;fspg;igf; Fwpg;gpLf.
itztj;jpy; gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhiuAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
midj;J gphpT kf;fsplKk; itzt gf;jp Nfhl;ghl;il gug;gpdhh;.
uhkhD[h; xU rpwe;j Mrphpah;> rPh;jpUj;jthjp vd Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.

1. gy;ytHfspd; epHthfg; gph
gphpTfs;.
gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; mur gjtp nja;tPf chpikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
murUf;F cjtpahf ke;jphp kz;ly vd;Dk; mikr;rh; FO ,Ue;jJ.
khepy MSeh;fSf;F khtl;l mjpfhhpfs; MNyhridfis toq;fpdh;.
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; kf;fs; gq;FngWk; kd;wq;fs; rpwg;ghfr; nray;gl;ld.
2. vy;NyhuhtpYs;s ifyhrehjH Fiff;Nfhapy;

Kjyhk; fpU\;zh; vy;Nyhuhtpy; ifyhrehjh; Fiff; Nfhapiy fl;bdhh;.
ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy; xNu ghiwiaf; File;J cUthf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
ifyhr kiyia uhtzd; mirg;gJ> eldkhLk; rptd; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.
jrhtjhu fhl;rpfs;> tp\;Z - y~;kp ,irapy; yapf;Fk; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.
3. Gfo;ngw;w irt %tHfs;

%tHfs;
Gfo;ngw;w irt %th;fs; - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;.
,k;%th; ghba ghly;fs; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,k;%tUk; ghba Kjy; VO jpUKiwfNs Njthuk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
Kjy; 3 - rk;ge;jh;" 4 Kjy; 6 tiu - ehTf;furh;" 7 tJ - Re;juh; ghbAs;sdh;.
4. jkpofj;jpy; itztj;ij gutyhf;fpajpy; Mo;thHfspd; gq;F

ghly;fs;> rkaj; njhz;Lfs; %yk; Mo;thh;fs; itztj;ij tsh;j;jdh;.
fz;zdpd; Foe;ijg; gUtNk nghpaho;thh; ghly;fspd; fUthf ,Ue;jJ.
Mz;lhspd; ghly;fs; fz;zdpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j fhjiy fhl;LfpwJ.
Mo;thh;fspy; rpwe;jtuhd ek;kho;thh; jpUtha;nkhop vOjpAs;shh;.
5. rhSf;fpaH Ml;rpapy; murFy kfsph

kfsphpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
rhSf;fpah;fs; murFyg; ngz;fis khepy MSeHfshf epakpj;jdh;.
murFyg; ngz;fs; gy Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gpdh;> nfhilfs; toq;fpdh;.
NyhfkhNjtp Mizg;gb gl;llf;fy; tpUg;ghf;\h Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
rhSf;fpa ,sturp tp[agj;jphpfh fy;ntl;L Mizfisg; gpwg;gpj;jhh;.

1. gy;yt murHfs;
murHfs; ntspapl;l epyf;nfhil Mizfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;L.
 mjpfhhpfs; tUtha; khdpaKk;> gpuhkzh;fs; epy khdpaKk; ngw;wdh;;.
 „gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fs;… gpuhkzh;fSf;F nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;ld.
 thp tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;ljhy; gpuk;kNja fpuhkq;fs; nropg;ghf ,Ue;jd.
 „Njtjhd fpuhkq;fs;… Nfhapy;fSf;Ff; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;ld.
 Njtjhd fpuhkq;fspy; fpilj;j tUthia Nfhapy; eph;thfpfs; ngw;wdh;.
 murUf;F nrhe;jkhd epyq;fs; Fbahdth;fSf;F Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;ld.
 Fj;jiff;fhd fhy msitg; nghWj;J fpuhkq;fspd; jFjp epiyfs; khWgLk;.
2. gy;yth
thpd; fg;gy; rhHe;j nray;ghLfis tpthjp.
 gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; khky;yGuk; xU Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
 njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfNshL fly; fle;j tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
 Vw;Wkjp - eWkzg; nghUs;fs;> gUj;jp Milfs;> tpiy cah;e;j fw;fs; Mfpad.
 Vw;Wkjpahd ehLfs; - ,yq;if> rPdh> [hth> Rkj;uh> fk;Nghbah> kpahd;kh;.
 Nkiy ehLfSldhd tzpfk; Neubahf ,y;yhky; mNugpah topahf mike;jJ.
 Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; tzpfj;jpy; muhgpa tzpfh;fNs Kd;dpiy tfpj;jdh;.
 ,e;jpa tzpfh;fs; ruf;Ffis may;ehLfSf;F Rke;J nrd;w epiy khwpaJ.
3. khky;yGuk; flw;fiuf; Nfhtpy;fspd; fl;llf;fiy Nkd;ikfis tpsf;Ff.

 khky;yGuk; flw;fiuf; Nfhapiy gy;yt murd; uh[rpk;kd; vOg;gpdhh;.
 ,e;j Nfhapy; njd; ,e;jpaf; fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ.
 gy;yth;fspd; milahskhf cs;s ,f;Nfhapypy; %d;W fUtiwfs; cs;sd.
 rptDf;Fk; tp\;ZTf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd fUtiwfs; mikf;fg;gl;L cs;sd.
 tp\;Z fUtiwapd; ntspr; RthpYk; Rw;Wr; RthpYk; njhlh; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.
 ,f;Nfhapy; ghiwapy; nrJf;fg;gl;l Ie;J mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 xNu fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l tpkhdq;fs; ,f;Nfhapy;fspd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
myF 10 mugpah;> JUf;fpahpd; tUif

1. 8 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mugpaH gilnaLg;
gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ rpe;J murH .................... MthH.
m) `[h[; M) KfkJ - gpd; - fh]pk; ,) n[arpk;`h .<) jhfpH.
jhfpH.
2. f[pdp khKJ> ,e;jpahTf;Fs; ........................
........................ Kiw ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jpdH.
m) 15 .M) 17.
17. ,) 18 <) 19
3. ghyk; gNthyp fy;ntl;L ....................... nkhopapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
.m) rk];fpUjk;
pUjk.; M) ghurPf nkhop ,) mugp <) cUJ
4. cyfg; Gfo;g;ngw;w f[_uhN`h Nfhapiyf; fl;batHfs; .......................
m) uh\;bu$lH M) NlhkH .,) rz;NlsH.
lsH. <) gukH
5. kk;Yf; vd;w ngaH xU ....................... f;fhd muGj; jFjpr; Rl;lhFk;.
.m) mbik.
mbik. M) murH ,) ,uhzp <) gil tPuH
6. ,gpd; gJ}jh xU ....................... ehl;Lg; gazp.
.m) nkhuhf;Nfh.
fh. M) ngHrpah ,) JUf;fp <) rPdh
7. murg; gjtpia tpLj;J> jpy;ypapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp Kg;gJ Mz;Lfs; mikjpapy;
tho;e;j xNu Ry;jhd; ......................
m) Kghuf; \h .M) Myk; \h. ,) fprH fhd; <) Jf;hpy; fhd;
8. rhpahfg; nghUj;jp> tpiliaj; njhpT nra;f.
(i) uhkr;re;jpuh; - 1. fhfjPah;
(ii) fhd;-,-[`hd; - 2. gj;khtj;
(iii) khypf; K`kj; n[a;rp - 3. khd; rpq;
(iv) kd; ke;jpH - 4. Njtfphp
m) 2> 1> 4> 3 M) 1> 2> 3> 4 .,) 4> 1> 2> 3. <) 3> 1> 2> 4

1. f[pdpapd; muruhf khKJ gjtp Vw;wy;.
jdJ rNfhjud; ,];khapiy tPo;j;jp khKJ f[pdpapd; muruhdhh;.
khKJ muruhdij fypgh gjtpNaw;G mq;fp mspj;J mq;fPfhpj;jhh;.
khKJf;F Nguurpd; tyJ if vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; fypgh toq;fpdhh;.
2. f[pdp khKJ Mjhpj;j mwpQh;fs;

s;.
f[pdp khKJ Mjhpj;j mwpQh; my;-ngUdp mtUld; ,e;jpah te;jhh;.
f[pdp khKJ Mjhpj;j kw;nwhU mwpQh; \hehkh ,aw;wpa gph;njsrp.
tuyhw;W mwpQh; cj;gp> fy;tpahsh; md;rhhp MfpNahiu Mjhpj;jhh;.
3. JUf;fpa gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ tl ,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpapy;

papy; ,Ue;j uh[Gj;jpu
tk;rhtspfs;.
jpy;yp - Nlhkh;fs; Ge;Njy;fe;j; - re;Njyh;fs;.
uh[];jhd; - nrsfhd;fs; khy;th - gukh;fs;
F[uhj; - Nrhyhq;fpfs; fd;Ndhrp - flthyhfs;.
4. ehw;gjpd;kh; mikg;G.
,y;Jkp\; ehw;gjpd;kh; nfhz;l mikg;G xd;iw cUthf;fpdhh;.
,y;Jkp\; ,we;j gpwF ehw;gjpd;kh; FO typikahdjhf khwpaJ.
Ry;jhdpaj;jpw;F Nguhgj;J vdf;$wpa ghy;gd; mij xopj;jhh;.
5. ,];yhkpa ,irQh;fs;
s; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,irf; fUtpfs;.
ughg;> ]huq;fp Nghd;w ,irf; fUtpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;.
,irNahL fhjy; ftpijfs; ghLtJ ,iria tsh;f;f cjtpaJ.
,e;jpa ,irNa cyfj;jpy; Nkk;gl;lJ vd mkph; F];U mwptpj;jhh;.

1. KfkJ-
KfkJ-gpd;-fh]pkpd; ,uhZtg; gilnaLg;GfSf;fhd cldbf; fhuzq;fis tpth
tpthp.
fly; nfhs;isah;fis mlf;f mugpah; rpe;Jtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;.
jiutop> fly;top vd ,U jdpj;jdp gilg; gphpTfs; mDg;gg;gl;ld.
,U gilg; gphpTfSk; rpe;Jtpd; murh; jhfphplk; Njhy;tp mile;jd.
,U gilg; gphpTfspd; jsgjpfSk; Nghhpy; jhf;fp nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; f[pdp kh%jpd; ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;fhd fhuzq;

fhuzq;fs; vd;ndd;d?
f[pdp khKJ> 17 Kiw ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpdhh;.
nry;tf; fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;e;j ,e;J Nfhapy;fspy; nfhs;is mbg;gJ.
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j ,e;J Nfhapy;fis ,bg;gJ> rpiyfisj; jfh;g;gJ.
gpw kjj;jpdiu ntl;bf; nfhy;tJ gil tPuh;fspd; kjg;gw;whf ,Ue;jJ.
3. ,u]pah Ry;jhdh mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;gl;lJ Vd;?

,u]pah mhpaiz Vwpaij JUf;fpa gpuGf;fs; fLikahf vjph;j;jdh;.
,u]pah mur ghpthuq;fs; #o Fjpiu kPJ Vwp rthhp nra;jhh;.
,u]pah ifapy; tpy; mk;Gld; ,Ue;jhh;. Kfj;Jf;F jpiuapltpy;iy.
ahFj; vd;w mgprPdpa mbikia Fjpiu gilj; jiytuhf;fpdhh;.
4. khypf; fh‡
fh‡G+upd; njd;dpe;jpaj; jhf;Fjy;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
1307-,y; khypf; fh‡G+hpd; gil Njtfphp Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
1309-,y; thuq;fy; fhfjPa murh; gpujhgUj;uNjthit tPo;j;jpdhh;.
1310-,y; n`ha;rhs murh; %d;whk; tPuty;yhsd; ruzilj;jhh;.
jkpo; ehl;by; rpjk;guk;> jpUtuq;fk; kw;Wk; kJiuia #iwahbdhh;.
5. KfkJ Jf;sfpd; Nrhjid Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpaile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;

fhuzq;fs; vd;ndd;d?
njsyjhghj;jpy; ,Ue;J tl ,e;jpahit Ms;tij fbdkhf czh;e;jhh;.
Gjpa milahs ehzaq;fisg; NghyNt Nghyp ehzaq;fis mr;rbj;jJ.
gQ;r fhyj;jpy; Njhthg; gFjpapy; Gjpa Ntshz; Kaw;rpfis ghpNrhjpj;jhh;.
jkJ jpl;lq;fis ntw;wpfukhfr; nray;gLj;j Ntz;ba kdTWjp ,y;iy.

1. f[pdp kh%jpDila nfhs;isj; jhf;Fjy;fs; kj Mjpf;fk; vd;gijf; fhl;bYk; mjpf
murpay;> nghUshjhuj; jd;ik nfhz;lit - tpsf;Ff.
 f[pdp khKJ 17 Kiw ,e;jpah kPJ nfhs;isj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpdhh;.
 ,e;J Nfhapy;fisj; jhf;fp mq;fpUe;j nry;tq;fisf; nfhs;is mbj;jhh;.
 flTs; jpUTUtq;fis mopg;gJ mjpfhuj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhff; fUjg;gl;ld.
 ngUk; giliag; guhkhpf;fpw nryit <Lnra;a Nfhapy;fisr; #iwahbdhh;.
 MAjq;fis thq;fTk;> gpw ,uhZtr; nryTfSf;fhfTk; nfhs;isabj;jhh;.
 JUf;fpag; gil epue;jukhdJ. tpy;yhspfspd; gphpit ikakhff; nfhz;lJ.
 tpy;yhspfs;> gil tPuh;fSf;F Cjpak; toq;f nfhs;isj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhh;.
 nfhs;isj; jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;JtJ vd;gJ xU tof;fkhd Nghh; eltbf;if.
2. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ,uz;lhk; jnua;d; NghH jpUg;G Kidahf mike;jJ vt;thW?

 KfkJ Nfhhp> Njhy;tpf;F gopjPh;f;f m[;kPh; kPJ kPz;Lk; gilnaLj;jhh;.
 Nfhhpia Fiwthf kjpg;gpl;l gpUj;tpuh[; xU rpwpa gilAld; nrd;whh;.
 1192 ,y; ,uz;lhk; jnua;d; Nghhpy; KfkJ Nfhhp khngUk; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
 Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j gpUj;tpuh[; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiw gpbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 m[;kPhpd; Ml;rpia kPz;Lk; gpUj;tpuh[; nrsfhdplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mdhy; gpUj;tpuh[; kPJ ,uh[JNuhf Fw;wk; Rkh;j;jg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
 jdJ jsgjp Fj;GjPd; Igf;if ,e;jpag; gFjpf;F Ml;rpahsuhf epakpj;jhh;.
 ,uz;lhk; jnua;d; Nghh; ,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fs; Ml;rp Vw;gl toptFj;jJ.
3. f[pdp khKJitAk; Nfhh

Nfhhp KfkJitAk; xg;gpl;Lk; NtWgLj;jpAk;
pAk; fhl;Lf.
f[pdp khKJ Nfhhp KfkJ
 f[pdpapd; murh;;.  Nfhhpapd; murh;.
 JUf;fpa ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;.  JUf;fpa ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;.
 xU khngUk; gilnaLg;ghsh;.  xU khngUk; gilnaLg;ghsh;.
 f[pdp khKJ ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ 17  Nfhhp KfkJ Kjy; jnua;d; Nghhpy;
Kiw gilnaLj;jhh;. Njhy;tp mile;jhh;.
 midj;J Nghh;fspYk; khngUk;  ,uz;lhk; jnua;d; Nghhpy; khngUk;
ntw;wp fz;lhh;. ntw;wp fz;lhh;.
 f[pdp khKJ ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j  Nfhhp KfkJ ,e;jpahtpy; xU

nry;tq;fisf; nfhs;isabf;Fk; typikahd K];yPk; Ml;rpia epWTk;
Nehf;Fld; gilnaLj;jhh;. Nehf;Fld; gilnaLj;jhh;.
4. myh-
myh-cj;-jpd; fpy;[papd; nghUshjhur; rPHjpUj;jq;fis tpthjpf;fTk;.
 myhTjPd; fpy;[p gil tPuHfSf;Ff; Cjpaj;ij gzkhf toq;fpdhh;.
 xU nghpa gil ,Ue;jjhy; tPuh;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j CjpaNk mspj;jhh;.
 mj;jpahtrpag; gz;lq;fspd; tpiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jhh;.
 ehL KOtJk; ,Ue;j fs;sr; re;ij> gJf;fy; Fwpj;J tptuk; Nrfhpj;jhh;.
 re;ij fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fs; nghUl;fspd; tpiy Fwpj;J mwpf;if mspj;jdh;.
 nfhLf;fy;-thq;fy;> tpw;gid> Nguq;fs; gw;wp xw;wh;fs; njhptpj;jdh;.
 tpiy xOq;FKiw tpjpfis kPWNthh; fLikahfj; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 nghUl;fspd; vil Fiwe;jhy; mNj msT rij ntl;b tPrg;gl;lJ.
5. ‡ngNuh]; Jf;sfpd;
sfpd; Ml;rpia kjpg;gpLf.
pLf.
 ngNuh]; Jf;sf; gpuGf;fs;> kjj; jiyth;fs; nrhj;Jfis jpUk;gj; je;jhh;.
 mYtyh;fisg; guk;giuahfg; gzpakh;j;Jk; Kiw kPz;Lk; mwpKfkhdJ.
 gzpahsh;fspd; Cjpaj;ij cah;j;jpdhh;. tPz; nryTfis epWj;jpdhh;.
 gy;NtW thpfisf; Fiwj;jhh;. gy;NtW rpj;jputij Kiwfis xopj;jhh;.
 ,Ryhkpah; my;yhjtu;fs; kPJk; gpuhkzh;fs; kPJk; [p]pah thpia tpjpj;jhh;.
 gy efuq;fs;> Nfhl;ilfs;> muz;kidfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> k#jpfs; epWtpdhh;.
 mbikfSf;F iftpidj; njhopy;fspy; Kiwahd gapw;rp jug;gl;gl;lJ.
 mbikfs; murhq;fj;jpd; njhopy;$lq;fspy; gzp mkh;j;jg;gl;ldh;.
6. jpy;yp Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; epHthf mikg;G Fwpj;J tptuiz jUf.

 jpy;yp Ry;jhdpak; fypghthy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Kiwahd ,Ryhkpa muR.
 Ry;jhd; KO mjpfhuk; ngw;w Rje;jpu Ml;rpahsuhf tpsq;fpdhh;.
 ,e;jpah KOtJk; jpy;yp Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ.
 Ry;jhd; tUtha;j; Jiw> ,uhZtk;> ePjpj; Jiw jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
 MAjk; jhq;fpa gilfspd; jiyikj; jsgjpahf Ry;jhd; tpsq;fpdhh;.
 Nky;KiwaPl;L cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahfr; Ry;jhd; nray;gl;lhh;.
 Ry;jhd; gjtpf;F thhpRhpik rl;lk; ,y;yhjjhy; thhpRhpik Nghl;b epytpaJ.
 cw;gj;jpapy; ghjp gq;F epythp. Kf;jpfs; vd;Nghh; thpfis t#ypj;jdh;.
myF 11 gpw;fhyr; NrhoHfs;

NrhoHfs>; ghz;baHfs
aHfs;
Hfs;

1. ..................
.................. fly;topg; gilnaLg;Gfs; =tp[ah muR tiu tphptile;jpUe;jd.
m) %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; .M) Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;.
,) Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; <) guhe;jfd;
2. ..................
.................. gLifapy; ,Ue;j Nrho murpd; ikag;
ikag;gFjp Nrho kz;lyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
m) itif .M) fhtphp.
fhtphp. ,) fpU\;zh <) Nfhjhthp
3. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Dk; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuDk; ,ize;J ..................
.................. Mz;Lfs;
Nrho muir Ml;rp nra;jhHfs;.
m) 3 .M) 2. ,) 5 <) 4
4. ..................
.................. xU fyj;Jf;Fr; rkk; MFk;.
.m) 28 fp.fp.
fp.fp. M) 27 fp.fp ,) 32 fp.fp <) 72 fp.fp
5. nflh ..................
.................. ,y; cs;sJ.
.m) kNyrpah.
kNyrpah. M) rpq;fg;G+H ,) jha;yhe;J <) fk;Nghbah
6. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpapy; khky;yGuk; ..................
.................. vd;W miof;fg;gl;l xU
FOthy; epHtfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) ehl;lhH .M) khefuk;. ,) efuj;jhH <) CuhH
7. nghUj;Jf.
(1) gil Kfhk; - giltPL
(2) Gwf;fhty; gilfs; - jz;lehafk;
(3) jiytH - epiyg;gil
(4) gilj;jsgjp - gilKjyp
.m) 1> 3> 4> 2. M) 4> 2> 1> 3 ,) 2> 1> 3> 4 <) 2> 3> 1> 4>
8. ...............
..................
... ,y; ngw;w ntw;wpapd; epidthf Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; fq;ifnfhz;
fnfhz;l
NrhoGuj;ijf; fl;bdh dhH.
m) ,yq;if .M) tl ,e;jpah.
pah. ,) Nfusk; <) fHehlfk;
9. ..................
.................. ghz;baHfspd; Kjy; jiyefukhFk;.
m) kJiu M) fhay;gl;bdk; .,) nfhw;if.
f. <) GfhH
10.
10. ngh.
ngh.M.
M. 800 Ir; NrHe;j khD}H fy;ntl;L ..................
.................. epHthfk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj;
jUfpd;wJ.
m) kj;jpa muR .M) fpuhkk;. ,) gil <) khfhzk;
11.
11. twl;rpg; gFjpahd ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; ghz;ba murHfs; .................. If; fl;bdhHfs;.
m) mfopfs; M) kjFfs; ,) mizfs; .<) Vhpfs;.

1. NrhoH fhyj;J ,yf;fpa tbt tuyhw;W E}y;fs; vit?
n[aq;nfhz;lhh; vOjpa fypq;fj;Jg; guzp - fypq;fg; Nghh; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
xl;l$j;jh; ,aw;wpa %tUyh> FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhod; gps;isj;jkpo;.
%tUyh - %d;W Nrho murh;fspd; tuyhw;iw jUfpwJ.
2. Nrho kz;lyk; ‘Kk;Kbr; Nrho kz;lyk;” vd miof;fg;gl;lJ Vd;?

njhz;il ehL> ghz;b ehL> Nru ehL> fq;iftb gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpdh;.
Nrho ehL> Nru ehL> ghz;ba ehL vd %d;iwAk; xd;whf Ml;rp nra;jdh;.
tlfpof;F ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp Kk;Kbr; Nrho kz;lyk; vd ngahpl;ldh;.
3. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuDf;fhd gl;lq;fs; ahit?

Kbnfhz;l Nrhod; - ghz;bah;fis Kwpabj;jjhy; fpilj;j gl;lk;.
fq;if nfhz;lhd; - tl ,e;jpa ntw;wpahy; fpilj;j gl;lk;.
flhuk; nfhz;lhd; - =tp[ah> flhuk; ntw;wpahy; fpilj;j gl;lk;.
4. epyj;ijf; fzf;fpLtjw;fhd ntt;NtW myFfisf; $Wf.

Nrhoh;fs; epyq;fis Kiwahf mstPL nra;J thp tpjpj;jdh;.
epyj;ij fzf;fpLk; myFfs; - Fop> kh> ntsp> gl;b> ghlfk;.
epy mstPL nra;Ak; gzpahsh;fis ‘ehL tif nra;fpw” vd;wioj;jdh;.
5. NrhoH fhyj;J fhy;tha;fspy; murHfs;> murpfs;> flTsh

flTshpd; ngaH #l;lg;gl;l
fhy;tha;fs; ahit?
murh; ngahpy; - cj;jkr; Nrhod; tha;f;fhy;.
murp ngahpy; - gQ;rtd; khNjtp tha;f;fhy;.
flTs; ngahpy; - fztjp tha;f;fhy;.
6. jkpo;r; rq;fk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; - rq;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; fiyf;fofk;.
jpUtpisahly; Guhzk;> nghpa Guhzk; - rq;fk; vd;gJ fiyf;fofk;.
gy;yth;fSf;F Ke;ija ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; NtW.
7. ghz;ba murpd; kPjhd khypf;fhG+h

hG+hpd; gilnaLg;gpd; tpisTfs; ahit?
kJiuapy; jpy;yp Ry;jhdpaj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gl;l Xh; muR cUthdJ.
mur kugpdh; ghz;ba ehl;il jdpj;jdp muRfshf Jz;lhbdh;.
khypf;fhG+h; Nfhapy;fis ,bj;J ngUk; nry;tj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;whh;.

1. ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fly;topg; gilnaLg;Gfs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;G tiuf.
fly;topg; gilnaLg;gpy; Nkw;Ff; flw;fiu kw;Wk; ,yq;ifia ntd;whh;.
,yq;ifapd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpia Kk;Kbr; Nrho kz;lykhf mwptpj;jhh;.
,Wjpahf ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; ,Ue;j khyj; jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; fly; fle;j NguuR cUthf mbj;jskpl;lhh;.
2. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ‘flhuk; nfhz;lhd;” vd miof;fg;gLtJ Vd;?

njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;j =tp[ah> flhuk; gFjpfis jhf;fpdhh;.
tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa =tp[ahit (njw;F Rkj;uh) ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
FWepy kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j nflhit (flhuk;) ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
,e;j fly; fle;j gilnaLg;ghy; flhuk; nfhz;lhd; vd;w gl;lk; ngw;whh;.
3. NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j tzpff; FOf;fspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;J vOJf.

mQ;Rtz;zj;jhh;> kzpf;fpuhkj;jhh; vd;w ,U tzpff; FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd.
mQ;Rtz;zj;jhh; FO - Nkw;F Mrpahitr; Nrh;e;j fly;top tzpfh;fs;.
kzpf;fpuhkj;jhh; FO - efuq;fspy; trpj;j cs;ehl;L tzpfh;fs;.
gpw tzpff; FOf;fs; - IE}w;Wth;> jpir Mapuj;J IE}w;Wth;> tsQ;rpah;.
4. NrhoH fhyj;jpy; t#ypf;fg;gl;

gl;l th
thpfs; vd;ndd;d?
epyq;fis tifg;gLj;jp> mstPL nra;jdh;. thpfis nghUshf t#ypj;jdh;.
,iw> fhzpfld;> ,iwfl;bd fhzpfld;> flik thp Mfpad t#ypj;jdh;.
Fj;jiff;F Ntshz;ik nra;jth;fsplk; Fbik thp t#ypj;jdh;.
murh;fSk; cs;@h; jiyth;fSk; „Xg;gb… vd;w thpia t#ypj;jdh;.
5. NrhoH fhyr; r%fj;jpd; gbepiyiaf; $Wf.

Kjy; gbepiy - gpuk;kNja FbapUg;Gfspy; trpj;j epy clikahsHfs;.
2 tJ gbepiy - Ntshz; fpuhkq;fisr; Nrh;e;j epy clikahsh;fs;.
3 tJ gbepiy - nrhe;jkhf epykpy;yhj „cOFb… vd;w Fj;jifjhuh;fs;.
r%fj;jpd; mbkl;lj;jpy; ciog;ghspfSk; mbikfSk; ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
6. NrhoH fhyj;ijr; NrHe;j fy;tp epWtdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; vz;zhapuj;jpy; Ntjf;fy;Y}hp xd;iw epWtpdhh;.
1048-,y; jpUGtdpapy; xU rk];fpUjf; fy;Y}hpia njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
1061-,y; jpUKf;$lypy; xU rk];fpUjf; fy;Y}hpia njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
Ntjq;fs;> jj;Jtq;fs;> rk];fpUj ,yf;fzk;> Mfpad fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
7. njhlf;f fhyg; ghz;bauhy; fl;lg;gl;l Filtiuf; Nfhapy;

Nfhapy;fs; ahit?
jkpo;ehl;by; gy Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fis ghz;bah;fs; fl;bAs;sdh;.
fOFkiy> Midkiy> rpj;jd;dthry; Mfpa Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;.
gps;isahh;gl;b> jpUkak;> jpUr;nre;J}h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fl;bAs;sdh;.
Fd;wf;Fb> fd;dpahFkhp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;.
8. ghz;ba muR Fwpj;

Fwpj;J ntspehl;Lg; gaz tuyhw;whrphpaHfspd;
hrphpaHfspd; Fwpg;Gfisf; $Wf.
ghz;ba muR Fwpj;J thrh‡g; kw;Wk; khh;f;NfhNghNyh Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.
ghz;ba murh;fs; Fjpiufspy; mjpf KjyPL nra;jdh; vd;W $wpAs;sdh;.
fhay; JiwKfk; KOtJk; mNugpa> rPd fg;gy;fs; epiwe;jpUe;jJ vd;whh;.
Neh;ikahd eph;thfk; nra;jdh;. murh;fs; gyjhu kzk; nra;J nfhz;ldh;.

1. NrhoH fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ghrd> tptrha epHthfj; jpl;lq;
q;fs; mjpf
tUkhdj;Jf;F toptFj;jd - Muha;e;J vOJf.
 Nrho ehl;bw;F Ntshz;ik %yNk mjpf tUthdk; fpilj;jJ.
 Nrhoh;fs; ePh; Mjhuq;fis eph;tfpg;gjpy; jdpf; ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;.
 Fsk;> fpzW> fhy;tha; Nghd;w ePh;g;ghrd trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
 tb vd;gJ tlf;F njw;fhf ePiu ntspNaw;Wk; tbfhyhf mike;jJ.
 tha;f;fhy; vd;gJ fpof;F Nkw;fhf ePiuf; nfhz;L tUtjhf mike;jJ.
 tpis epyj;jpw;F tha;f;fhy; topahf tUk; ePu; tbf;F jpUg;gg;gl;ld.
 tbf;F jpUg;gg;gl;l ePh; gpd;dh; kw;nwhU tha;f;fhYf;F jpUg;gg;gl;ld.
 „GwTthpj; jpizf;fsk;… vd;w Jiw epy tUtha; eph;thfj;ij ftdpj;jJ.
2. NrhoH fhyf; fl;Lkhdf; fiyapd; rpwg;Gfis vOJf.

 jQ;ir nghpa Nfhapiy Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; fl;bdhh;.
 fUtiw kPJs;s tpkhdk; 80 ld; vil nfhz;l xNu fy;yhy; MdJ.
 ,f;Nfhapypy; yl;Rkp> tp\;Z> mh;j;jehhpRtuh;> gpr;rhldh; rpiyfs; cs;sd.
 fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; Nfhapiy Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fl;bdhh;.
 ,f;Nfhapypy; Jh;fh> tp\;Z> mh;j;jehhpRtuH> #hpad; rpiyfs; cs;sd.
 jhuhRuk; Nfhapiy ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; fl;bdhh;.
 ,f;Nfhapypy; nghpa Guhz epfo;Tfs; rpw;gq;fshf nrJf;fg;gl;L cs;sd.
 jhuhRuk; Nfhapy; Nrhoh; fhyf; fl;Lkhdf; fiyf;F rhd;whf cs;sJ.
3. Nfhapy; - xU r%f epWtdk; ,f;$w;iw epWTf.

 Nfhapy;fs; r%fj; jpUtpohf;fs; eilngWk; xU fskhf khwpaJ.
 murpay;> r%fk;> gz;ghl;L ikaq;fshff; Nfhapy;fs; tpsq;fpd.
 Nfhapy;fspy; ,ir> Xtpak;> eldk;> ehlfk;> fiyfs; tsHr;rp ngw;wd.
 jQ;ir nghpa Nfhapypy; rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpohit nfhz;lhb kfpo;e;jdh;.
 NkYk; fhh;j;jpif tpoh> Ig;grp tpoh Mfpatw;iwAk; nfhz;lhbdhh;fs;.
 Nfhapy;fspy; topghl;Lg; ghly;fs; tha;nkhopf; fy;tpia tsh;j;jd.
 Flf; $j;J> rhf;iff; $j;J Nghd;w kuG eldq;fs; tsHr;rp ngw;wd.
 Nfhapy;fs; ed;nfhilfis ngw;wd. tq;fpfs; Nghd;W fld;fis toq;fpd.
4. ghz;baH Ml;rpapy; tzpfj;jpYk; tHj;jfj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l tsHr;rpiaf; $Wf.

 ntspehl;Lg; gazpfshd khh;f;NfhNghNyh> thrh‡g; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;.
 ghz;bah; Ml;rpapy; eilngw;w tzpfk; gw;wpa nra;jpfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.
 muG tzpfh;fSf;F Rq;f thp> JiwKff; fl;lzq;fs; tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;ld.
 ghz;bah; Ml;rpapy; gy;NtW tifahd tzpff; FOf;fs; nray;gl;L te;jd.
 mitfs; : ehdhNjrp> jpirMapuj;J IE}w;WtH> IE}w;WtH> kzpf;fpuhkj;jhH.
 tzpfg; nghUl;fs; : kpsF> Kj;J> tpiy cah;e;j fw;fs;> Fjpiufs;> ahidfs;.
 ghz;bah;fs; JiwKfk; fhay;gl;bdk;. Fjpiufs; kPJ mjpf KjyPL nra;jdh;.
 tzpfj;jpy; gad;gl;l jq;f ehzaq;fs; - fhR> goq;fhR> fdk;> foQ;R> nghd;.
5. NrhoH> ghz;baH fhyf; fl;llf;fiyapd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis Muha;f.

Nrhoh; fhyf; fl;llf; fiy ghz;bah; fhyf; fl;llf; fiy
jQ;ir nghpa Nfhapy;> fq;if nfhz;l fy;yiwf; Nfhapy;fs;> Filtiuf;
NrhoGuk; Nfhapy;> jhuhRuk; Nfhapy; Nfhapy;fs;> fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fs; vd
Nghd;w Nfhapy;fisf; fl;bdh;. gy;NtW khjphpfspy; fl;bdh;.
Nrhoh;fspd; Nfhapy;fs; gpukhz;lkhf ghz;bah;fspd; Nfhapy;fs; vspikahf

nghpa mstpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. rpwpa mstpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
Nrhoh;fspd; Kjd;ikf; flTshd rptd; rptd;> tp\;Z> gpuk;kd;> fNzrd;>

rpiyia gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; nrJf;fp Rg;gpukzpaH> #hpad;> nfhw;wit
cs;sdh;. rpiyfs; tbf;fg;gl;L cs;sd.
Nrhoh;fs; kz;lgq;fisf; fl;LtJ> ghz;bah;fs; kz;lgq;fisf; fl;LtJ>

gpufhu tPjpfis mikg;gJ> Gjpa gpufhu tPjpfis mikg;gJ> Gjpa
NfhGuq;fis vOg;GtJ Nghd;w NfhGuq;fs; vOg;GtJ Nghd;w tphpthf;fg;
tphpthf;fg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;ldH. gzpfspy; <Lgl;ldH.
,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghz;bah;fs; Midkiy> fOFkiy

ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; xU ngsj;j klhyak; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rkz Fiffs;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. fl;lg;gl;lJ.
myF 12 ghkpdp kw;Wk; tp[aefu muRfs;

1. ùpùH kw;Wk; Gf;fH tp[aefug; Nguuir Vw;gLj;
Lj;Jk; Kd;ghf ...................
................... ,lk; gzp
nra;jdH.
m) fhfjpaH .M) n`ha;rhsH.
hsH.
,) gP[g;G+H Ry;jhd; <) ahjtH
2. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw fhytupirg;gLj;Jf.
m) rq;fk tk;rk;> MutPL tk;rk;> rhSt tk;rk;> JSt tk;rk;
.M) rq;fk tk;rk;> rhSt tk;rk;> JSt tk;rk;> MutPL tk;rk;.
,) rhSt tk;rk;> rq;fk tk;rk;> JSt tk;rk;> MutPL tk;rk;
<) rq;fk tk;rk;> JSt tk;rk;> rhSt tk;rk;> MutPL tk;rk;
3. tp[aefu murpd; mur Kj;jpiu ...................
...................
.m) gd;wp.p. M) Gyp ,) kPd; <) tpy;
4. ...................
................... vd;w E}iy fq;fhNjtp vOjpdhH.
m) kDrupjk; M) MKf;jkhy;ajh
,) ghz;Luq;f kfhj;kpak; .<) kJuh tp[ak;.
5. ...................
................... rq;fk tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsuhff; fUjg;gl;lhH.
m) Kjyhk; NjtuhaH .M) ,uz;lhk; NjtuhaH.
NjtuhaH.
,) fpU\;z NjtuhaH <) tPu eurpk;kH
6. fpU\
fpU\;z NjtuhaH jd; ntw;wpfspd; epidthf ntw;wpj; J}iz vOg;gpa ,lk;.
m) ngy;fhk; M) fl;lhf;
.,) rpk;khr;ryk;. <) ,uh[kNfe;jputuk;
7. ve;j ,U gFjpfspilNa ,ilg;gL ehlhfg; GJf;Nfhl;il ,Ue;jJ ...................
...................
m) Nrho kw;Wk; tp[aefu muRfs; .M) Nrho kw;Wk; ghz;ba muRfs;.
,) Nru kw;Wk; ghz;ba muRfs; <) Nrho kw;Wk; Nru muRfs;
8. \h ehkhit vOjpatH ...................
...................
.m) gpHnjsrp.
gpHnjsrp. M) ,gd; gJ}jh
,) epf;NfhNyh b Nfhd;b <) Nlhkpq;Nfh ga];
9. Kfk;kJ fthd; xU kjurhit epWtp mjpy; 3000 ifnaOj;J E}y;fis itj;jpUe;j
,lk; .............
...................
...........
m) nguhH M) gP[g;G+H .,) gPlhH.
hH. <) mfkJ efH
10.
10. ...................
................... Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhH.
.m) ,uh[h fpU\
fpU\;zNjt;. M) Ry;jhd; Fyp-FJg;-cy;-Ky;f;
,) KfkJ fthd; <) ghkd; \h
11.
11. rupahd $w;wpidj; NjHe;njL.
m) tp[aefu murpd; murHfs; Ie;J tk;rq;fshfr; RkhH 300 Mz;Lfs;
Ml;rp nra;jdH.
M) Me;jpuf; flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; xuprhtpd; f[gjp kw;Wk; ghkpdp muRfs;
,ilNa fLk; NghH eilngw;wJ.
.,) mg;JH urhf; xU ghurPfj; J}Jtuhff; nfhr;rpapy; ,Ue;j rhkupapd;
mitf;F te;jhH..
hH..
<) ghkpdp murHfs; mjpf mstpy; jq;f ehzaq;fis gy;NtW tifahd
nja;tq;fspd; cUtq;fSld; ntspapl;ldH.
12.
12. fPo;fz;l $w;Wfspy; rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL
(i) Kjyhk; KfkJ Vw;gLj;jpa rpwe;j muR mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;j Ry;jhd;fshYk;
kuhj;jpaHfshYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
(ii) fthd; NghHr;RfPrpa Ntjpapay; epGzHfisf; nfhz;L ntbkUe;ijj; jahH nra;tJ>
gad;gLj;JtJ Mfpat;w;iwf; fw;Wjur; nra;jhH.
m) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) rup M) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) jtW
.,) (i)) rup (ii)) jtW.
jtW. <) (i) jtW (ii) rup
13.
13. fPo;fz;l $w;W> fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;L rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL.
$w;W ($) : ghkd;\h kpfr;rupahfj; jhf;Fjy; njhLj;J thuq;fy; kw;Wk; nul;b muRfshd
uh[Ke;jpup> nfhz;ltPL Mfpad kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp Mz;LNjhWk; jpiw
nrYj;j itj;jhH.
fhuzk; (fh) : ,J mbf;fb NghHfs; Vw;gl top tFj;jJ.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fkd;W.
M) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW.
,) $w;Wk; jtW fhuzKk; jtW.
.<) $w;W rup> fhuzj;jpw;F $w;W rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;..
14.
14. nghUj;Jf.
(i) mg;JH urhf; - 1. u\;ah
(ii) epfpbd; - 2. rhSt ehaf;fH
(iii) Nlhkpq;Nfh ga]; - 3. ghurPfk;
kw;Wk; E}dp];
(iv) nry;yg;gh - 4. NghHj;Jfy;
m) 1> 2> 3> 4 M) 4> 3> 2> 1 ,) 2> 1> 4> 3 .<) 3> 1> 4> 2.

1. tp[aefiug; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; gw;wp vOJf.
fd;dlk;> njYq;F> jkpo; nkhopfspYs;s Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lfs;.
rk];fpUj nkhop nrg;Gg; gl;laq;fs;> murh;fs; ntspapl;l ehzaq;fs;.
Nfhtpy;fs;> muz;kizfs;> Nfhl;ilfs;> k#jpfs; Nghd;w fl;blq;fs;.
2. tp[aefu muR ahuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? vjdhy; mg;ngaH te;jJ.

tp[aefu muR Vw;gLj;jpath;fs; :
rq;fkhpd; Gjy;tHfshd `hpùH kw;Wk; Gf;fH Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
1336 Mk; Mz;L tp[aefu muR Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tp[aefu muR ngaH fhuzk; :
ntw;wp efuk; vd;w nghUs; nfhz;l tp[aefuj;jpy; xU muir epWtpdhh;fs;.
tp[aefuk; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpajhy; tp[aefu muR vd mwptpj;jhh;fs;.
3. ghkpdp tp[aefu muRfSf;fpilNa gifik Vw;gl;ljw;fhd %d;W Kf;fpaf;

fhuzq;fs; ahit?
tskhd nua;r;#H Mw;wpilg; gFjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
,uhZtj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Fjpiufis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jy;;.
Nfhth> `NdhtH Mfpa Nkw;F flw;fiu JiwKfq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
4. juhg; gw;wp vOJf.

ghkd;\h jdJ Ml;rpg; gFjpia ehd;F khfhzq;fshfg; gphpj;jhH.
khfhzq;fs; - juhg;]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. jdp MSeh; ,Ue;jhh;.
MSeNu jhug; gFjpapd; gilfis topelj;jpdhH.
5. Kjyhk; KfkJ gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;jJ vd;d?

ghkdp Ry;jhd; Kjyhk; KfkJ thuq;fy; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;whh;.
Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fp ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhH.
nua;r;#H gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;w tp[aefu muRld; ePz;lfhyk; Nghh; Ghpe;jhh;.

1. ghkpdp muR vt;thW epWtg;gl;lJ? ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ?
tlf;F fHehlfh jpy;yp Ry;jhdpaj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j gFjpahFk;.
[hgHfhd; tlf;F fHehlfhtpy; ghkpdp muir 1347-,y; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH.
myhTjPd; ghkd; \h vd;w gl;lj;ij [hgHfhd; #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;.
jdJ jiyefiu Njtfphpapy; ,Ue;J Fy;gHfhtpw;F khw;wpf; nfhz;;lhh;.
2. ehaf;f Kiw.
ehaf;f Kiw njYq;F kw;Wk; fd;dl gFjpfspy; mjpfk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
ehaf; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,uhZt tPuH my;yJ ,uhZtj; jiytiuf; Fwpg;gJ.
fhfj;jpa murpy; ,uhZt Nritf;fhf xU gFjpapd; tUtha; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
tp[aefu murpy; ,uhZt Nritf;fhf tUtha; jUk; epyq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. uhf;r\p jq;fb NghH.

jf;fhz Ry;jhd;fs; tp[aefu muRf;F vjpuhf ,Wjpg;NghH Ghpe;jdH.
1565 ,y; jiyf;Nfhl;il NghH my;yJ uhf;r\p - jq;fb Nghh; eilngw;wJ.
uhf;r\p - jq;fb Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; tp[aefug; gilfs;; Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
tp[aefu gilf;F jiyikNaw;w uhkuh[H ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.
4. fpU
fpU\\;z NjtuhaH tp[aefu murpd; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsuhf Nghw;wg;glf; fhuzq;fs;
ahit?
fpU\;z Njtuhah; ghkpdp Ry;jhd;fs; kPJ gilnaLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
xhprhit Ml;rp nra;j f[gjp murd; kPJ gilnaLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
ehaf; my;yJ ehaq;fhuh Kiwia kWrPuikj;J rl;l mq;fPfhuk; nfhLj;jhH.
=iryk;> jpUg;gjp> fhs`];jp> fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUtz;zhkiy> rpjk;guk; Mfpa
Nfhtpy;fSf;Ff; nfhilaspj;jhH.
5. ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH ahh;? Vd;?

ghkd;\h ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;w ngahpy; ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhH.
ghkpdp muir epWtpa ghkd;\h 11 Mz;Lfs; rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;jhH.
jdJ murpay; vjphpfis mlf;fp> fg;gk; t#ypf;f gy NghHfis Ghpe;jhh;.
uh[Ke;jphp> nfhz;ltPL muRfs; kPJ gyKiw gilnaLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
6. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;il vq;Nf fl;lg;gl;lJ? mjd; mikg;ig tpth

tpthp.
i`juhghj; mUNf cs;s xU kiykPJ 120 kPl;lH cauj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;il xypmk;r mbg;gilapy; xU rpwe;j fl;llkhFk;.
Nfhl;ilapDs; xU muritAk;> xU mofpa khspifAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Nfhl;ilapd; caHe;j gFjp ghyh`prhH. ufrpa epyj;jb Ruq;fg;ghij cs;sJ.

1. tp[aefug; Nguurpd; rKf kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiyapid tpth
tpthp.
 njhlH NghHfspd; tpisthf kf;fs; ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; Gyk; ngaHe;jdh;.
 fd;dl> njYq;F NghH kugpdH jkpofk; cl;gl gy gFjpfspy; FbNawpdH.
 fd;dl> njYq;F nkhop kugpdNu ehaf;fj; jiytHfshf ,Ue;jdH.
 tp[aefu Nguurpy; kf;fs; tWikapy; thbdH. mbikKiw epytpaJ.
 Ntshz; rhuhj iftpidj; njhopy; cw;gj;jp tpaj;jF tsHr;rp fz;lJ.
 ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; ngUkstpy; Ntshz;ikiar; rhh;e;J ,Ue;jJ.
 nerT njhopy;> cNyhf Ntiy> fl;llf; fiyQH Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wdH.
 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J Vw;Wkjpahd [Tsp Kf;fpag; gz;lkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
2. tp[aefu Ml;rpahsHfspd; Ml;rpKiw gw;wp tpth

tpthp.
 murNu midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
 murUf;F cjtpahf gy caHkl;l mjpfhupfs; cjtp nra;jdH.
 Kjyikr;rH (kfhgpujhdp) fPo;epiy mjpfhupfSf;F jiyikahthH.
 uh[;ah vd;Dk; gy kz;lyq;fshf ehL gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
 uh[;ahtpd; MSeu; gpujhdp. mtH mur FLk;gj;jpd; cwtpdh; my;y.
 gpujhdp murit cWg;gpduhf my;yJ uhZt mjpfhupahf ,Ug;ghH.
 gpujhdpf;F cjtpGhpa fzf;fHfSk; uhZt mjpfhupfSk; ,Ue;jdH.
 xt;nthU uh[;ahTk; - rPik> ];jyk;> fk;gdh> fpuhkk; vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Kjyhk; KfkJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; ghkpdp muR gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

 nua;r;#iu ifg;gw;w tp[aefu muRld; ePz;lfhyg; NghHfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
 thuq;fy; kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhH.
 Kjyhk; KfkJ rpwe;j muR Kiw epHthfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpdhH.
 vl;L mikr;rHfisf; nfhz;l xU FOit Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
 topg;gwp nfhs;isaHfSf;F vjpuhf fLikahd eltbf;if vLj;jhH.
 epWtd kw;Wk; Gtpapay; uPjpapy; Nguurpy; xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
 Fy;gHfhtpy; ,U k#jpfs; fl;bdhH. 1367 ,y; xU k#jp fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. KfkJ fthdpd; Ml;rpKiw kw;Wk; uhZt epHthfk; gw;wp tpth

tpthp.
 KfkJ fthd; rpwe;j epHthfj; jpwd; nfhz;ltuhf tpsq;fpdhH.
 KfkJ fthd; %d;whk; Kfk;kJtpd; gpujk ke;jpupahf tpsq;fpdhH.
 ghkpdp Nguuir epHthf trjpahf vl;L khfhzq;fshfg; gpupj;jhH.
 khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyfis tiuaiw nra;jhH.
 khfhz MSeHfspd; uhZt mjpfhuj;ij Fiwj;jhH.
 xU MSeUf;F xU Nfhl;il kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 khfhz MSeHfspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp rpwe;j Ml;rpf;F mbj;jskpl;lhH.
 nfhq;fzk;> xuprh> tp[aefUf;F vjpuhf gil elj;jpr; nrd;W ntw;wp ngw;whH.
 ghurPf Ntjpapay; ty;YeHfspd; topfhl;Ljy;gb ntbkUe;J gad;gLj;jpdhH.
gz;ghl;L xUikg;ghL : ,e;jpahtpy;

myF 13 gf;jp ,af;fk;

1. mj;itjk; vd;Dk; jj;Jtj;ij ,e;J kjj;jpw;F toq;fpatH ........................
.m) Mjprq;fuH.
uH. M) ,uhkhD[H ,) ,uhkhde;jH <) irjd;aH
2. itjPf Ntjg; gpupTfSf;Fk;> rpukzg; gpupTfSf; gpupTfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fisg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ ........................
m) ,uhkhazk; M) ghftj Guhzk;
.,) jpUj;njhz;lHfspd; Gfo; ghLk; njhFg;Gfs;
fs.; <) ghy yPyh
3. $d; ghz;bad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH ........................
m) Kjyhk; kNfe;jpu tHkd; .M) khwtHkd; mupNfrup.
mupNfrup.
,) eurpk;k tHkd; <) Re;ju ghz;bad;
4. rkz kjj;jpypUe;j NghJ mg;gH ,t;thW mwpag;gl;lhH ........................
........................
m) mupNrdh M) jPHj;jq;fuH ,) rptQhd rpj;jpahH .<) jHkNrdH.
jHkNrdH.
5. gf;fPH vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtH ........................
.m) ,];yhkpa Qhdp.
Qhdp. M) ngsj;jj; Jwtp ,) ,e;Jj; Jwtp <) rPf;fpa FU
6. khjhthr;rhupahH ........................ jj;Jtg; gs;spiar; rhHe;jtH.
.m) Jitjk;. M) mj;itjk; ,) tprp\;lhj;itjk; <) G\;b khHf;fk;
7. ,uhkhde;jupd; rPlH ........................
m) irjd;aH M) kPuhgha; ,) FUehdf; .<) fgPH.
8. Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jp nkhopapy;
nkhopapy; jdJ kjj; jj;Jtg; gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ltH.
m) utpjh]; .M) ,uhkhde;jH.
H. ,) fgPH <) ehkNjtH
9. mf;gupd; muritapy; ‘Mf;uhtpd; ghHitj; jpwdw;w ghlfH" vd;W mwpag;gl;ltH.
.m) #Hjh];. M) Jf;fhuhk; ,) ,uhkhde;jH <) kPuhgha;
10.
10. kuhj;jpa kd;dH rpth[papd; rkfhyj;jtH ........................ MthH.
MthH.
m) ,uhkhde;jH M) kPuhgha; ,) #Hjh]; .<) Jf;fhuhk;
huhk;.
11.
m) jdJ njhlf;ff;fhy tho;tpy; irtuhf ,Ue;j mg;gH jdJ jkf;ifahy; irt
kjj;jpypUe;J rkz kjj;jpw;F khwpdhH.
.M) #‡gp
#‡gp ,af;fj;jtH flTis mofpd; cr;rkhff; fUjpdH.
fUjpdH.
,) ,uhk gf;jpia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp tq;fhs itztHfs; ,e;J kjj;ijr;
rPHjpUj;j Kad;wdH.
<) ngsj;j kj E}y;fspy; utpjh]pd; gf;jpg; ghly;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
12.
$w;W : kj rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; xU flTs; nfhs;ifiag; Nghjpj;jdH.
fhuzk; : mtHfs; rpiy topghl;il tpkHrpj;jdH.
m) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
M) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; jtW.
.,) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;..
<) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup.
13.
13. nghUj;Jf.
(i) fgPH - 1. rhfpj;jpa yhfpup
(ii) #Hjh]; - 2. N\f; jhjp
(iii) #gpap]k; - 3. rk;ge;jH
(iv) $d;ghz;bad; - 4. nerthsH
m) 2> 3> 4> 1 .M) 4> 1> 2> 3. ,) 2> 4> 3> 1 <) 3> 4> 2> 1

1. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpw;F ,uhkhD[H Mw;wpa Nritfs; ahit?
,uhkhD[H rka rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; ngUk; Mjuthsuhfj; jpfo;e;jhH.
gf;jp ,af;fk; xU jj;Jt> rpe;jhe;j ,af;fkhf kWtbtk; nfhz;lJ.
,uhkhD[H trp\;lhj;itjk; jj;Jtj;ij cUthf;fpdhH.
2. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; utpjh]pd; gq;fpidg; gw;wp ePtpH mwptd ahit?

gf;jp ,af;fj; JwtpAk; GytUkhd utpjh]; ,uhkhde;jhpd; rPluhthH.
Md;kPf tpLjiyf;F xw;Wikia Cf;Ftpj;jhH.
r%fg; gphpTfs;> Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtkpd;ik Mfpatw;iw vjph;j;jhh;.
3. ,uhkhde;jupd; Nghjidfs; ahit?

,uhkhD[hpd; nfhs;iffis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L itztj;ij Nghjpj;jhH.
,uhkH> rPij kPJ gf;jp nfhs;sf; $wpdhh;. rhjp Kiwia epuhfhpj;jhH.
flTspd; Kd;dhy; midtUk; rkk; vd;w nfhs;ifiag; Nghjpj;jhH.
4. gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; rpwg;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhf kPuhghapd; ghly;fSk;

ftpijfSk; mike;jd. tpsf;Ff.
kPuhgha; md;G xd;Nw flTis milAk; topnad Nghjid nra;jhh;.
kPuhgha; fpU\;zh; topghl;il Nghjpj;jhh;. g[idg; ghly;fisg; ghbdhh;.
mtuJ gf;jpg; ghly;fSk;> ,irg; ghly;fSk; tskhd gz;ghl;L kughFk;.
5. ,e;Jj; Jwtpfs; ,];yhkpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j ,uz;L ntt;NtW mZF

Kiwfs; ahit?
1. vjphpfshf fUjpdh;.
,];yhk; cUt topghl;il fLikahf vjpHj;jJ.
,];yhkpaHfis ,e;J rkaj;jpd; vjphpfshff; fUjpdH.
2. rNfhjuh;fshf fUjpdh;.
,];yhj;jpd; xNu flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.
,e;Jf;fSk; ,];yhkpaHfSk; rNfhjuHfNs vdf; fUjpdH.

1. kj kWkyHr;rpapd; ciwtplkhfj; njd;dpe;jpah tpsq;fpaij tpsf;Ff.
ehad;khHfSk; Mo;thHfSk; Njhw;Wtpj;j kj kWkyh;r;rpNa gf;jp ,af;fk;.
ehad;khHfs; irtj;ijAk;> Mo;thHfs; itztj;ijAk; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jdh;.
cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk; ghly;fshy; gf;jp Nfhl;ghl;bw;F xU tbtk; nfhLj;jdh;.
kj kWkyh;r;rp murpay;> r%fk;> gz;ghL> nkhopapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2. #Hjh];> Jf;fhuhk; MfpNahupd; Nghjidfis Ma;f.

#Hjh]; :
md;G vDk; kjj;ijAk;> flTsplk; gf;jpNahL ,Ug;gijAk; Nghjpj;jhH.
#Hjh]; fpU\;zh; Fwpj;J ,e;jp nkhopapy; gy ghly;fis ,aw;wpdhH.
Jf;fhuhk; :
Jf;fhuhk; flTs; gw;W> kd;dpf;Fk; Fzk;> kdmikjp Mfpad Nghjpj;jhH.
cUt topghl;il epuhfhpj;jhH. rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gpdhH.
3. fgPupd; Nghjidfis tptup.

fgPh; jdJ ghly;fspd; %yk; rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fis Nfyp nra;jhh;.
flTs; vq;Fk; epiwe;jpUf;fpwhH vdf; fUjpdhh;. xw;Wikia Nghjpj;jhh;.
,e;J - ,];yhk; kjq;fs; ,ilNa fhzg;gl;l gphptpidfis rhbdhh;.
cUt topghL> gy flTs; topghL> rhjpKiw Mfpatw;iw vjph;j;jhH.
4. fgPuplkpUe;J irjd;aH vt;thW NtWgLfpwhH?

fgPh; ,iwtid Ghpe;J nfhs;s midj;J gphpT kf;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;jhh;.
irjd;aH elj;jpaJ xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd ,af;fky;y> mJ xU kPl;G ,af;fk;.
tp\;Zit gy tbtq;fspy; topgl;lhh;. fpU\;zh; topghl;il typAWj;jpdhh;.
irjd;aH kw;w flTs;fistpl fpU\;zH caHthdtH vdg; Nghjpj;jhH.
5. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; tpisTfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.

Lf.
Kf;jp vd;gJ midj;J gphpT kf;fSf;Fk; chpaJ vd;w fUj;J cUthdJ.
gpuhe;jpa nkhopfspy; mjpf mstpy; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; Md;k tpLjiyf;F topfhl;baJ.
Jwtpfs; Jitjk;> mj;itjk; Mfpa jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfis toq;fpdH.

1. #gpap]j;jpd; jhf;fk; gw;wp tptup.
 gf;jp ,af;fj;jpw;F ,izahf ,];yhk; kjj;jpy; Njhd;wpaNj #gpap]k;.
 #gpfs; xl;L nkjj;j kdpj Fyj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfg; gzpahw;wpdH.
 ,iwtid midj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhd mofpd; cr;rk; vd fUjpdH.
 murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;Lj; jsq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 kjr; rk;gpujhak;> goikthjk;> ntspNtlk; Mfpatw;iw vjpHj;jJ.
 Md;kPfg; Nghpd;g epiyia kl;Lk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nray;gl;lJ.
 #gpfs; cyfpy; mikjp kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpia epiyehl;lg; gzpahw;wpdH.
 ,e;J - K];yPk; ,ilNa xw;Wik kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.

 xNu flTs; nfhs;ifiag; Nghjpj;jdH. cUt topghl;il tpkHrpj;jdh;.
 ,iwtdplk; Mokhd gw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifAk; ,Ue;jhy; Kf;jp mila KbAk;.
 Kf;jp mile;jhy; gpwg;G ,wg;G Row;rpapypUe;J tpLgl KbAk; vd ek;gpdH.
 ,iwtDila mUisg; ngw mHg;gzpg;Gld;> gf;jpAld; ghly;fs; ghLtJ.
 FUthdtH topfhl;bahfTk; MrpupauhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;.
 cyf rNfhjuj;Jtf; nfhs;ifia Nghjpj;jdH. rhjp Kiwia fz;bj;jdH.
 kdpjh;fs; cl;gl midj;J capu;fSk; flTspd; Foe;ijfNs vd;wdH.
 rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> Gdpj ahj;jpiufs;> Nehd;Gfis fz;bj;jdH.
 Gdpj nkhop vd vijAk; $wtpy;iy. kf;fspd; nkhopapy; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpdH.
myF 14 Kfyhag; NguuR

1. 1526 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Kjyhk; ghdpg;gl; Nghupy;> ghgH ....................... ia jpwk;gl
gad;gLj;jpajpd; %yk; ntw;wp ngw;whH
m) fhyhl;gil M) Fjpiug;gil .,) gPuq;fpg; gil.
gil. <) ahidg;gil
2. filrpg; Nghuhd fhf;uh Nghupy; ghgH ....................... vjpuhfg; Nghupl;lhH.
.m) Mg;fhdpaHfSf;F. M) u[Gj;jpuHfSf;F
,) JUf;fpaHfSf;F <) kuhl;baHfSf;F
3. ......
.......................
................. jdJ caupa murpay; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj; jpwikapdhy; nrsrhg; Nghupy;
ntw;wp ngw;whH.
m) ghgH M) `{khA+d; .,) n\Hfhd;. <) mf;gH
4. ....................... epycilik cupik Kiwapy;> epyj;jpw;fhd tupia t#ypf;Fk; nghWg;Gk;
Gk;>
me;epyj;ij epHtfpf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; muR mjpfhupfsplk; xg;gilf; ilf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;
,Ue;jJ.
.m) [hfPHjhup.
jhup. M) kfy;thup ,) [kPd;jhup <) kd;rg;jhup
5. mf;guJ epjp epHthfk; ....................... epHthf Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) ghgH M) `{khA+d; .,) n\H\h. <) ,g;uh`pk; Nyhb
6. ,sturH F];UTld; ,ize;J fyfj;ij J}z;btpl;ljw;fhf [`hq;fPuhy; kuz
jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;ltH .................... MthH.
.m) FU mH[{d; Njt;. M) FU `H Nfhgpe;j;
,) FU Nj[; gfJ}H <) FU `H uha;
7. ....................... jdJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ [p]pah tupia kPz;Lk; tpjpj;jhH.
m) mf;gH M) [`hq;fPH ,) \h[fhd; .<) xsuq;frPg;.
8. fg;gypd; xl;lfk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; njhopy;El;gj;ij cyfj;jpNyNa fz;lwpe;j
Kjy;
Kjy; murH ....................... MthH.
.m) mf;gH.
H. M) \h[fhd; ,) n\H\h <) ghgH
9. ....................... NrHe;j jhd;Nrid mf;gH Mjupj;jhH.
m) Mf;uhit .M) Fthypaiu.
Fthypaiu. ,) jpy;ypia <) kJuhit
10.
10. ghJ\
ghJ\h ehkh vd;gJ .......................
....................... d; tho;f;if tuyhwhFk;.
m) ghgH M) `{kha+d; .,) \h[fhd;. <) mf;gH
11.
11. ....................... xU N[hjpl Ma;T E}yhFk;.
.m) j[pfepyfe;jp.p. M) urfq;fhjuh ,) kDrupjk; <) uh[htypgjfh
12.
12. kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpio ,aw;wpatH .......................
m) jhAkhdtH .M) FkuFUguH.
FkuFUguH. ,) ,uhkypq;f mbfs; <) rptg;gpufhrH
13.
13. jtwhd $w;wpidf; fz;Lgpb.
m) ,e;jpa> ghurPf kw;Wk; ,];yhkpaf; fl;llf;fiyapd; ghzpapy; Kfyhaupd; fl;llf;
fiyapd; kWtbtkhf jh[;k`hy; cs;sJ.
.M) mf;guJ Gjpa jiyefukhd Mf;uh kw;Wk; mjd;
mjd; Rw;Wr; RtHfSf;Fs; gy
vOr;rpA+l;
pA+l;Lk; fl;llq;fs; cs;sd.
d..
,) Nkhjp k#jp KOtJk; gspq;Ff;fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
<) ‘Guhz fpyh” xU caHe;j Nfhl;ilahFk;.
14.
14. jtwhd $w;wpidf; fz;Lgpb.
.m) xt;nthU kd;rg;jhUf;Fk; 1 Kjy; 10>000 tiuapyhd gil tPuHfisf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij [hl;Lfs; jPHkhdpj;jdH..
dH..
M) n\H\htpd; ehza Kiw> Mq;fpNyaupd; ehza Kiwf;F mbj;jskpl;lJ.
,) KfyhaUf;Fk; uhzh gpujhg; rpq;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w `hy;bfhl;b NghH kpff;
fLikahd ,Wjpg; NghH MFk;.
<) rPf;fpag; Gdpj E}yhd ‘FU fpue;j rhfpg;" FU mH[{d; Njthy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.
15.
15. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; rupahd $w;wpidf; fz;Lgpb.
(i) uhzh rq;fhtpd; %Hf;fkhd typik tha;e;j gilfs; ghgupd; rf;jp tha;ej
; gilia
vjpHnfhz;lJ.
(ii) fd;Ndhrpg; NghUf;Fg; gpd; mf;gH ehL ,y;yhj xU ,sturH MdhH.
m) (i) rup M) (ii) rup .,) (i)) rup (ii)) jtW.
jtW. <) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) rupahdit
16.
16. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; rupahd $w;wpidf; fz;Lgpb.
(i) n\H\h Nkw;fpy; cs;s rpe;J Kjy; tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s NrhdHfhd; tiuapyhd
fpuhz;l; buq;f; rhiyia rPHgLj;jpdhH.
(ii) mf;gH jdJ kpfg; ngupa gilnaLg;Gfspd; %ykhf khngUk; Nguurpw;F
mbj;jsk; ,l;lhH.
m) (i) rup M) (ii) rup .,) (i)) kw;Wk; (ii)) rupahdit
rupahdit.
ahdit. <) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) jtwhdit
17.
17. fPo;fz;l $w;W> fhuzj;
fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;L rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL.
$w;W : ghgH Kjyhk; ghdpg;gl; Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;whH.
fhuzk; : ghgH gPuq;fpg; gilia Nghupy; gad;gLj;jpdhH.
.m) $w;W rup fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;..
M) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup
,) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzKk; jtW
<) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y
18.
$w;W : xsuq;frPg; Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; Kfyhag; Nguurpd; mopT Muk;gkhapw;W.
fhuzk; : xsuq;frPg; jf;fhz murHfsplk; el;Gwthf ,Ue;jhH.
.m) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
M) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;
,) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup
<) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; jtW
19.
19. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
.m) gh];fuhr;
fuhr;rhHah - ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;.
M) MKf;jkhy;ajh - fpU\;z NjtuhaH
,) [fd;dhj gz;bjH - urfq;fhjuh
<) my;yrhdp ngj;jz;zh - kDrupj;jpuh
20.
20. nghUj;Jf.
(i) mGy; ghry; - 1. xsuq;frPg;
(ii) [{k;kh k#jp - 2. mf;gH
(iii) ghJ\h`p k#jp - 3. n\H\h
(iv) Guhz fpyh - 4. \h[fhd;
.m) 2> 4> 1> 3. M) 3> 2> 1> 4 ,) 3> 1> 4> 2 <) 1> 3> 2> 4

1. ghgH ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLf;fj; J}z;baJ vJ?
ij%h; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J te;J nly;ypia #iwahbdhh;.
ghgiu ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f njhsyj;fhd; Nyhb mioj;jhh;.
ghgiu ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f uhzh rq;fh J}J mDg;gpdhh;.
2. mf;gH> iguhk;fhid vt;thW ifahz;lhH?

gpuGf;fsplk; ,Wkhg;Gld; ele;J nfhz;l iguhk;fhid gjtp ePf;fpdhh;.
iguhk;fhd; fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. Mdhy; mf;gh; fyfj;ij mlf;fpdhh;.
iguhk;fhid nkf;fhtpw;F Gdpj ahj;jpiu nry;YkhW mwpTWj;jpdhh;.
3. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. m) tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; M) rH jhk]; Nuh

m) tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;];.
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya tzpff; FbNaw;wk; epWt mDkjp Nfhhpdhh;.
tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; Nfhhpf;ifia [`hq;fPh; epuhfhpj;jhh;.
M) rH jhk];Nuh.
#uj; efhpy; xU tzpff; FbNaw;wj;ij epWt mDkjp Nfhhpdhh;.
rh; jhk];Nuh [`hq;fPhplk; Neubahf mDkjpg; ngw;whH.
4. ‘[`hq;fPhpd; mhpaizf;Fg; gpd;dhy; mjpfhu ikakhf nray;gl;ltH E}H[`hd;" -

tpsf;Ff.
,sturh; Fh;uk; Nkw;nfhz;l fpsHr;rpia E}H[fhd; Kwpabj;jhh;.
jsgjp kfgj;fhd; Nkw;nfhz;l fyfj;ij E}H[fhd; mlf;fpdhh;.
E}H[fhd; jdJ kUkfd; \hpahiu murdhf;f Kad;whh;.
5. Kfyhaf; fl;llf; fiyapd; kWtbtkhff; fUjg;gLtJ vJ? mjd; tbtikg;ig

tptupf;fTk;.
jh[;k`hy; Kfyhaf; fl;llf; fiyapd; kWtbtkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ikaj;jpy; xU ftpif khlk;> mijr; Rw;wp ehd;F ];J}gp khlq;fs; cs;sd.
ehd;F %iyfspYk; jdpj;jdp NfhGuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L cs;sd.
6. xsuq;frPg;gpw;F vjpuhf tlgFjpapy;> %z;l %d;W vOr;rpfs; ahit?

kJuh gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j [hl; ,dj;jth; elj;jpa [hl;fspd; fyfk;.
`hpahdh gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j rj;dhkpah;fs; elj;jpa fpsh;r;rp.
xd;gjhtJ rPf;fpa FU Nj[;gfJ}h; elj;jpa rPf;fpah;fspd; fpsh;r;rp.
7. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf-

tiuf- i)) rPf;fpa kjk; ii)) #gpap]k;
i)) rPf;fpa kjk; :
rPf;fpa kjk; xU flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il typAWj;JfpwJ.
rPf;fpah;fspd; Gdpj E}y; FU fpue;j; rhfpg;.
ii)) #gpap]k; :
#gpap]k; ,];yhkpd; cs;Szh;T rhh;e;j ,iwepiyg; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
mJ <uhdpy; cjakhd xU kjf; Nfhl;ghL MFk;.
8. kf;fspilNa gf;jp ,af;fj; Jwtpfs; vt;thW Gfo; ngw;wdH?

rk];fpUj nkhopf;F gjpyhf kf;fs; NgRk; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpdH.
fUj;ij ftUk; nkhopeilapy; ,irNahL ghly;fs; ghb gpugykhapdH.
gf;jp ,af;fj; Jwtpfs; Kw;Nghf;F rpe;jid nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.
9. KfyhaH fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tsHr;rp gw;wp vOJf.

FkuFUguH - kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpo;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; ,aw;wpdhH.
Kfyhah; fhy jkpo; mwpQh;fs; - jhAkhdth;> uhgHl; b nehgpyp> tPukhKdptH.
uhgHl; b nehgpyp> tPukhKdptH - jkpo; nkhopapd; tsHr;rpf;F gq;fhw;wpdh;.
10. ‘KfyhaH Xtpaj; Jiwapy; cyfshtpa mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jdH" - tptupf;fTk;.

KfyhaH Xtpaq;fs; gy ehLfspd; mUq;fhl;rpafq;fspy; cs;sd.
,e;jpa Xtpa kuGfs;> Nkw;fhrpa Xtpa kuGfNshL ,ize;jd.
Kfyhah; Xtpaq;fs; cyfstpy; Mokhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd.

1. ‘tho;f;if KOtJk; jtwp tpOe;j `{khA+d; tho;f;ifia tpl;Nl jtwp tpOe;J
,we;jhH" - tptupf;fTk;.
gQ;rhig ifg;gw;wpa jdJ rNfhjuh; fk;uhid jz;bf;fj; jtwpdhH.
fpsh;r;rpapy; <Lgl;l m];fhhp kw;Wk; `pz;lhiy jz;bf;fj; jtwpdhH.
ngha;ahd thf;FWjpfis mspj;j n\H\hit jz;bf;fj; jtwpdhH.
`_khA+d; 1555 ,y; E}yfj;jpd; khbg;gbfspy; jtwp tpOe;J ,we;jhH.
2. ‘jPd; ,yh`p" gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ?

mf;gH 1582 ,y; jPd; ,yhfp vd;w xU Gjpa jj;Jtj;ij ntspapl;lhH.
jPd; ,yhfp jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fk; rhpahd nrhy; njsfpj; - , - ,yhfp.
njsfpj; - , - ,yhfp vd;gjd; nghUs; nja;tPf xU flTs; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
jPd; ,yhfp vd;gJ xU Gjpa kjky;y. mJ xU jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL kl;LNk.
3. mf;guJ
uJ rpj;J}H Kw;Wif.
mf;gh; rpj;J}h; Nfhl;ilia MW khjfhyk; njhlh;e;J Kw;Wifapl;lhh;.
NkthH murd; uhzh cja; rpq;fplk; ,Ue;J rpj;J}iu mf;gH ifg;gw;wpdhH.
n[a;khy;> gl;lh Mfpa jsgjpfs; cl;gl 30>000 u[Gj;jpu tPuHfs; khz;ldH.
n[a;khy;> gl;lh ,Uthpd; tPuj;ijg; ghuhl;b Mf;uhtpy; rpiy itf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. mf;guJ kd;rg;jhhp Kiw.

gpuGf;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhhpfSf;F kd;rg;jhH vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
kd;rg;jhH jFjp [hl;> rthH vd ,Utifg;gl;lJ. Cjpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
[hl; vd;gJ uhZt tPuHfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
rthH vd;gJ Fjpiufspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
5. KfyhaH Ml;rpapy; epWtg;

epWtg;gl;l INuhg;gpaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;.
NghHj;JfPrpaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; : Nfhth> ilA> lhkd;> gk;gha;> rhy;nrl;.
lr;Rf; FbNaw;wq;fs; : k#ypg;gl;bdk;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> Gypfhl;> fhrpk;g[hH.
NldpaH FbNaw;wq;fs; : juq;fk;ghb kw;Wk; nruhk;G+H.
gpnuQ;Rf; FbNaw;wq;fs; : ghz;br;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy;> kh`p> Vdhk;> #uj;.
Mq;fpNyaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; : nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh.
6. jhuh\
jhuh\_Nfh.
\h[fhdpd; %j;j kfd; jhuh\_Nfh gl;lj;J ,sturuhf ,Ue;jhH.
jhuh\_Nfh thhpRhpikg; Nghhpy; xsuq;frPg;gplk; Njhy;tpAw;whH.
jhuh\_Nfh jj;JtQhd ,sturH vd;W mwpag;gl;lhH.
cgepljq;fisg; ghurPf nkhopapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH.
7. fHfhdh.
fHfhdh vd;gJ nkhfyhah; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j njhopw;$lq;fs;.
tpiyAaHe;j iftpidg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jdH.
cw;gj;jpahdij cs;@H> njhiyJ}u re;ijfSf;F mDg;gp itj;jdH.
mur FLk;gq;fSf;F muz;kidiar; NrHe;j fHfhdhf;fs; ,Ue;jd.
8. fgPH.
fgPH xU nerthsH. mth; xU flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jhH.
fgPH ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa xw;Wikia Nghjpj;jhH.
cUt topghLfs;> rkar; rlq;Ffs;> rhjpKiw Mfpatw;iw fz;bj;jhH.
fgPhpd; ghly;fs; tha;nkhopahfNt tl,e;jpahtpd; ngUk; gFjpfspy; gutpd.
9. mGy; ghry;.
mGy; ghry; - mf;ghpd; muritg; Gyth;. mGy; nga;rpapd; rNfhjuh;.
mGy; ghry; - mf;gH ehkh> ma;dp mf;ghp Mfpa ,U E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhH.
mf;gH ehkhtpy; mf;ghpd; tuyhw;iw njhFj;J toq;fpAs;shh;.
ma;dp mf;ghpapy;; KfyhaHfs; epHthfj;ij gw;wp tpthpj;Js;shH.
10. #gp ,af;fk;.

#gpap]k; - ,];yhkpd; cs;SzHT rhHe;j ,iwepiy ,izg;G gw;wpaJ.
#gpap]k; <uhdpy; cjakhd xU kjf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; #gpap]k; murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
#gpap]k; kjr; rk;gpujhak;> goikthjk;> ntspNtlk; Mfpatw;iw vjpHj;jJ.

1. ‘tUtha; epHthfj;jpy; n\
n\H\h mf;guJ Kd;Ndhb" - tpsf;Ff.
 mf;gupd; epjp epHthfk; n\H\htpd; epjp epHthf Kiwia mbj;jskhf nfhz;lJ.
 n\H\hit NghyNt nefpo;Tj; jd;ik nfhz;l tUtha; Kiwia gpd;gw;wpdhH.
 epyj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ. epyq;fs; Kiwahf msf;fg;gl;ld.
 uh[h NjhlHkhy; mwpKfk; nra;j [g;jp Kiwia mf;gH gpufldk; nra;jhH.
 epyj;jpd; juk;> msT> tpisgapH mbg;gilapy; tup epHzak; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 tptrhapfs; tupia gzkhf nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpisr;rypy; xU gq;F tupahFk;.
 tptrhapfs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupfs; njhlHghd ml;ltiz j];jH vdg;gl;ld.
 [kPd;jhup KiwAk;> [hfPHjhup KiwAk; njhlHe;J nray;gl mDkjp toq;fg;gl;ld.
2. mf;gupd; kjf;nfhs;if vt;thW xsuq;frPg;gpd; kjf;nfhs;ifapy; ,Ue;J

khWgl;bUe;jJ?
mf;gH xsuq;frPg;
,e;Jf;fs; kPjhd [p]pah tupiaAk; Gdpjg; [p]pah tupiaAk;> Gdpjg; gaz tupiaAk;
gaz tupiaAk; epWj;jpdhH. kPz;Lk; tpjpj;jhH.
,e;Jf;fs; Gjpjhf Nfhapy;fs; fl;bf; Gjpa Nfhtpy;fs; fl;lf; $lhJ vd jil

nfhs;s jhuhskhf mDkjpj;jhH. nra;J cj;jutpl;lhH.
rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ikia Nghjpj;j mf;gH Xsuq;frPg; ,];yhj;jpd; kPJ jPtpu gw;W
jPd;,yh`p vd;w xU Gjpa kjg;gpupitj; nfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;jhH. xU cz;ikahd
Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. K];yPkhf tho;e;jhH.
midj;J kjj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; kjpj;J ,];yhkpa \upaj; rl;lj;jpd;gb Ml;rp

Ml;rp nra;jhH. nra;jhH. gytpj tupfis ePf;fpdhH.
3. xsuq;frPg;gpd; jf;fhzf; nfhs;if vt;thW Kfyhag; Nguurpd; mopTf;F toptFj;

toptFj;jJ?
 jf;fhz tptfhuq;fspy; xsuq;frPg; jd;id KOikahf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
 mJ Nguurpd; kw;w gFjpfspy; Njhd;wpa vjpHg;Gfis mlf;f tplhky; jLj;jJ.
 jf;fhzg; gilnaLg;Gfspd; tpisthf Kfyhah;fspd; fUT+yk; fhypahdJ.
 mq;F ele;j ePz;lfhy NghHfshy; Kfyhag; NguuR mopit Nehf;fpr; nrd;wJ.
 kuhj;jpaupd; nry;thf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;b rpth[pia vjpHj;J Nghupl;lhH.
 \pah gpupT Ry;jhdpa muRfshd gP[g;g+H> Nfhy;nfhz;lh kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;.
 jf;fhzj;jpy; vOe;j ,sturH mf;gupd; fpsHr;rpfis xLf;f gilnaLj;jhH.
 1682 ,y; jf;fhzk; te;jhu;. 1707 ,y; jdJ kuzk; tiu mq;NfNa jq;fpdhu;.
4. KfyhaH Ml;rpapy; nghUshjhuk;> tzpfk; gw;wp Muha;f.

 Kfyhag; nghUshjhuk; fhLfs; rhHe;j Ntshz; nghUshjhuk;; MFk;. fpzw;W ePHg;
ghrdk; Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
 fhLfspy; fpilj;j fr;rhg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Nl gy;NtW tifahd iftpidj;
njhopy;fs; eilngw;wd.
 fHfhdh vDk; njhopw;$lq;fspy; tpiy caHe;j iftpidg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;L tpw;fg;gl;ld.
 cgup nghUl;fis ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F MW kw;Wk; rhiyfs; topahf
nfhz;L nrd;W tzpfk; nra;jdH.
 nghUl;fs; ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; nry;tjw;F cz;b vd;w fld; gj;jpuq;fs;> ruha;fs; vd;w
Xa;T tpLjpfs; cjtpd.
 Nkw;F Mrpah> INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Mfpa gFjpfSldhd tzpfj;ij INuhg;gpa
tzpfHfNs fl;Lg;gLj;jpdH.
5. Kfyhaf; fl;llf; fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisg; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf.

`{khA+d; fy;yiw :
 `{khA+d; fy;yiw ghurPff; fl;llf;fiy ty;YeHfshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpaf; fiyQHfshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,f;fy;yiw xU Kd;khjpupahf ,Ue;jJ.
gNjG+H rpf;up :
 mf;gupd; jiyefuhd gNjG+H rpf;up mofpa Nfhl;ilfshy; #og;gl;l efukhhFk;.
 tpag;G+l;Lk; thapw;gFjpAk; rptg;G gspq;Ff; fw;fshyhd Gye;jHthrhTk; fl;bdhH.
,jpkj; cj; njsyh fy;yiw :
 [`hq;fPu; E}u;[`hpd;; je;ij ,jpkj; cj; njsyh-tpd; fy;yiwia fl;bdhu;.
 KOtJk; nts;isepwg; gspq;Ff; fw;fshy; KfyhaH fl;ba Kjy; fl;llkhFk;.
\h[fhdp
h[fhdpd;
dpd; fl;llq;fs; :
 jh[;k`hy;> nrq;Nfhl;il> Nkhjp k#jp kw;Wk; [{k;kh k#jp Mfpait fl;bdhu;.
 jpthdp Mk;> jpthdp fh];> Nkhjp k`hy; Mfpait nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; fl;bdhu;.
jh[;k`hy; :
 jh[;k`hy; eLtpy; ftpif khlKk;> mijr; Rw;wp ];J}gp khlq;fSk; cs;sd.
 mjd; ehd;F %iyfspYk; ehd;F jdpj;jdp NfhGuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
myF 15 kuhj;jpau;fs;

1. typik kpf;f nfhupy;yhg; NghH Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpNahH ....................
.m) kuhj;jpaH.
paH. M) KfyhaH ,) Mq;fpNyaH <) ehaf;fH
2. Gue;jH cld;gbf;if> rpth[pf;Fk; .................... f;Fk; ,ilNa ifnaOj;jhdJ.
m) m‡g;ry;fhd; M) nrap\;lfhd; .,) n[a;rpq;. <) xsuq;frPg;
3. rpth[papd; MNyhrid rig ....................
.................... vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
.m) m\;lgpujhdk;. M) m\;ljpf;f[q;fs;
,) etuj;jpdq;fs; <) gQ;rghz;ltHfs;
4. rpth[papd; ,uhZt mikg;gpy; kpfr;rpwpa gil myfpd; jiytuhf ....................,Ue;
....................,Ue;jhH.
.m) ehaf;. M) `tpy;jhH ,) gHfpH <) i\NyjhH
5. kuhj;jpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpa Ng\
Ng\;th .................... MthH.
.m) Kjyhk; gh[p uht;. M) ghyh[p tp\;tehj;
,) ghyh[p gh[p uht; <) ,uz;lhk; gh[p uht;
6. ....................
.................... NfhfpD}H ituj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;whH.
m) m`kJ \h mg;jyp .M) ehjpH \h.
,) \{[h-cj;-njsyh <) e[Pg;-cj;-njsyh
7. .................... cld;gbf;if Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh - kuhj;jpag; Nghiu KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;L te;jJ.
m) kjuh]; cld;gbf;if M) G+dh cld;gbf;if
.,) rhy;ig cld;gbf;if.
f. <) Ngrpd; cld;gbf;if
8. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNyh - kuhj;jpag; Nghupd; NghJ Mq;fpNya ftHdH n[duyhf
,Ue;jtH ....................
m) fhud;thyp]; gpuG .M) nty;ny];yp gpuG.
gpuG.
,) N`];bq;f;]; gpuG <) ly;n`srp gpuG
9. fpuhk mstpy; tUtha; t#iy kj;jpa muRf;F mDg;Gk; nghWg;ig Vw;wpUe;jtH.
m) Nj\;Kf;F M) Fy;fHdp ,) nfhj;thy; .<) gl;Nly;.
10.
10. kdpjHfSf;fhfTk; kw;Wk; tpyq;FfSf;fhfTk; %ypif kUe;Jfisj; jahupf;
jahupf;f
.................... ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[pahy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
m) ru];tjp k`hy; M) Kf;jhk;ghs; rj;jpuk;
,) et tpj;ah .<) jd;te;jpup k`hy;.
11.
11. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p vOjhj Gj;jfk; vd;d?
m) Fkhurk;gt rk;G M) NjNte;jpu FwtQ;rp
,) Kj;uuh\;];rhah .<) Fkhurk;gtk;
tk;.
12.
12. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; rupahd $w;wpidj; NjHe;njL.
m) rpth[pia mlf;Fk; Kf;fpa Nehf;fpy; 1660 Mk; Mz;L m‡g;ry;fhd; jf;fhzj;jpd;
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
M) rpth[papd; topj;Njhd;wy;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; nrQ;rp Kd;dzpapy; nray;gl;lJ.
.,) rpth[papd; tUtha; epHthfk;> kdpjhgpkhdk;
kdpjhgpkhdk; rhHe;J> cw;gj;jpr; nra;gtHfSf;
tHfSf;F
rhjfkhf mike;jpUe;jJ..
J..
<) rHNj\;Kfp vd;gJ rpth[p t#ypj;j 15 rjtpfpj $Ljy; tUthahFk;.
13.
13. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; rupahd $w;wpidj; NjHe;njL.
.m) Mq;fpNyaHfs; kuhj;jpaUld; el;GwT nfhz;L jf;fhzj;jpy; jilapy;yh tzpfk;
nra;Ak; cupkk; ngw;wdH..
dH..
M) 1749-,y; Mw;fhl;L ethg; Njh];J mypia rh`{ Njhw;fbj;Jf; nfhd;whH.
,) Ng\;thf;fspd; fPo; ePjpKiw KOik ngw;wpUe;jJ.
<) jQ;ir kuhj;jpa murpd; Nghd;]Ny tk;rj;J filrp murH ntq;Nfh[p MthH.
14.
14. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL
(i) rpth[papd; fPopUe;j ePjp epHthfk; goikahd xd;whFk;.
(ii) epiyahd ePjpkd;wq;fSk; tpjpKiwfSk; ,Ue;jd.
.m) (i)) rup.
rup. M) (ii) rup ,) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) rup <) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) jtW
15.
15. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL
(i) tlfpof;F vy;iyg;Gwg; gFjpapd; ghJfhg;ig tPo;e;J nfhz;bUe;j Kfyhag; NguuR
eOttpl;lJ.
(ii) ,J ehjpH \htpd; gilnaLg;gpw;F toptFj;jJ.
m) (i) rup M) (ii) rup .,) (i)) kw;Wk; (ii)) rupahdit
rupahdit.
ahdit. <) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) jtwhdit
16.
$w;W : %d;whk; ghdpg;gl; NghH Mq;fpNyaupd; mjpfhu vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.
fhuzk; : ,j;Njhy;tp kuhj;jpaUf;Fk; KfyhaUf;Fk; xU ngupa mjpHr;rpiaf; nfhLj;jJ.
.m) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;..
M) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; jtW.
,) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; jtwhdit.
<) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
17.
$w;W : fhyhl;gil tPuHfs; k`huh\;buhtpy; ,Ue;J kl;Lk; NjHT nra;ag;gl;ldH.
fhuzk; : kuhj;jpaH Fjpiug; gilapy; gzpahw;w tpUk;gpdH.
.m) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup..
rup..
M) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpid tpsf;FfpwJ.
,) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; jtwhdit.
<) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rupahdit.
18.
18. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ rupahf nghUj;jg;gltpy;iy.
m) rpth[p - kiyvyp .M) Kjyhk; gh[p uht; - cj;fpH NghH.
NghH.
,) ijKH \h - yh$upd; it];uha; <) Njrpq;F - nrQ;rp
19.
19. nghUj;Jf.
(i) mkj;ah - 1. murupd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa Mtzq;fs;
(ii) Rke;j; - 2. nghJ xOf;f eilKiwfs;
(iii) gz;bl; uht; - 3. NghH kw;Wk; mikjp
(iv) thf;fpa ehtp]; - 4. murpd; midj;J nghJ fzf;Ffs;
m) 4> 1> 2> 3 M) 1> 2> 4> 3 .,) 4> 3> 2> 1. <) 1> 4> 2> 3
20.
20. rpth[papd; Ml;rpf;Fg; gpwF te;jtHfisf; fhytupirg;
fhytupirg;gb
gb vOjTk;.
m) rhk;gh[p> rh`{> uh[huhk;> ,uz;lhk; rhk;gh[p
.M) rhk;gh[p> uh[huhk;> rh`{> ,uz;lhk;
lhk; rhk;gh[p.
h[p.
,) uh[huhk;> rhk;gh[p> rh`{> ,uz;lhk; rhk;gh[p
<) rhk;gh[p> ,uz;lhk; rhk;gh[p> uh[huhk;> rh`{

1. rpth[pf;Fk; m‡
m‡g;ry;fhDf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w G+riyg; gw;wp vOJf.
m‡g;ry;fhd; jiyikapyhd gP[g;G+H Ry;jhdpd; gil rpth[pia vjph;j;jJ.
kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpapy; rz;ilapLtJ m‡g;ry;fhDf;F rpukkhf ,Ue;jJ.
#o;r;rpahy; rpth[pia tPo;j;j epidj;j m‡g;ry;fhd; Njhy;tpNa mile;jhh;.
2. Gue;jH cld;gbf;ifapd; \uj;Jf;fs; ahit?

rpth[p jhd; ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;ilfis itj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpj;jJ.
rpth[p xU kd;rg;jhuhfr; nray;gLthh; vd mwptpj;jJ.
gP[g;G+iuf; ifg;gw;w KfyhaUf;F murUf;F rpth[p cjt Ntz;Lk;.
3. jhuhgha; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

kuhl;ba murd; uh[huhk; kidtp jhuhgha; Mthh;.
uh[huhk; kiwe;j gpwF jhuhgha; KfyhaHfSf;F vjpuhf NghuhbdhH.
i`juhghj; muRf;F vjpuhfg; Nghhpl;L mjd; jiyefiu #iwahbdhH.
4. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. m) nrsj; M) rHNj\

rHNj\;Kfp :
nrsj; :
nrsj; vd;gJ kuhj;jpaH ifg;gw;wpa Gjpa khtl;lq;fspd; t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrsj; thp - tUthapy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F thpahf t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ MFk;.
rHNj\
rHNj\;Kfp :
rHNj\;Kf; vd;w jFjp fhuzkhf rpth[p Gjpa gFjpfspy; thp t#ypj;jhh;.
rpth[p jdJ $Ljy; tUthapy; 10% rHNj\;Kfp vd;Dk; thp%yk; ngw;whH.
5. Ngrpd; cld;gbf;ifapd; \uj;Jf;fs; ahit?

1802 Ngrpd; cld;gbf;if xU Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij jpzpj;jdh;.
2.6 kpy;ypad; tUkhdk; <l;Lk; epyg;gFjpia gphpl;b\hUf;F juNtz;Lk;.
kuhj;jpa muRfs; gy ,e;j Nkhrkhd xg;ge;jj;ij xJf;fpj; js;spd.
6. kuhj;jpaupd; ,uhZt typikf;Ff; filrp fl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ vJ?

rjhrptuht; jiyikapy; Ng\;th kuhj;jpa ,uhZtj;ij mDg;gpdhh;.
kuhj;jpa ,uhZtk; 1760 ,y; ele;j cj;fpH Nghhpy; vjphpfis tPo;j;jpaJ.
gP[g;G+H> xsuq;fhghj;> njsyjhghj;> mfkJefH> GHfhd;G+H ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
7. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Ng\
Ng\;thTf;Fk; ,ilNa 1817-
1817-,y; ifnaOj;jhd G+dh cld;gbf;if
gw;wp vOJf.
kuhj;jpaf; $l;likg;gpd; jiyik gjtpapypUe;J Ng\;th tpyfpdhH.
Ng\;th nfhq;fzf; flw;fiug; gFjpia Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpdh;.
Ng\;th nfapf;thhpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. ru];tjp k`hy; E}yfk; gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.

ru];tjp k`hy; E}yfk; jQ;fhT+hpy; ehaf;f kd;dHfshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p vd;w jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;duhy; nrwpT+l;lg;gl;lJ.
gy nkhop E}y;fs;> Xiyr; Rtbfs;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Mtzq;fs; cs;sd.
9. ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p> rka gug;GFO kw;Wk; fhydp Mjpf;f muRf;F vt;thW

Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jhH?
,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p> 1803-,y; etPd nghJg; gs;spfis epWtpdhH.
mit jQ;rhT+hpy; epWtg;gl;l KjyhtJ etPdg; nghJg; gs;spfs;.
fpwp];jtH my;yhj cs;@H Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;fhf epWtg;gl;lJ.
10. fNdh[p Mq;fpNu gw;wp eP mwpe;jtw;iwg; gw;wp vOJf.

Nkw;Ff; flw;fiuapy; rf;jp tha;e;j flw;gilj; jsgjp fNdh[p Mq;fpNu.
kuhl;ba mhpaizf;fhd cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhh;.
fNdh[p Mq;fpNu jhuhgha;f;F Mjuthfg; Nghhpy; <Lgl;lhhH.

1. kuhj;
kuhj;jpahpd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;
fhuzq;fs;.
kuhj;jpaHfs; tpRthrk;> tPuk; xOf;fk;> je;jpuk; Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;jtHfs;.
nfhhpy;yh jhf;Fjy;,uTNeu kpd;dy; Ntf jhf;Fjypy; if Njh;e;jpUe;jdh;.
Jf;fhuhk;> uhk;jh];> VfehjH Nghd;Nwhuhy; kuhj;jpah;fsplk; xw;Wik.
jf;fhzg; gFjpapy; rpjwpf; fple;j kuhj;jpah;fis rpth[p xd;W jpul;bdhh;.
2. rpth[papd;
rpth[papd; fPo; ,Ue;j ,uhZt mikg;G.
ehd;F gilg; gphpTfs; - fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> MAjg;gil.
nfhhpy;yh NghH KiwapYk; ghuk;ghpag; NghH KiwapYk; gapw;rp ngw;wdH.
fhyhl;gil - nu[pnkz;Lfs;> gphpNfLfs; vdf; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Fjpiug; gilapd; jiyikj; jsgjpahf rhhpnesgj; ,Ue;jhh;.
3. %d;whk; ghdpg;gl; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.

kuhj;jpa ,uhZtk; mope;jJ. Nghh; fsj;jpy; 28>000 cly;fs; fple;jd.
kfd; nfhy;yg;gl;l Jauj;jhy; ghjpg;gile;j Ng\;thTk; ,we;jhH.
,uz;lhk; \h Myk;-I jpy;ypapd; kd;duhf mg;jyp mq;fPfhpj;jhh;.
mfkJ \h mg;jypf;F Mz;Lf;F ehd;F kpy;ypad; fg;gk; fpilj;jJ.
4. 1775 - 1782 ,y; eilngw;w NghH.

NghH.
1775 - 1782 ,y; eilngw;w NghNu KjyhtJ Mq;fpNya - kuhl;bag; NghH MFk;.
kuhl;baj; jiyth;fshd rpe;jpahTk; Nghd;];NyAk; Mq;fpNyaiu Mjhpj;jdH.
kuhl;bah;fsplk; ,Ue;J rhy;nrl;> jhNd gFjpfis Mq;fpNyaH ngw;wdH.
1782 ,y; rhy;ig cld;gbf;ifg;gb uFehj; uht;f;F fl;lha Xa;T mspj;jdh;.
5. %d;whtJ
htJ kuhj;jpag; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.
Ng\;th gjtp uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpujhg; rpq; rjhuhtpd; muruhdhH.
Ng\;thtpd; gFjpfis Mq;fpNyaHfs; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldH.
Ng\;thitj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l kuhj;jpaf; $l;likg;G fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mz;L xa;T+jpak; ngw;Wte;j Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; rpiwf; ifjpahdhH.
6. eaq;fhuh Kiw.
fpU\;z NjtuhaH Ml;rpapy; jkpo;ehl;by; eaq;fhuh Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
eaq;fhuh Kiwg;gb jkpofk; %d;W nghpa eaq;fhuhf;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrQ;rp> kJiu> jQ;rhT+H Mfpatw;iw ehaf;fh;fs; Ml;rp nra;J te;jdh;.
mjd; Jiz jiytHfshf ghisaf;fhuHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldH.
7. uh[h
uh[h Njrpq;fpd; tPujPur; nray;fs;.
nrQ;rpapd; MSeh; uh[h Njrpq; Kfyha kd;dUf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;l kWj;jhH.
ethg; cldhd rz;ilapy; 22 taJ uh[h Njrpq; tPukuzk; mile;jhH.
uh[h Njrpq;fpd; ,sk; taJ kidtp cld;fl;il VwpdhH.
uh[h Njrpq;fpd; tPujPur; nray;fs; kf;fsplk; fijg; ghly;fshf cUthdJ.
8. ‘et tpj;ah Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ xU Kf;fpa Kd; Kaw;rpahFk;”- vt;thW?

‘et tpj;ah” vd;w etPd fy;tp Kiwia kd;dH ruNgh[p mwpKfk; nra;jhH.
‘et tpj;ah” Kiwia murit gs;spfspy; mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhH.
Nkd;kf;fs;> Mjutw;NwhH> Viofs; vd midtUk; ,ytrf; fy;tp gapd;wdH.
ed;nfhilg; gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;> rk];fpUj ghlrhiyfs; Mfpad epWtpdhH.

1. rpth[papd; ,uhZt mikg;G mtuJ ntw;wpf;F vt;thW top tFj;jJ?
 rpth[p epiyahd ,uhZtj;ij itj;jpUe;jhH. Kiwg;gb Cjpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> MAjg;gil vd ehd;F gpupTfs; ,Ue;jd.
 nfhupy;yh NghH KiwapYk; ghuk;gupag; NghH KiwapYk; rpwe;j gapw;rp ngw;wdH.
 xd;gJ tPuHfisf; nfhz;l rpwpa gilg;gpupTf;F ehaf; jiyik tfpj;jhH.
 Fjpiug; gilAk; fhyhl;gilAk; ,uz;L gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 25 Fjpiug; gil tPuHfspd; jiytuhf xU `tpy;jhu; nray;gl;lhH.
 Ie;J `tpy;jhHfspd; jiytuhf xU [khy;jhu; nray;gl;lhH.
 gj;J [khy;jhHfspd; jiytuhf xU `[hup nray;gl;lhH.
2. rpth[papd; epytUtha; Kiwapidg; Ng\

Ng\;thtpd; epytUtha; KiwNahL xg;gpLf.
rpth[papd; epytUtha; Kiw Ng\
Ng\;thtpd; epytUtha; Kiw
rpth[papd; epahakhd epy tUtha; Kiw mjpf tup tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa
tptrhapfSf;Fr; rhjfkhdJ. tUtha; epy tUthahFk;.
ehl;by; ,Ue;j midj;J epyq;fSk; gapH tiffs;> ePHg;ghrd trjpfs;> kw;Wk;

Kiwahf msf;fg;gl;L tupj;njhif cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; mbg;gilapy; epyj;ij
njspthf epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ. %d;W tifahfg; gpupj;jdH.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; 30 rjtPjj;ij murpd; tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fisg; gfpHe;J

gq;fhf epHzapj;j rpth[p gpd;dH 40 nfhs;Sk; eilKiwiag; Ng\;thf;fs;
rjtPjkhf caHj;jpdhH. iftpl;ldH.
tupia gzkhfNth nghUshfNth epyq;fs; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;L

t#ypj;jhH. gQ;rf; fhyq;fspy; muR Mz;LNjhWk; xU Fwpg;gpl;lj; njhifia
Kd;gzk;> fld;fs; toq;fpaJ. tupahf t#ypj;jdH.
3. Kjyhk; gh[puht; tho;f;ifiaAk; rhjidiaAk; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

 ghyh[p tp\;tehj;Jf;F gpwF Kjyhk; gh[puht; Ng\;th Mdhu;.
 1720-,y; kuhj;jpa kd;du; rh`_thy; Ng\;ththf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
 i`juhghj; ep[hk;> u[Gj;jpu MSeH> F[uhj; MSeH MfpNahiu tPo;j;jpdhH.
 Ng\;thTf;F vjpuhf nray;gl;l jiyikj; jsgjp jpupk;gf;uht; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.
 Kfyhauplk; ,Ue;J Ge;Njy;fz;il tpLtpj;J %d;wpy; xU gq;F gFjpia ngw;whu;.
 rh`_tpd; ,iwahz;ikia Vw;f Nfhy;`hGupd; rhk;gh[pf;F neUf;fb mspj;jhH.
 jhNd> rhy;nrl;> Ngrpd; Mfpa gFjpfis NghHj;JfPrpauplk; ,Ue;J ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
 1738-,y; NghHj;JfPrpaiu nfhq;fzf; flw;fiu gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tpul;babj;jhH.
 Mq;fpNyaHfs; jf;fhzg; gFjpapy; jilapy;yh tzpfk; nra;a cupikg; ngw;wdu;.
4. Ng\
Ng\;thf;fs;Ml;rpapd; tUthapdq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
 epy tUtha; ehl;bd; Kf;fpa tUthahFk;.
 nrsj; kw;Wk; rHNj\;Kfp Mfpad ,ju tUtha; Mjhuq;fs;.
 Rq;ftup> fyhy;tup> nghw;nfhy;yH nrYj;jpa fhg;Gupikj; njhif.
 Nj\;Kf;F> Nj\;ghz;Nl itj;jpUe;j epyj;jpd; kPjhd tup.
 tPl;L tup> fpuhk kf;fs; itj;jpUe;j epyj;jpd; kPjhd tup.
 fpzw;Wg; ePHghrd epyj;jpd; kPjhd tup> thupRupik tup.
 Nka;r;ry; epytup> nrk;kwp ML> vUik khL kPjhd tup.
 Fjpiufis tpw;gjw;fhd tup> tpjit kWkzj;Jf;F tup.
 ejpf; fiuNahuq;fspy; G+rzp tptrhaj;Jf;fhd tup.
 vilf; fw;fs; kw;Wk; msitfisr; Nrhjpf;f tUlhe;jpuf; fl;lzk;.
5. etPdf; fy;tp Kiwf;F ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[papd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.

 2Mk; ruNgh[p rka gug;Gf;FO kw;Wk; fhydp muRf;F Kd;Ndhbahf jpfo;e;jhu;.
 mtu; 1803 - ,y; jQ;rhT+upy; KjyhtJ etPd nghJg; gs;spfis epWtpdhH.
 mit fpwp];jtH my;yhj cs;@H Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;fhf epWtg;gl;ld.
 etPd fy;tp Kiwf;fhf ‘et tpj;ah” Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhH.
 Mjutw;wtu;fs; kw;Wk; Vio khztHfSf;F vd ,ytrg; gs;spfis epWtpdhH.
 midj;J epiyapyhd gs;spfs;> ed;nfhilg; gs;spfs;> fy;Y}upfs; epWtpdhH.
 murit Nkd;kf;fs;> Ntj mwpQHfs;> Viofs; vd midtUk; ,ytrf; fy;tp.
 %ypif kUe;Jfs; jahupf;Fk; jd;te;jup k`hy; Muha;r;rp $lj;ij epWtpdhH.
myF 16 INuhg;gpaupd; tUif

1. ,e;jpahtpy; NghHj;JfPrpaupd; murpay; jiyikaplk; .......................
....................... MFk;.
.m) Nfhth.
Nfhth. M) ilA+ ,) lhkd; <) #uj;
2. Nkw;F Mrpahtpw;Fk; INuhg;ghtpw;Fk; Eiothapyhf ,Ue;j JiwKfk; .......................
m) ilA+ M) fy;fj;jh ,) gk;gha; .<) #uj;.
3. Mq;fpNyaH 1639 Mk; Mz;L cs;@H Ml;
Ml;rpahsuplkpUe;J ngw;w epyj;jpy; .......................
Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdH.
.m) Gdpj [hH[; Nfhl;il.
l. M) Gdpj tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il
,) NtY}H Nfhl;il <) Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;il
4. ePyePHf; nfhs;ifAld; njhlHGilatH .......................
.m) gpuhd;]p];Nfh b my;nka;lh.
h. M) my;Nghd;N]h b my;GfHf;
,) ePNdh lh Fd;fh <) Md;NlhdpNah b ehuhd;fh
5. ....................... ‘jkpo; mr;Rg; gjpg;gpd; je;ij" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhH.
m) ,uhgHNlhb nehgpyp M) my;Nghd;Nrhb my;GfHf;
.,) n`d;upf;];. <) gpuhd;rp];Nfhb my;nka;lh
6. mk;gha;dh gLnfhiyf;Ff; fhuzkhdtHfs; .......................
m) Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp .M) lr;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp.
gdp.
,) NghHj;JfPR fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp <) gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp
7. gpuhd;rp]; khHl;bd; vd;gtH ....................... I gpnuQ;Rf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; Nfe;jpu
ikakhf Mf;fpdhH.
m) k#ypg;gl;bdk; M) ehfg;gl;bdk; ,) Nfhth .<) GJr;Nrup.
rup.
8. ,uz;lhk; rhHy]; tujl;rizahfg; ngw;
ngw;w ....................... Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpaf;
fk;ngdpf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
m) kjuh]; M) fy;fj;jh .,) gk;gha;. <) jpy;yp
9. Kjyhk; fHehlfg; Nghupd; NghJ ....................... GJr;Nrupapd; MSeuhf ,Ue;jhH.
m) gPl;ld; M) yh NghHNlhdha;]; .,) Ja;g;Ns.
s. <) NkhH];
10.
10. uhgHl; fpist; ....................... ,y; ntw;wp ngw;W tq;fhsj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpia
typikngwr; nra;jhH.
m) fHehlfg; NghHfs; M) Vohz;Lg; NghH
.,) gf;rhH NghH.
NghH. <) gpshrpg; NghH
11.
11. te;jthrpg; NghH ....................... f;fpilNa eilngw;wJ.
.m) maH$l; kw;Wk; yhyp.
yhyp. M) uhgHl; fpist; kw;Wk; yhyp
,) maH$l; kw;Wk; G];]p <) uhgHl; fpist; kw;Wk; G];]p
12.
12. Vohz;Lg; NghH ....................... Ald; KbTf;F te;jJ.
m) GJr;Nrup cld;gbf;if M) myfhghj; cld;gbf;if
.,) ghup]; cld;gbf;if.
f. <) =uq;fg;gl;bdk; cld;gbf;if
13.
.m) Kfyhag; Nguurpd; typik Fwpj;
Fwpj;Jk;> nghUshjhu tsk; gw;wpAk; INuhg;gpaH
ed;F mwpe;
mwpe;jpUe;jdH..
dH..
M) lr;Rf;fhuH Mq;fpNyaiuj; njhlHe;J gk;gha;f;F te;jdH.
,) jQ;rhT+H Kfyhauhy; Msg;gLk; murhf ,Ue;jJ.
<) gk;gha; Kf;fpakhd tzpf ikakhf ,Ue;J> #uj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; xuprhtpy; ,Ue;Jk;
tzpfHfis <Hj;jJ.
14.
14. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; jtwhd $w;wpidj;
pidj; NjHe;njL.
.m) ,e;jpa murHfs; may;ehl;ltuplk; nfhz;bUe;j <Hg;gpid INuhg;gpaHfs;
rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;ldH..
dH..
M) eWkzj; jPTfspy; lr;Rf;fhuH ntw;wp ngw;wdH.
m) Nfhy;ngH gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp epWtg;gl;ljw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhH.
<) GJr;Nrupapy; ,d;wsTk; gpnuQ;Rj; jhf;fj;ijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
15.
15. fPo;f;fz;l $w;Wfspy; rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL.
(i) gpshrpg; NghH> tzpf epWtdkhf ,Ue;j Mq;fpNyaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpia>
tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l murpay; rf;jpahf khw;wpaJ.
(ii) ngUk; epyg;gug;ig Ml;rp nra;j ,q;fpyhe;J te;jthrpg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;> tzpf
epWtdj;ij MSfpd;w rf;jpahf vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
m) (i) rup M) (ii) rup .,) ,uz;Lk; rup.
rup. <) ,uz;Lk; jtW
16.
16. fPo;f;fz;l $w;Wfspy; rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL.
(i) my;GfHf; ,e;jpahtpy; NghHj;JfPrpag; Nguuir cz;ikapy; epWtpatH MthH.
(ii) cld;fl;ilVWk; tof;fj;ij epWj;j my;GfHf; Kad;whH.
m) (i) rup M) (ii) jtW .,) ,uz;Lk; rup.
rup. <) ,uz;Lk; jtW
17.
$w;W : gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpaH ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;jdH.
fhuzk; : mtHfsJ cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; INuhg;gpar; re;ijf;Fj; Njitahd kpsF>
,ytq;fk;> fpuhk;G Vida eWkzg; nghUl;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;tjhFk;.
M) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; jtW.
,) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup.
18.
$w;W : ,e;jpah nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhd tYthd jsj;ijAk;> Fwpg;ghfg; gUj;jpapioj;
JzpfSf;fhfTk; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
fhuzk; : ehl;bd; Kjy; Kf;fpakhd nghUshjhu eltbf;if tptrhak; MFk;.
.m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rup..

rup..
M) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
,) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk;.
<) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.
19.
19. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws;> vJ jtwhf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ?
m) juq;fk;ghb - NldpdpaH .M) rH jhk]; Nuh - gpnuQ;Rf;fhuH.
huH.
,) md;thUjPd; - Mw;fhL ethg; <) my;GfHf; - NghHj;JfPrpaH
20.
20. nghUj;Jf.
(i) rhKj;up (rhkupd;) - 1. mr;Rg; gjpg;G
(ii) n`d;upf;]; - 2. i`juhghj; ep[hk;
(iii) KrhgH [q; - 3. re;jh rhfpg;
(iv) Mw;fhl;L ethg; - 4. fs;spf;Nfhl;il murH
.m) 4> 1> 2> 3. M) 4> 3> 2> 1 ,) 3> 2> 1> 4 <) 2> 1> 4> 3

1. ehaf;f muRfs; ahit? mit epWtg;gl fhuzk; vd;d?
ehaf;f muRfs; :
tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; jkpofj;jpy; ehaf;f muRfs; epWtg;gl;ld.
kJiu> jQ;rhT+H> nrQ;rp Mfpa %d;W ehaf;f muRfs; epWtg;gl;ld.
ehaf;f muRfs; epWtg;
epWtg;gl fhuzq;fs; :
ika muRf;Fj; Njitahd epjp Mjhuq;fis jpul;LtJ.
NghUf;Fj; Njitahd ,uhZt tPuHfis jpul;LtJ.
2. Mq;fpNyaH kjuh]py; jq;fsJ FbNaw;wj;ij vt;thW epWtpdH?

re;jpufphp murhplk; ,Ue;J nrd;idia tpiyf;F thq;fpdhh;fs;.
1639-,y; Mq;fpNyaHfs; Gdpj [hH[; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhHfs;.
tzpfj; jsq;fs; tsHe;J> kjuh]; mjd; khfhzj; jiyefukhdJ.
3. iftpidg; nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.

efuq;fspy; cNyhf Ntiyfs; Nghd;w Mlk;guj; njhopy;fs; eilngw;wd.
fpuhkq;fspy; nerTj; njhopy;> E}y; E}w;wy;> rhak; Vw;Wjy; eilngw;wd.
iftpidg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kd;dzp ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ.
4. ‘ruhg;" kw;Wk; ‘cz;bay;" gw;wp eP mwptd ahit?

ruhg; :
efuq;fspy; ‘ruhg;” vdg;gl;l gzk; khw;WNthH ,Ue;jdH.
ehzaq;fspd; J}a;ikia ghpNrhjpj;jdh;> mjd; kjpg;ig fzf;fpl;ldh;.
cz;bay; :
tzpfHfs; cz;b vdg;gl;l gzkhw;W Kwpfis gad;gLj;jpdH.
gzj;ij nuhf;fkhf mDg;Gtjw;F gjpyhf cz;baiy gad;gLj;jpdh;.
5. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; NghHj;JfPrpa MSeH ahH? mtH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa

nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; NghHj;JfPrpa MSeH gpuhd;]p];Nfh - b - my;nka;lh.
my;nka;lh ,e;jpahtpy; ePyePHf; nfhs;ifiaf; filgpbj;jhH.
fg;gy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpj;J fg;gw;gilia tYg;gLj;jpdhH.
6. ‘fhHl]; (Cartaz)
( ) Kiw" vd;why; vd;d?
fhHl]; Kiw vd;gJ NghHj;JfPrpaH tzpfHfSf;F toq;fpa ghJfhg;ghFk;.
fly; nfhs;isaHfSf;F vjpuhf tzpfHfSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;fpdh;.
fhHl]; Kiwia Vw;f Ntz;Lnkd tzpfHfis gaKWj;jp gzk; gwpj;jdH.
7. ,e;jpahtpy; lr;Rf;fhuupd; fhydpahjpf;ff; Nfhl;ilfisAk; FbNaw;wq;fspd;

ngaHfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
lr;Rf;fhuH Nfhl;il :
nrd;idf;F mUfpy; cs;s goNtw;fhL lr;Rf;fhuH jiyikaplk; MFk;.
goNtw;fhl;by; n[y;bhpah vd;w ghJfhg;G Nfhl;ilia lr;Rf;fhuH fl;bdh;.
lr;Rf;fhuH FbNaw;wq;fs; :
goNtw;fhL> k#ypg;gl;bdk;> Njtdhk;gl;bdk;> ehfg;gl;bdk;.
flY}H> ehfHNfhtpy;> guq;fpg;Ngl;il> Gd;idf;fhay;.
8. ‘tzpf epWtdk;" (factory)

( ) vd;why; vd;d? 16 Mk;
Mk; E}w;whz;by; epWtg;gl;l INuhg;gpa
tzpf epWtdq;fs; ahit?
tzpf epWtdk; :
tzpf epWtdk; - may;ehLfspy; jq;fp tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; ,lk;.
KjyhspfSf;fhf tzpf KftHfs; may;ehLfspy; jq;fp tzpfk; nra;jdh;.
INuhg;gpa tzpf epWtdq;fs;
s; :
Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp> lr;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp.
Nldpaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp> gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp.
9. Kjyhk; fHehlfg; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

Kf;fpa fhuzk; - INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa M];jphpa thhpRhpikg; Nghu;.
INuhg;ghtpy; ,q;fpyhe;J - gpuhd;R ,ilNa eilngw;W te;j NghHfs;.
tlmnkhpf;fhtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; epytpa fhydpahjpf;fg; Nghl;bfs;.
10. 1765
1765--,y; ifnaOj;jhd cld;gbf;ifapd; ngaH vd;d? mjd; $Wfs; ahit?
1765 - cld;
cld;gbf;if :
gf;rhH Nghhpd; Kbtpy; 1765 ,y; myfhghj; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhdJ.
uhgHl; fpist; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; \h Myk; ,ilNa ifnaOj;jhdJ.
cld;gbf;ifapd; $Wfs; :
Mq;fpNyah; tq;fhsk;> gPfhH> xhprh gFjpfspd; jpthdp chpikia ngw;wdh;.
Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp fy;fj;jh kPjhd ,iwahz;ikiag; ngw;wJ.

1. 1565 Mk; Mz;Lf;F gpwF njd;dpe;jpahtpy; epytpa murpay; #o;epiyfisf; $W?
1565 jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghhpy; tp[aefu muR Njhy;tpAw;wJ.
tp[aefu Nguurpy; ika muR typik Fd;wpajhf khwpaJ.
Rahl;rp ngw;w ehaf;f muRfs; jq;fSf;Fs; gy NghHfisr; nra;jd.
tp[aefug; murUf;F vjpuhff; fpsHr;rpfs; Njhd;wpd.
,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjp Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl tpUk;gpdhH.
2. tzpfHfs; xNu
xNu tifahd FO my;y vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
re;ijfSf;Fr; Nrit nra;a tpahghhpfSk; rpy;yiu tHj;jfHfSk; ,Ue;jdH.
mjpf %yjdj;jpy; fly; tzpfj;ij ,af;fpa ngUk; tHj;jfHfSk; ,Ue;jdH.
ngUk; tHj;jfHfs; jufHfisAk; Jizj; jufHfisAk; gzpapy; mkHj;jpdh;.
th;j;jfh;fSf;F Njitahd nghUl;fis jufHfs; nfhs;Kjy; nra;jdH.
3. fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; INuhg;gpaH jq;fsJ FbNaw;wq;fis epWtf; fhuzk; vd;d?

,e;NjhNdrpaj; jPTfSld; tzpfj; njhlHig Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,e;NjhNdrpaj; jPTfs; eWkzg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jd.
Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiug; gFjp tz;zk; G+rpa Jzpfis jahhpj;jd.
,e;jpaj; Jzpfis ,e;NjhNdrpaj; jPTfspy; gz;lkhw;W nra;jdh;.
4. ,e;jpaj; JzpfSf;fhd Njit INuhg;ghtpy; mjpfupj;jNjhL mJ ,e;jpag;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ vt;
vt;thW jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ?
njhlf;fj;jpy; cs;@H nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; gadspg;gjhf mike;jJ.
Njit njhlHe;J mjpfhpj;j NghJ cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisg;; ghjpj;jJ.
fr;rhg; nghUl;fs; gw;whf;Fiw nerthsHfSf;F $Ljy; Rikfshapd.
czT jhdpaq;fs; cw;gj;jp jilgl;L> mjd; gw;whf;Fiw mjpfhpj;jJ.
5. goNtw;fhL.
goNtw;fhL Nrhokz;lyg; gFjpapy; lr;Rf;fspd; jiyikaplk; MFk;.
xU ghJfhg;Gf; Nfhl;ilAk;> ntbkUe;J njhopw;$lKk; epWtpdhh;fs;.
goNtw;fhL - Nkiy ehLfs; ,ilNa fly; fle;j tzpfk; eilngw;wJ.
mbikfs;> ituk;> [hjpf;fha;> fpuhk;G Mfpatw;iw Vw;Wkjp nra;jdH.
6. juq;fk;ghb.
juq;fk;ghb ,e;jpahtpy; NldpaHfspd; jiyikaplk; MFk;.
1620 ,y; juq;fk;ghbapy; xU Nfhl;il fl;bf;nfhs;s chpik ngw;wdH.
jQ;rhT+H ehaf;fh; juq;fk;ghbia Rw;wp %d;W fpuhkq;fis mspj;jhH.
,Wjpahf NldpaHfs; juq;fk;ghbia Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpw;wdH.
7. Mk;G+H NghH.
Mk;G+H NghH - re;jhrhfpg; kw;Wk; md;thUjPd; ,ilNa eilngw;wJ.
re;jhrhfpg; gpnuQ;Rg; gilfspd; cjtpAld; Nghhpl;lhh;.
Mk;G+H Nghhpy; Mw;fhL ethg; md;thUjPd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.
md;thUjPdpd; kfd; KfkJ myp jpUr;rpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whH.
8. ‘Mde;juq;fH ehl;Fwpg;G"
Mde;juq;f gps;is vOjpa kpfKf;fpa tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whFk;.
Ja;g;Ns MSeuhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ele;j epfo;Tfis $WfpwJ.
rkfhy epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;J jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ehl;Fwpg;ghFk;.
Vuhskhd tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis cs;slf;fpajhf cs;sJ.

1. ,e;jpahtpy; NghHj;JfPrpaupd; tUifapdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fj;ij tptup.
 ,e;jpa murpay; tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kiwahf INuhg;gpaH ,e;jpa murHfis ntd;W gy
gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpdH.
 NghupLtjpy; INuhg;gpaH Gjpa Kiwfisf; ifahz;ldH. ntbkUe;Jk;> gPuq;fpg; gilAk;
Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jd.
 muhgpaupd; tzpf Kw;Wupikia NghHj;JfPrpaH jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L
tUtjpy; ntw;wp fz;ldH.
 INuhg;gpaHfs; - ,e;jpaHfs; ,ilapyhd jpUkzq;fisg; NghHj;JfPrpaH Cf;Ftpj;jdH.
Gjpa ,df;FO cUthdJ.
 nrd;id rhe;Njhk; NghHj;JfPrpaupd; tUiff;fhd Kf;fpar; rhd;whFk;. kapyhg;G+iu
fUg;gH efuk; vd;W mioj;jdH.
 NghHj;JfPrpaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;l gpwF VR rigiar; rhHe;j gy rkag;
gug;ghsHfs; ,e;jpah te;jdH.
2. Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp kjuh];> gk;gha;

ha;> fy;fj;jh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tzpfk;
nra;Ak; cupikia vt;thW epiyehl;baJ?
1. kjuh]; :
 1639 - ,y; re;jpufpup muruplk; ,Ue;J nrd;id tpiyf;F thq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mq;fpNyaH nrd;idapy; Gdpj [hH[; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhHfs;.
 Nrho kz;lyf; flw;fiug; gFjpapd; jiyikaplkhf nrd;id khwpaJ.
2. gk;gha; :
 murH ,uz;lhk; rhHy]{f;F kzf;nfhilahf gk;gha; jPT toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 1668 - ,y; gk;gha; jPT Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpaplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Kf;fpakhd tzpfj; jsq;fspy; xd;whf gk;gha; khwpaJ.
3. fy;fj;jh :
 1608 - ,y; Mq;fpNyaH tq;fhsj;jpy; tzpf nra;Ak; cupikiag; ngw;wdH.
 RjEjp vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kjy; FbNaw;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ. mJNt fy;fj;jh MdJ.
 fy;fj;jhtpy; fl;lg;gl;l tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilNa khfhzj;jpd; jiyikaplkhdJ.
3. fHehlfg; gFjpfspy; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w

NghHfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
1. Kjy; fHehlfg; NghH :
 kupa njNurh M];jpupahtpd; thuprhf murg; gjtp Vw;wij gpuhd;R vjpu;j;jJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;J gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhf epd;wJ. ,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNa Nghu; %z;lJ.
 INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w M];jpupa thupRupikg; Nghu; ,e;jpahtpYk; vjpnuhypj;jJ.
2. ,uz;lhk; fHehlfg; NghH :
 Mw;fhL ethg;> i`juhghj; ep[hk; gjtpfSf;F thupRupik Nghu; %z;lJ.
 gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;> ethg;> ep[hk; ,ilNa xU Kf;$l;L cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.
 ethg; kw;Wk; ep[hk; gjtpfSf;fhd thupRupik Nghupy; Mq;fpNyaUk; ,wq;fpdH.
3. %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH :
 INuhg;ghtpy; ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpuhd;R ,ilNa Vohz;Lg; NghH ntbj;jJ.
 tq;fhsj;jpy; gpuhd;Rf;F nrhe;jkhd re;jd;efiu fpist; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
 gpnuQ;Rg; gilf;F jiyik jsgjpahf te;j yhyp Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;jj
; hu;.
4. tq;fhsj;jpd; cz;ikahd Ml;rpahsHfshf Mq;fpNyaH vt;thW> vg;nghOJ khwpdH?

gpshrpg; Nghu; :
 1757 - gpshrpg; Nghupy; tq;fhs ethg; rpuh[; cj; njsyh nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
 kPu;[hgu; tq;fhsj;jpd; Gjpa ethg;ghf Mq;fpNyau;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
 kPH[hgu; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf nrd;wjhy; kPHfhrpk; ethg; Mf;fg;gl;lhu;.
gf;rhu; Nghu; :
 tq;fhs ethg;> Kfyha murH> mtj; ethg; Mfpa %tUk; $l;L Nru;e;jdu;.
 1764 - gf;rhH Nghupy; tzpff; FOTf;F vjpuhf %tUk; tPuj;Jld; Nghupl;ldH.
 tzpff; FOtpd; gilfs; rpwg;ghf nray;gl;L Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;wd.
myfhghj; cld;gbf;if :
 tq;fhsk;> gPfhH> xuprh Mfpa gFjpfspd; jpthdp cupikia fk;ngdp ngw;wJ.
 gHj;jthd;> kpl;dhG+H> rpl;lfhq; Mfpa gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F jug;gl;lJ.
 fy;fj;jh kPjhd ,iwahz;ikia ngw;W> tq;fhsj;jpd; Ml;rpahsuhf khwpdH.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; Ja;g;Nstpd; tho;f;

fi ; f kw;Wk; rhjidfs; gw;wpr; RUq;ff; $Wf.
 Kjy; fHehlfg; NghH ntbj;jNghJ gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpahd GJr;Nrupapd; Gjpa MSeuhf
Ja;g;Ns epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
 1746-,y; Ja;g;Ns nrd;idia ifg;gw;wpdhH. gpd;dH Mq;fpNyaHfis mq;fpUe;j
cldbahf ntspNaw;wpdhH.
 nrd;idia Mw;fhL ethg;gplk; xg;gilf;f kWj;jhH. milahW Nghupy; ethg;gpd;
gilfis gykhf jhf;fpdhH.
 i`juhghj; ep[hk; gjtpf;fhd thupRupikg; Nghupy; K[hgH [q; mLj;j ep[hkhf
tUtij Ja;g;Ns Mjupj;jhH.
 Mw;fhL ethg; gjtpf;fhd thupRupikg; Nghupy; re;jh rhfpg; mLj;j ethg;ghf tUtij
Ja;g;Ns Mjupj;jhH.
 Mk;G+H Nghupy; ethg; md;thUjPd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. gpnuQ;Rg; gilfs; jpUr;rp
kiyf;Nfhl;ilia jhf;fpaJ.
myF 17 Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs;

1. .......................
................... ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyaupd;
pNyaupd; Mjpf;fk; cz;ikapy; epWtg;glf; fhuzkhd
NghuhFk;.
m) gpshrpg; NghH M) Kjyhk; fHehlfg; NghH
.,) gf;rhH NghH.
NghH. <) te;jthrpg; NghH
2. ..................... cld;gbf;ifapdhy; ,uz;
,uz;lhk; \h Myk; tq;fhsk;> gPfhH kw;Wk;
xup]htpd; jpthdp cupikia Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;f Neupl;lJ.
.m) myfhghj;
myfhghj.; M) kjuh]; ,) G+dh <) GJr;Nrup
3. ..................... tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.
m) thud;N`];bq;]; M) bA+g;Ns
,) fhud;thyp]; .<) uhgHl; fpist;.
4. ..................... rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya tzpff; FO Ml;rpia Kiwg;gLj;jpaJ.
.m) xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk; (1773).
(1773). M) gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; (1784)
,) gl;lar; rl;lk; (1813) <) gl;lar; rl;lk; (1833)
5. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Mq;fpNya murg; gpujpepjp kw;Wk; jiyik MSeuhf ,q;fpyhe;J
ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;ltH .....................
m) fhud;thyp]; .M) fhdpq;. ,) nty;ny];yp <) N`];bq;];
6. ...................... [kPd;jhHfNshL fhud;thyp]; epiyahd epytup jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
m) ik#H M) gk;gha; .,) tq;fhsk;. <) nrd;id
7. ,uaj;Jthup Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH .....................
m) fhud;thyp]; .M) jhk]; kd;Nwh.
wh.
,) uhgHl; fpist; <) thud; N`];bq;];
8. jf;fHfis mlf
mlf;fpa Mq;fpNya mjpfhup .....................
m) tpy;ypak; Mjk; .M) tpy;ypak; ];yPNkd;.
,) N[k;]; `hye;J <) [hd; epf;fy;rd;
9. th
thupR
upR cupik ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifapd;gb Mq;fpNya muRld; ,izf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
khfhzk; .....................
m) ehf;G+H M) mtj; ,) [hd;rp .<) rjhuh.
rjhuh.
10.
10. epHge;jg;gLj;jp tYf;fl;lhakhf tup t#ypg;gij ..................... epahag;gLj;jpaJ.
m) ,uaj;Jthup rl;lk; M) gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk;
,) epiyahd epytupj; jpl;lk; .<) rpj;jputijr; rl;lk;.
11.
11. ..................... ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy nkhopia mYty; nkhopahfTk;> gapw;W nkhopahfTk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.
m) fhud;thyp]; .M) tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;.
,) jhk]; nkf;fhNy <) jhk]; kd;Nwh
12.
12. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L .....................
m) 1837 M) 1861 ,) 1844 .<) 1857.
1857.
13.
13. ..................... vd;gtupd; Kaw;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpy; rjp vDk; cld;fl;il VWk; Kiw
xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) thud; N`];bq;]; M) tpy;ypak; N[hd;];
.,) uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha;. <) jahde;j ru];tjp
14.
14. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij Nghf;Ftuj;J 1856 ,y; ,uhaGuj;jpy; ,Ue;
,Ue;J
..................... tiu ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
m) thzpak;ghb M) fhl;ghb ,) tpOg;Guk; .<) Mw;
MwfhL.
;fhL.
fhL
15.
.m) fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; jiyik MSeH mjd; ,af;FeH FOthy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
hH..
M) Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jhy; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; ,uhZt tsq;fSk;
nray;jpwDk; Fiwe;jd.
,) nty;ny];yp gpuGthy; fy;tpf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; tifapy; kjurh (,];yhkpa fy;tp
epWtdk;) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
<) ly;n`srp gpuG khHr; 1835 ,y; fy;fj;jh kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upia epWtpdhH.
16.
$w;W : Mq;fpNya muR mizfisf; fl;Ltjw;fhdg; gzpfspy; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;lJ.
fhuzk; : 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhlHr;rpahff; filrp fhy; E}w;whz;by; mjpfkhd
gQ;rq;fs; epytpd.
m) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; jtW.
M) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
,) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;.
.<) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup.
rup..
17.
17. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws;> vJ jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ?
m) fq;fhju uht; - [hd;rp M) uF[p Nghd;];Ny - ehf;G+H
,) \h[p - rjhuh .<) rpe;jpah - Nfhyhg;G+H.
+H.
18.
18. nghUj;Jf.
(i) MHjH fhl;ld; - 1. rk];fpUj fy;Y}up
(ii) tpy;ypak; ];yPNkd; - 2. nfhs;splk;
(iii) tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; - 3. jf;fHfis mlf;Fjy;
(iv) fhud;thyp]; - 4. rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;
m) 4> 1> 2> 3 .M) 2> 3> 4> 1. ,) 3> 2> >1> 4 <) 2> 1> 4> 3

1. 1773 Mk; Mz;L xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lj;ij tptup.
,af;FeH FO - CopaHfspd; tuTnryit gphpl;b\; fUT+yj;jpw;F njhptpf;Fk;.
tUtha; thhpak; - MSeH> jiyikj; jsgjp> ,U MNyhrfHfs; nfhz;l FO.
tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhf thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
2. MSeH jhk]; kd;Nwh gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

nkl;uh]; khfhz MSeuhf VO Mz;Lfs; Nritahw;wpdhH.
jhk]; kd;Nwh 1822 ,y; ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jhH.
flg;gh> fHD}y;> rpj;J}H khtl;l Ml;rpauhfTk; Kd;G gzp Ghpe;jhH.
3. khfhzk; kw;Wk; khepyk; - NtWgLj;Jf.

khfhzk; khepyk;
fk;ngdp jiyik epHthf mjpfhhpapd; khfhzq;fis epHtfpg;gjpy; rpukq;fs;
mYtyfk; mike;jpUe;j ,lk; khfhzk;. Vw;gl;ljhy; khepyq;fs; cUthdJ.
Mq;fpNyah;fshy; nrd;id> gk;gha;> kj;jpa khepyk;> xUq;fpize;j khepyk;

fy;fj;jh khfhzq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Nghd;wit cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
4. ,e;jpaf; Fbikg; gzpf;F fhud;thyprpd; gq;fspg;gpidg; gw;wpf; $Wf.

jpwikahdtHfs; kw;Wk; NeHikahdtHfis Fbikg; gzpfspy; mkHj;jpdhH.
fk;ngdp mjpfhhpfs; jdpahf tpahghuk; nra;tij jilnra;jhH.
fhud;thyp]; gpuG ,e;jpaHfisg; gzpakHj;j kWj;jhH.
5. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; ePHg;ghrd Kiwapd; tsHr;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.

MHjH fhl;ld; nfhs;splk; Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf xU miz fl;bdhH.
aKdh fhy;thAk;> 450 iky; ePsj;jpw;F fq;if fhy;thAk; ntl;lg;gl;lJ.
fpU\;zh ejpapd; FWf;Nf xU miz> gQ;rhgpy; xU fhy;tha; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
6. lhf;fhtpd; k];ypd; Jzp gw;wp XH rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

tq;fhsj;jpy; k];ypd; vd;w gl;L Nghd;w gUj;jp gaphplg;gl;ld.
kpfTk; nky;ypa Milfshf k];ypd; Milfs; nea;ag;gl;lJ.
lhf;fhtpd; k];ypd; Jzpfs; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w caHju MilahFk;.
7. ‘nry;t tsq;fs; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNawpaJ ,e;jpahit Vo;ikahf;fpaJ" - vt;thW?

,e;jpahtpd; ngUe;njhif gy;NtW topfspy; ,q;fpyhe;J Ngha;r; NrHe;jJ.
cs;ehl;Lr; nryTf; fl;lzk;> fk;ngdpapd; ,yhgk;> mjpfhhpfspd; rk;gsk;.
tzpfHfspd; Nrkpg;G> Xa;T+jpaj; njhif> ,uapy; ghijfs; mikj;j nryT.

1. ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw.
fk;ngdp KO mjpfhuj;ijAk; jd;trk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
ntw;W epHthfr; Rikia kl;Lk; tq;fhs ethgplk; nfhLj;jJ.
ep[hkj; nghWg;Gfis ngw;w fk;ngdp jpthdhfTk; erPkhfTk; nray;gl;lJ.
jpthdpd; flik thp t#ypg;gJ. erPkpd; flik ,uhZtr; nray;ghLfs;.
2. [kPd;jhHfs;> murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fSf;Fg; guk;giu cupikfis

vt;thW ngw;wdH.
fhud;thyp];; epiyahd epythp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
[kPd;jhhp Kiw [kPd;jhH vd;fpw ,ilj;jufHfis cUthf;fpaJ.
thhpRhpik kuGg;gb epyq;fSf;F guk;giu chpikfis ngw;wdh;.
[kPd;jhhp Kiw gaphpLNthiuf; Fj;jif tptrhapfshf khw;wpaJ.
3. thhpR chpik ,og;Gf; nfhs;if.

,e;J rl;lg;gb> thhpR ,y;yhj kd;dH XH Mz;kfT jj;njLf;fyhk;.
jj;njLj;j XH Mz;kfTf;F nrhj;jpy; KO RtPfhu chpikAk; cz;L.
Mdhy; mDkjp ngwhky; mhpaizf;F thhpRfis epakpf;f KbahJ.
RtPfhu thhpRfs; mhpaiz VWtJ nry;yhJ vd ly;n`srp $wpdhh;.
4. fhud;
fhud;thyp]pd; ePjpj;Jiw epHthfk;.
khtl;l Ml;rpaHfis ePjp toq;Fk; gzpfspy; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;jhH.
ePjpkd;wq;fs; rPuikf;fg;gl;ld. ehd;F gpuhe;jpa ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jhH.
fy;fj;jhtpy; Fw;wtpay;> chpikapay; Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jhH.
Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; njhlHGilatH rkak; rhh;e;j rl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
5. rhHy]; cl; mwpf;if.

1854 ,y; ly;n`srp Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gf; fy;tp> caHepiyg; gs;sp kw;Wk; fy;Y}hp gbg;ig cs;slf;fpaJ.
nghJf; fy;tpj;Jiw Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. mJ xU tphpthd tiuthFk;.
1857 ,y; nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;lJ.
6. gpz;lhhpfs; kw;Wk; jf;fHfs;.

gpz;lhhpfs; :
,e;Jf;fs;> K];yPk;fs; kw;Wk; Jizg;gil jpl;lj;jhy; Ntiy ,oe;j ,uhZt tPuHfisf;
nfhz;l nfhs;isf; $l;lk;.
gphpl;b\; muR gpz;lhhpfis xopf;f NghH njhLj;jJ.
jf;fHfs; :
mg;ghtp gazpfisj; jhf;fp fhspapd; ngauhy; nfhiy nra;J te;j nfhs;isf; $l;lk;.
ngz;bq; gpuG jf;fHfis xopf;f tpy;ypak; ];yPNkid epakpj;jhH.
7. ,e;jpa ifj;jwp nerthsHfs; kPJ njhopw;Jiw Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;.

njhopw;Gul;rpahy;> ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy;fs; mopTg; ghijapy; js;sg;gl;ld.
Jzp Vw;Wkjpapy; Kjd;ik ,lk; tfpj;j ,e;jpah mg;ngUikia ,oe;jJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cw;gj;jpahd gUj;jp Milf;Fr; re;ijahf ,e;jpah khwpaJ.
Fiwe;j tpiyapy; gphpl;b\; nghUl;fs; ,e;jpar; re;ijfspy; Ftpe;jd.
8. xg;ge;jf; $yp Kiw.

xg;ge;jf; fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dh; gzpiatpl;L tpyf KbahJ.
kPwpdhy; $ypia kWf;fNth> rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fNth KbAk;.
xg;ge;jf; $ypfs; cj;juTf;Ff; fPo;gba kWj;jhy; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.
gzpapy; myl;rpak; fhl;bdhNyh> gzp nra;a kWj;jhNyh jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.

1. nty;ny];yp mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Jizg; gilj; jpl;lj;jpidg; gw;wp tptup.
 Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Fk; murH jdJ gilfis fiyj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
 gpupl;b\; gilfis Vw;gNjhL> Mq;fpy mjpfhup xUtiu ];jhdpfuhf Vw;gJ.
 gpupl;b\; gilfSf;fhd guhkupg;Gr; nryit ,e;jpa muru; Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 mJ Kbahj NghJ khfhzj;jpd; xU gFjpia xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gpw INuhg;gpa ehLfSldhd njhlHig Jz;bj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 gpupl;b\hH mDkjp ,y;yhky; kw;w INuhg;gpaiu gzpapy; mkHj;jf; $lhJ.
 mDkjp ngwhJ gpw ,e;jpa muRfNshL Ngr;R thHj;ijapy; <Lglf; $lhJ.
 ve;j muRk; gpw muRfspd; cs;ehl;L gpur;rpidfspy; jiyaplf; $lhJ.
2. Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; fPo; fy;tp Kiw

Kiw vt;thW tsHr;rp ngw;wJ?
 thud; N`];bq;]; tq;fhsj;jpy; xU kjurhit epWtpdhH.
 fhud;thyp]; thuzhrpapy; xU rk];fpUjf; fy;Y}upia epWtpdhH.
 N`];bq;]; gpuG fy;fj;jh ,e;J fy;Y}upf;F GutyuhdhH.
 ngz;bq; gpuG fy;fj;jh kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upia 1835 ,y; Jtq;fpdhH.
 nkf;fhNy gpuG gupe;Jiug;gb> Mq;fpyk; gapw;W nkhopahf Vw;fg;gl;lJ.
 1849 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; ngz;fSf;fhd gs;sp xd;W Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 rhHy]; cl; Muk;gf; fy;tp> caHepiyf; fy;tp> fy;Y}upg; gbg;G gphpj;jhh;.
 1857 ,y; nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
3. 1865 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa tdr; rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd #o;epiyfis tptup.

mjd; tpisTfs; ahit?
#o;epiyfs; :
 ,e;jpaf; fhLfspy; ,Ue;J rhy;> NjtjhU> Njf;F Nghd;w typikahd kuq;fs;
mjpfstpy; ntl;lg;gl;ld.
 tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; gPfhH gFjpfis cs;slf;fpa [q;fps; k`hy; fhLfspy; ,Ue;j
kuq;fis ntl;b tPo;j;jpdH.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij mikf;Fk; nghUl;L ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J kug;gyiffis
mDg;gp itj;jdH.
tpisTfs; :
 fhLfspd; tsq;fisg; G+HtPff; Fbfs; gad;gLj;jj; jil tpjpj;jjhy; mtHfspd;
mjpUg;jpiag; ngw;wJ.
 1871 ,y; g+HtPff; Fbfspd; vjpHg;ig Kwpabf;f nfhLikahd Fw;wg; goq;FbapdH
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 fhydp Mjpf;ff; fhyk; KOikAk; goq;Fbapd kf;fs; muRf;F vjpuhf mt;tg;NghJ
fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgl;ldH.
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;Fj; njhlf;f fhy

myF 18 vjpu;g;Gfs;

1. cilahH murHfSf;F vjpuhf kuhj;jpaHfis ntw;wpfukhf ifahz;l gpd;
gpd;
......................... cz;ikahd murH MdhH.
.m) i`jH myp.
myp. M) eQ;ruh[h
,) ehfk ehaf;fH <) jpg;G Ry;jhd;
2. jpg;G Ry;jhd; ......................... gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpajhy; %d;whk; Mq;fpNya ik#H NghH
njhlq;fpaJ.
m) fs;spf;Nfhl;il M) FlF
.,) nfhLq;f@H.
@H. <) jpz;Lf;fy;
3. ghisaf;fhuH Kiw Kjd; Kjypy; ......................... Nguurhy; eilKiwg;gLj;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
m) tp[aefH M) ghkdp
.,) fhfjpa.
fhfjpa. <) n`ha;rhs
4. new;fl;Lk; nrty;> thRNjt ey;Y}H> gidA+H gidA+H Mfpa Gypj;Njtupd; %d;W Kf;fpakhd
Nfhl;ilfis ......................... jd;Dila fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L te;jhH.
m) khG]; fhd; .M) A+Rg; fhd;.
,) fHdy; nùhd; <) egpfhd; fl;lf;
5. NtY ehr;rpahH .........................
......................... murUila kfs;
m) rptfq;if M) GJf;Nfhl;il
.,) ,uhkehjGuk;. <) gotej;jk;
6. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; njhlHghd gpur;ridfis jtwhff; ifahz;ljhy;
gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l Mq;fpNya Ml;rpaH ......................... MthH.
.m) W.C. [hf;rd;. M) A. ghdHNkd;
,) S.R. Y}`pq;ld; <) P.A. Mf;dpA+
7. NtY}H Gul;rpf;F cldbf; fhuzkhf mike;j epfo;T ......................... MFk;.
m) vd;‡gPy;L uf Jg;ghf;fpj; Njhl;lhf;fs; M) etPd rPUil khw;wk;
.,) Gjpa jiyg;
jiyg;ghif.
hif. <) nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs;
8. Nfhy;fspd;
fspd; vOr;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhdtH ......................... MthH.
.m) gpd;j;uha; kd;fp.p. M) rpNlh
,) gpHrh Kz;lh <) fhD}
9. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul; Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH - n[duyhf ,Ue;jtH
......................... MthH.
m) ly;n`srp .M) fhdpq;.
,) kpd;Nlh <) N[k;]; md;l;upA+ uhk;Nr
10.
10. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; NghJ ehdh rhfpg;
rhfpg;gpd; gilfisj; Njhw;fbj;jtH
......................... MthH.
m) n`d;wp yhud;]; .M) Nk[H n[duy; N`ht;yhf;.
,) rH `PA+f; tPyH <) n[duy; ePy;
11.
11. rupahd $w;wpidj; NjHT nra;f.
m) thud; N`];bq;];> jpg;G Ry;jhid gopthq;Fk; Nehf;fpy; mZfpdhH.
.M) jpg;Gtpd; Ml;rpia mfw;wpaJk; ik#upy; kPz;Lk; cilahH tk;r Ml;rp
epWtpaJk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rpapd;
Muk;gj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ..
pwJ..
,) Mw;fhl;L ethg; NtY ehr;rpahUf;F MjuT mspj;jhH.
<) jpUney;Ntyp fhLfspd; ikaj;jpy; fhisahH Nfhapy; cs;sJ.
12.
$w;W : rptfpup Nfhl;ilj; jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; jw;fhg;G eltbf;iffSf;F
ghJfhg;ghdjhf ,Ue;jJ.
fhuzk; : Nkw;Fj; njhlHr;rpkiy mbthuj;jpy; tYthd muz;fNshL mJ
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
m) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk; $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; jtwhdit.
.,) $w;W rupƒ fhuzk;> $w;wpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;..
<) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rup.
13.
13. nghUj;Jf.
(i) [py;ny];gp - =uq;fg;gl;lzk;
(ii) kQ;rp - ghuf;G+H
(iii) [hf;Nfhgpad; fofk; - NtY}H fyfk;
(iv) kq;fs; ghz;Nl - re;jhy;fs;
m) 1> 2> 3> 4 .M) 3> 4> 1> 2. ,) 3> 2> 1> 4 <) 2> 3> 4> 1

1. jpg;G Ry;jhd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l =uq;fg;gl;
l;lz cld;gbf;ifapd; (1792) mtkhdfukhd
tpjpKiwfisg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
jpg;G jdJ Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; ghjpia Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; ju Ntz;Lk;.
jpg;G Ry;jhd; NghH ,og;gPlhf %d;W Nfhb &gha; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpg;G jdJ ,uz;L kfd;fis gpizf; ifjpfshf mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
2. ‘tuhfd;” (gNfhlh) vd;why; vd;d?

tp[aefu murpy; mwpKfkhd jq;f ehzak; gNfhlh vdg;gl;lJ.
gNfhlh vd;gij jkpopy; tuhfd; vd;w ngahpy; mioj;jdH.
jpg;G Ry;jhd; Ml;rpapy; xU gNfhlh vd;gJ %d;wiu &gha;f;F rkk;.
3. nfhq;Fg; gFjpapy; jPud; rpd;dkiyapd; fpsHr;rpfs; gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ?

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuH kw;Wk; jpg;G Ry;jhdhy; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;ltH.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf %d;W Kf;fpakhd NghHfspy; <Lgl;lhH.
jPud; rpd;dkiy rptfphp Nfhl;ilapy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.
4. ‘rhapy;ufg;” gLnfhiy gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

gpHrh Kz;lh Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H gFjpapy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhbdhh;.
Kz;lh r%fj;jpdh; gpHrh Kz;lh jiyikapy;; Mq;fpNyah;fis vjph;j;jdH.
nrapy;uhfg; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kz;lh ,d ngz;fs; gyH nfhy;yg;gl;lhHfs;.
5. fhd;G+H gLnfhiy.
fhd;G+h; fpsHr;rpf;F kuhl;ba Ng\;th ehdhrhfpg; jiyik tfpj;jhH.
ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; cl;gl RkhH 125 Mq;fpNyaHfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
fhd;G+H gLnfhiyapy; ,we;jth;fs; cly;fs; xU fpzw;Wf;Fs; tPrg;gl;ld.

1. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; i`jH mypf;Fk; ,ilNa ifnaOj;jhd kjuh]; cld;gbf;iff;fhd
#o;epiyfis tpsf;Ff.
Nfg;ld; epf;rid tPo;j;jpa i`jH myp f&H> <NuhL ifg;gw;wpdhH.
Mq;fpNyah; kPjhd jhf;Fjypy; jQ;rhT+H> flY}H tiu Kd;Ndwpdhh;.
i`jH mypf;F> kuhj;jpaH gilnaLg;gpd; mr;RWj;jy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
i`jH myp - Mq;fpNyah; ,ilNa kjuh]; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhdJ.
2. 1801 Mk; Mz;L fpsHr;rp gw;wp vOJf.

1801 Mk; Mz;L fpsh;r;rp njd;dpe;jpa fyfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Cikj;Jiu> nrtj;ijah> kUJ rNfhjuHfs; fpsHr;rpia Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdH.
rpd;d kUJTk;> nts;is kUJTk; jpUg;gj;J}hpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldH.
ghQ;rhyq; Fwpr;rpapy; Cikj;Jiu> nrtj;ijah jiyfs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;ld.
3. 1806 Mk; Mz;L NtY}H Gul;rp gw;wp vOJf.

Gul;rpf;F fhuzk; - mf;dpA jiyg;ghif> rpYit nghwpf;fg;gl;l rPUilfs;.
1806 [_iy 10 Mk; ehs; mjpfhiy 2 kzpf;F NtY}H Gul;rp ntbj;jJ.
gy Mq;fpy mjpfhhpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. Nfhl;il rpg;gha;fs; trkhdJ.
Mw;fhl;by; ,Ue;j [py;ny];gp> Gul;rpia mlf;fp NtY}H Nfhl;ilia kPl;lhH.
4. Nfhy; goq;Fbapdupd; vOr;rpiag; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H uh[h fpuhkq;fis goq;Fb my;yhNjhUf;F Fj;jif tpl;ldh;.
1831 brk;gH 20 ,y; Nrhl;lh ehf;G+hpy; cs;s Nrhdpg;G+H gHfhdh jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
700 NgH nfhz;l Nfhy; goq;Fbapdh; FO Nrhdpg;G+H gHfhdhitj; jhf;fpaJ.
1832 [dthp 26 f;Fs; Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H KOtJk; Nfhy;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jJ.
5. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit?

fhdpq; gpuG Kjy; it];uha; MdhH. ,e;jpah muRr; nrayH %yk; Msg;gLk;.
15 NgH nfhz;l ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; muRr; nrayUf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;jpa murHfspd; fz;zpak;> nfsutk;> chpikfs; kjpf;fg;gLk;.
Gjpa gFjpfs; vJTk; ,izf;fg;glhJ vd cWjpaspj;jJ.

1. njd; jkpofj;jpy; ghisaf;fhuH mikg;G Kiw gw;wp tptupf;fTk;.
 tp[aefug; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF> kJiu ehaf;f murH ghz;bag; Nguuir 72
ghisaq;fshf gpupj;jhH.
 tp];tehj ehaf;fH kJiuiar; Rw;wp typik kpFe;j xU Nfhl;ilia vOg;gp mjpy; 72
muz;fis mikj;jhH.
 ghisaf;fhuupd; flik - murUf;F Mz;L NjhWk; fg;gk; nrYj;Jjy;> Nghupd; NghJ
gil tPuHfis mDg;Gjy;.
 ghisaf;fhuupd; Kf;fpag; gzp - jq;fs; ghisaj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if ghJfhg;gJ. ePjp
gupghydk; nra;tJ.
 ghisaf;fhuH epjp jpul;l rpy fpuhkq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. gy gl;lq;fSk; rpwg;G
cupikfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.
 ghisaj;Jf;F cl;gl;l gFjpapy; Fbikapay;> Fw;wtpay; gpur;ridfspy; tprhuiz
elj;jp ePjp toq;fpdhH.
2. 1806 Mz;bd; NtY}H Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; Nghf;fpidAk; tptupf;fTk;.

Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
 rpg;gha;fs; new;wpapy; mzpe;jpUe;j kjf; FwpaPLfs; jil nra;ag;gl;ld.
 rpg;gha;fs; jq;fsJ kPiria xNu khjpupahf ntl;Ltjw;F mwpTWj;jpdH.
 mf;dpA jiyg;ghif kPjpUe;j upg;gd; kw;Wk; FQ;rk; kpUfj; Njhypy; MdJ.
 rpg;gha;fs; mzpAk; rPUilapy; Kd;gf;fk; rpYit nghwpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
 ,e;jpa murHfspd; re;jjpapdH Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia mfw;w Kad;wdH.
Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F :
 1806 [_iy 10 Mk; ehs; mjpfhiy 2 kzpf;F NtY}H Gul;rp ntbj;jJ.
 13 mjpfhupfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 82 fPo;epiy ,uhZt tPuu;fs; ,we;jhu;fs;.
 Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa ,Ue;j Nk[H $l;];> fpy;y];gpf;F fbjk; mDg;gpdhH.
 Mw;fhl;by; ,Ue;j fpy;y];gp Fjpiug; gilAld; te;J Gul;rpia mlf;fpdhH.
 Gul;rpf;F cle;ijahf ,Ue;j ik#H ,sturHfis fy;fj;jhTf;F mDg;gpdH.
3. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; kw;Wk; tpisTfisAk; tpt

tptupf;
upf;fTk;.
Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
 ly;n`srp thupR cupik ,og;Gf; nfhs;if %yk; gy ehLfis Mf;fpukpj;jhu;.
 Mq;fpyaupd; ngUQ;Rikahd epytUtha; Kiwahy; tptrhapfs; JaUw;wdu;.
 K];yPk; cau;FbapdUk; fw;wwpe;NjhUk; muRg; gzpapy; ,Ue;J xJf;fg;gl;ldu;.
 rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;> tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;> ngz;rpRf; nfhiy jLg;Gr; rl;lk;.
 gR kw;Wk; gd;wpapd; nfhOg;G jltpa Jg;ghf;fpj; Njhl;lhf;fs; mwpKfkhdJ.
Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; :
 tpf;Nlhupah uhzp Nguwpf;if 1858 etk;gH 1 ,y; myfhghj;jpy; ntspahdJ.
 ,e;jpahTf;fhd muRr; nrayu;> 15 NgH nfhz;l ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; cUthdJ.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; ,af;Feu; FOTk; fl;Lg;ghl;L FOTk; xopf;fg;gl;ld.
 thupR cupik ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifAk;> ehbizg;Gf; nfhs;ifAk; iftplg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa murHfspd; fz;zpak;> nfsutk;> cupikfis kjpf;fg;gjhf $wpaJ.
myF 19 etPdj;ij Nehf;fp

1. ,e;jpahtpy; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa gy fUj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wpa Kjy;
Kjy; khfhzk; ....................
m) gQ;rhg; .M) tq;fhsk;. ,) gk;gha; <) nrd;id
2. ‘,e;jpa kWkyHr;rpapd; je;ij" ..................... MthH.
m) Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH M) jahde;j ru];tjp
.,) ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha;. <) Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq;
3. Njrpa r%f khehL
khehL ................... Kaw;rpahy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ.
.m) M.G. uhdNl.
uhdNl. M) NjNte;jpuehj; jh$H
,) Nfrt re;jpu nrd; <) ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rH
4. ‘Ntjq;fis Nehf;fp jpUk;Gf"-
f"- vd;W Kof;fkpl;ltH ..................... MthH.
m) ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; .M) jahde;j ru];tjp.
jp.
,) tpNtfhde;jH <) ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rH
5. fijfs; kw;Wk; tpaf;fj;jf;f ctikfspd; %yk; ..................... jdJ fUj;Jf;fis
tpsf;fpdhH.
.m) ,uhkfpU\
,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rH.
H. M) NjNte;jpu ehj; jh$H
,) Nfrt re;jpu nrd; <) N[hjpgh GNy
6. ‘xU igrh jkpod;" vd;w thug; gj;jpupifia elj;jpaH ..................... MthH.
m) Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH M) jahde;j ru];tjp
,) ,uhkypq;f mbfshH .<) mNahj;jpjhr
jpjhr gz;bjH.
jH.
7. gpuk;kQhd rig ..................... ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ.
m) ,e;jpah .M) mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs;.
,) gpuhd;R <) ,q;fpyhe;J
8. jkpo;ehl;by; gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; Mjuthsuhfj; jpfo;e;jtH .....................
..................... MthH.
m) ,uhkypq;f mbfshH .M) fhrp tpRtehj KjypahH.
KjypahH.
,) mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjH <) NjNte;jpuehj; jh$H
9. Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpaiy mwpKfg;gLj;j iraJ mfkJ fhd; epWtpa mikg;G ....................
m) rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[k; M) rpq; rgh ,af;fk;
.,) mwptpay; fofk;
fofk;. <) gpuk;k Qhd rig
10.
10. ,];yhkpa r%fj;jpdupd; rka kPSUthf;fj;ij Nehf;fkhff;
khff; nfhz;bUe;j ,af;fk;.
.m) jpNahge;j; ,af;fk;. M) mfkjpah ,af;fk;
,) mypfH ,af;fk; <) th`hgp ,af;fk;
11.
11. rupahd $w;wpidj; NjHT nra;f.
m) Rj;jp ,af;fj;ij epWtpatH lhf;lH Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq;.
.M) rj;jpa jHk rhiy ,uhkypq;f mbfshy;
mbfshy; epWtg;gl;lJ..
J..
,) ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fj;ij epWtpatH ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rH MthH.
<) mfkjpaHfs; nghJthd k#jpapy; jq;fs; topghl;bid Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
12.
$w;W : iraJ mfkJ fhd; mypfupy; epWtpa etPdg; gs;sp> gpd;dH Kfkjpa Mq;fpNyh-
Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}upahf tsHr;rp ngw;wJ.
fhuzk; : K];yPk;fs; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;gij mtH tpUk;gpdhH.
M) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; jtW.
,) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;LNk jtwhdit.
13.
13. nghUj;Jf.
(i) Mq;fpNya rkag;gug;Gf; FO - 1. rpfhNfh cyfr; rka khehL
(ii) ghHrp nra;jpj;jhs; - 2. tpy;ypak; fhNu kw;Wk; [hd; jhk];
(iii) jpNahge;j; ,af;fk; - 3. uh];l; Nfhg;jhH
(iv) tpNtfhde;jH - 4. KfkJ fhrpk; eNehjtp
m) 3> 2> 1> 4 M) 1> 2> 3> 4 .,) 2> 3> 4> 1. <) 2> 1> 4> 3

1. r%f rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;F ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uhapd; gq;fspg;Gfs; ahit?
uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; cUt topghL> ngz; nfhLik> rhjpKiwia vjph;j;jhh;.
1829 ,y; cld;fl;il VWjy; Fw;wk; vd rl;lk; ,aw;w Jizahf ,Ue;jhH.
tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jhH. Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ij vjpHj;jhH.
2. r%f ePjpf;F N[hjpgh GNyapd; gq;F vd;d?

N[hjpgh G+Ny GNdapy; ngz;fs; gs;sp xd;iw njhlq;fp elj;jpdhh;.
jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; jPz;lj; jfhj kf;fSf;fhd gs;spiaj; njhlq;fpdhH.
ifk;ngz;fspd; Foe;ijfSf;F xU ,y;yj;ijAk; epWtpdhH.
3. ‘Rj;jp” (Rj;jpfupg;G) ,af;fk; Vd; xU kPl;nlLg;G ,af;fkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ?

‘Rj;jp ,af;fk;” ‘Ntjq;fis Nehf;fpj; jpUk;Gf" vd miog;G tpLj;jJ.
,e;J rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J kjk; khwp nrd;wth;fis kPl;LtUtNj Nehf;fk;.
Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp kf;fis ,e;Jf;fshf khw;w Kad;wJ.
4. = ehuhaz FUtpd; jHk gupghyd ,af;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig vOJf.

<otHfs; NfhtpYf;Fs; EioaTk;> murpay; chpik ngwTk; NghuhbaJ.
Nfhtpiyr; Rw;wpAs;s njUf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; chpikia NfhhpaJ.
nghJg; gs;spfs; kw;Wk; muRg; gzpfspy; Nrh;tjw;F mDkjp NfhhpaJ.
5. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH gw;wp ePtpH mwptd ahit?

ts;syhh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. rj;jpa Qhd rigia epWtpdhH.
tlY}hpy; rj;jpa jHk rhiyia epWtp ViofSf;F cztspj;jhH.
,uhkypq;f mbfshh; ghly;fs; jpUtUl;gh vd;w ngahpy; jpul;lg;gl;ld.

1. vk;.[p. uhdNl.
Njrpa r%f khehL vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhH.
jf;fhzf; fy;tpf; fofj;ij jPtpukhf Kd;ndLj;jhH.
tpjit kWkzr; rq;fk; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhH.
gpuhHj;jid rkh[k; %yk; gy rPHjpUj;jq;fis nra;jhh;.
2. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH.
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jhpd; ,aw;ngaH eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh.
,uhkfpU\;z guk;`k;rhpd; Kjd;ik rPluhf ,Ue;jhh;.
jdJ FUtpd; fUj;Jfis cyfk; KOtJk; gug;gpdhH.
1893 - rpfhNfhtpy; ele;j cyf rka khehl;by; gq;Nfw;whH.
3. mfkjpah ,af;fk;.
mfkjpah ,af;fj;ij kpHrh Fyhk; mfkJ Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
Gdpj E}yhd Fuhdpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;iffis Mjhpj;jhh;.
Mhpa rkh[k;> fpwpj;jt kjNghjfh;fs; $wpa fUj;Jfis vjph;j;jhH.
gyjhukzk;> ngz;fs; Kfj;jpiu> gioa tpthfuj;J tpjpfis Mjhpj;jhh;.
4. rpq; rgh
rgh ,af;fk;.
1873 Mk; Mz;L rpq; rgh ,af;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mfhyp ,af;fk; ,jd; fpis ,af;fkhFk;.
rpq; rgh ,af;fk; ,uz;L Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf cUthdJ.
1. fpwpj;jt kjkhw;wk;> ,e;J rka kPl;nlLg;G eltbf;iffis vjpHj;jy;.
2. etPd Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpia rPf;fpaUf;Ff; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;.

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fpwpj;jt kjg; gug;ghsHfs; Mw;wpa gzpfis tpsf;Ff.
 r%f> nghUshjhu uPjpahfj; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;nfdg; gs;spfs; epWtpdH.
 muRg; gzp toq;fp mtHfspd; nghUshjhu epiyia Nkk;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;jdH.
 jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; nghJr; rhiyfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cupikf;fhf NghuhbdH.
 jho;j;jg;gl;l ngz;fs; Nkyhilfs; mzpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikf;fhf NghuhbdH.
 mdhijf; Foe;ijfis jq;fs; ciwtplg; gs;spfspy; NrHj;J fy;tp toq;fpdH.
 gQ;rq;fspd; NghJ kf;fSf;fhd epthuz eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
 cupikfs; kWf;fg;gl;l Vio kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp toq;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;WJ.
 kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; kUe;jfq;fis fpwpj;Jt FOfs; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ.
2. jkpo;ehl;by; ele;j r%f rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

,uhkypq;f mbfs; :
 ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; ghly;fs; Kw;Nghf;F rpe;jid nfhz;lit.
 mtu; kjntwpiaAk;> gFj;jwptw;w jd;ikiaAk; fz;ldk; nra;jhH.
 tlY}upy; rj;jpa jHk rhiy epWtp> rhjpkj NtWghbd;wp cztspj;jhH.
 jdJ rPlu;fis xUq;fpizf;f rj;aQhd rig vDk; mikg;ig epWtpdhH.
mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjH :
 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ngsj;j kjk; Gj;JapH ngwj; Jtq;fpaJ.
 1890 fspy; MjpjpuhtplHfspd; eyDf;fhd ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
 1908 ,y; xU igrhj; jkpod; vd;w thuhe;jpug; gj;jpupifia njhlq;fpdhH.
 MjpjpuhtplHfNs cz;ikahd ngsj;jHfs; vd;W mNahj;jpjhrH thjpl;lhH.
tho;j;JfSld;
khzth;fs; eyDf;fhf
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
gz;ila ,e;jpah
Fg;jg; NguuR
1 myF = 50 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
fp.gp. 200
200
240 - =Fg;jh; muruhjy; / Fg;jg; NguuR cjak;

250
250
280 - fNlhj;f[h; muruhjy;
300
319 - Kjyhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; muruhjy;
335 - rKj;jpu Fg;jh; muruhjy;
350
350
375 - ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; muruhjy;
400
415 - Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jh; muruhjy;
450
455 - ];fe;j Fg;jh; muruhjy;
467 - ];fe;j Fg;jh; kiwT / Fg;jg; NguuR tPo;r;rp
fp.gp. 500
nly;yp Ry;jhdpak;
1 myF = 50 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
1200
1206 - mbik tk;rk; / Fj;GjPd; Igf; muruhjy;
1211 - ,y;Jkp\; muruhjy;
1236 - ,u]pah muruhjy;
1246 - erpu; KfkJ muruhjy;

125
1250
1266 - ghy;gd; muruhjy;
1290 - fpy;[p tk;rk; / [yhYjPd; fpy;[p muruhjy;

1296 - myhTjPd; fpy;[p muruhjy;
1300
1300
1320 - Jf;sf; tk;rk; / fpahRjPd; Jf;sf; muruhjy;

1325 - KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; muruhjy;
1350 1351 - ngNuh]; Jf;sf; muruhjy;
1400
1400
1414 - iraJ tk;rk; / fpru; fhd; muruhjy;
1450
1451 - Nyhb tk;rk; / g`;Yy; Nyhb muruhjy;
1500
Kfyhag; NguuR
1520
1520
1 myF = 10 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
1526 - Kjy; ghdpg;gl; Nghh;

1527 - fhd;thg; Nghh; fp.gp. 1526 - 1530
1528 - re;Njhpg; Nghh; ghgu; fhyf;NfhL
1529 - Nfhf;uhg; Nghh;
1530 1530 - ghgh; kiwT
1539 - nrsrhg; Nghh;

1540
1540 1540 - fd;Ndhrpg; Nghh;
1542 - mf;gh; gpwg;G
1545 - n\h;\h kiwT
1550
1556 - 2 Mk; ghdpg;gl; Nghh;
1560
1560
1564 - mf;ghpd; Nfhz;Lthdh Kw;Wif
1570
1573 - mf;gh; F[uhj;ij ifg;gw;Wjy;
1576 - `hy;bfhl; NghH
1580
1582 - jPd; ,yh`p
rpth[p / kuhj;jpag; NguuR
1620
1620
1 myF = 10 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
1627 - rpth[p gpwg;G
1630
1640
1640
1646 - rpth[p Njhh;dh Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;
1650
1660
1660
1664 - rpth[p #uj; efiu #iwahLjy;

1665 - Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if
1666 - rpth[p Mf;uh tUif
1670 1670 - rpth[p #uj; efiu #iwahLjy;
1674 - rpth[p Kb#l;Ljy;
1680 1680 - rpth[p kuzk;

11 Mk; tFg;
tFg;G tuyhW ftpd; ifNaL 2024 104
INuhg;gpah; tUif
1 myF = 50 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
1600 1600 - Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
1602 - lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
1605 - k#ypg;gl;bdk; lr;R FbNaw;wk;
1610 - goNtw;fhL lr;R FbNaw;wk;
1616 - Nldpa fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
1620 - juq;fk;ghb Nldpa FbNaw;wk;
1639 - nrd;id Mq;fpNyah; thq;Fjy;
1650
1664 - gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp

1668 - gk;gha; Mq;fpNyah; thq;Fjy;
1696 - fy;fj;jhtpy; Mq;fpNyah; Nfhl;il

1700
1700
1715 - jkpopy; tptpypak; ntspahdJ
1725 - khfp gpnuQ;R FbNaw;wk;
1739 - fhiuf;fhy; gpnuQ;R FbNaw;wk;

1746 - Kjy; fh;ehlfg; NghH Muk;gk; / milahW Nghh;
1748 - Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; KbT / Iyh rNgy; cld;gbf;if
1749 - 2 Mk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; Muk;gk; / Mk;G+h; Nghh;
1750
1752 - Mw;fhL tPo;r;rp
1754 - 2 Mk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; KbT / GJr;Nrhp cld;gbf;if
1756 - 3 Mk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; Muk;gk;
1757 - gpshrpg; NghH
1760 - te;jthrpg; Nghh;
1761 - GJr;Nrhp tPo;r;rp
1763 - 3 Mk; fh;ehlfg; NghH KbT / ghhp]; cld;gbf;if
1800
Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs;
1750
1 myF = 25 Mz;Lfs;
fs;

1764 - gf;rhh; NghH
1773 - xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk;

1775
1784 - gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk;
1793 - epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lk; / 1 tJ gl;lar; rl;lk;
1798 - Jizg;gilj; jpl;lk;

1800
1813 - 2 tJ gl;lar; rl;lk;
1822 - ,uaj;Jthupr; rl;lk;

1825
1829 - rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;
1833 - 3 tJ gl;lar; rl;lk;
1848 - thupR cupik ,og;Gf; nfhs;if

1850
1850
1853 - ,uapy; ghij mwpKfk; / 4 tJ gl;lar; rl;lk;
1858 - tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp Nguwpf;if
1865 - ,e;jpa tdr; rl;lk;
1871 - Fw;wg; goq;Fbapdh; rl;lk;

1875
1885 - ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk;
1900
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;Fj; njhlf;ffhy vjph;g;Gfs;
1750
1750 1 myF = 10 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
1760
1760
1764 - gf;rhh; Nghh; / A+Rg;fhd; J}f;fpyplg;gly;

1765 - myfhghj; cld;gbf;if
1767 - Kjy; ik#H NghH Muk;gk; / ney;fl;Lk; nrty; Kw;Wif

1769 - Kjy; ik#H NghH KbT / nrd;id cld;gbf;if
1770
1780
1780 1780 - 2 Mk; ik#H NghH Muk;gk; / NtY ehr;rpahh; ntw;wp
1782 - i`jh; myp kiwT
1784 - 2 Mk; ik#H NghH KbT / kq;f@h; cld;gbf;if
1790 1790 - 3 Mk; ik#H NghH Muk;gk;

1792 - 3 Mk; ik#H NghH KbT / =uq;fg;gl;lzk; cld;gbf;if
1796 - NtY ehr;rpahh; kuzk;
1799 - 4 Mk; ik#H NghH / jpg;G Ry;jhd; kuzk; /

1800 fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gly;
1801 - njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsh;r;rp
1805 - jPud; rpd;dkiy J}f;fpyplg;gly;

1806 - NtY}h; Gul;rp
1810
etPdj;ij Nehf;fp / rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
1820
1820
1 myF = 10 Mz;Lfs;
fs;
1828 - gpuk;k rkh[k;

1829 - rjp xopg;G rl;lk;
1830
1840
1840
1850
1851 - GNd ngz;fs; gs;sp
1856 - tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;
1860
1860
1864 - jj;JtNghjpdp ,jo; ntspaPL
1867 - gpuhHj;jid rkh[k; / jpUtUl;gh
1870
1873 - rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[k; / rpq; rgh ,af;fk;

1875 - Mhpa rkh[k; / mypfH ,af;fk;
1877 - Kfkjpad; Mq;fpNyh-Xhpaz;ly; fy;Y}hp
1880
1880
1882 - nrd;idapy; gpuk;kQhd rig
1886 - Mq;fpNyh-Xhpaz;ly; fy;tp khehL
1889 - mfkjpah ,af;fk;

1890
1893 - rpfhNfh cyf rka khehL
1897 - ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk;
1900
11 Mk; tFg;G tuyhW fhyf;NfhL
t.vz; ghlj; jiyg;G fhyf;NfhL fhyk; nghJj;Njh;

Njh;T
1. Fg;jg; NguuR 1. Fg;jg; NguuR 200 - 500 ---
2. nly;yp Ry;jhdpak; 1. nly;yp Ry;jhdpak; 1206 - 1526 [_d; - 2019
1. Kfyhag; NguuR 1526 - 1707 nrg; - 2020
Kfyhag; NguuR 2. ghgh; 1526 - 1530 Nk - 2022

3.
3. mf;gh; 1556 - 1605 Mf - 2022
1. kuhj;jpag; NguuR 1660-

1660-1680 ---
kuhj;jpag; NguuR 2. rpth[p 1627-

1627-1680 Nk - 2021>
4.
khHr; - 2023
1. INuhg;gpah; tUif 1600 - 1700 khHr; - 2024
2. 17 Mk;
Mk; E}w;whz;L 1600 - 1700 ---
INuhg;gpah; tUif
5. epfo;Tfs;
3. fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; 1746 - 1763 ---
Mq;fpNyah; 1. Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd; 1750 - 1900 ---

6. Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs;
tpisTfs;
1. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F 1740 - 1800 ---

njhlf;ffhy
Mq;fpNya vjph;g;Gfs;
fs;
Ml;rpf;F
7. njhlf;ffhy 2. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L 1700 - 1800 khh;r; - 2019
vjph;g;Gfs; epfo;Tfs;
3. ik#h; Nghh;fs; 1767 - 1799 ---
1. r%f rPh;jpUj;j 1820 - 1900 khhr;; - 2020

,af;fq;fs;
8. etPdj;ij Nehf;fp 2. etPdj;ij Nehf;fp 1850 - 1900 ---
3. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L 1800 - 1900 ---

epfo;Tfs;

11th History - Kavin Guide - TM 2024

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KAVIN

khzth;fs; eyd;fUjp ntspapLNthh; :

ftpd; gjpg;gfk; - fj;jpathb> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il khtl;lk;.

1. gz;ila ,e;jpah : njhlf;fk; Kjy; rpe;J ehfupfk; tiu 1

2. gz;ila ,e;jpah : nrk;Gf;fhy> ngUq;fw;fhy> ,Uk;Gf;fhy> 6

3. gpuNjr KbauRfspd; Njhw;wKk; Gjpa kjg;gpupTfs; cUthf;fKk;

5. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rKjha cUthf;fk; 18

6. nksupaUf;Fg; gpe;ija murpay; mikg;Gk; r%fKk; 21

9. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gz;ghl;L tsHr;rp 33

11. gpw;fhyr; NrhoHfs;> ghz;baHfs; 40

12. ghkpdp kw;Wk; tp[aefu muRfs; 45

13. gz;ghl;L xUikg;ghL : ,e;jpahtpy; gf;jp ,af;fk; 50

14. Kfyhag; NguuR 54

16. INuhg;gpaupd; tUif 69

18. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;Fj; njhlf;ffhy vjpHg;Gfs; 83

19. etPdj;ij Nehf;fp 88

gz;ila ,e;jpah : njhlf;fk; Kjy;

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f :

II. FWfpa tpil jUf :

2. goq; fw;fhyk; vt;thW gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

3. N`hkpdpd; Fwpj;J rpWFwpg;

4. ,ilf; fw;fhyg; gz;ghL

6. ngUq;Fsk; : rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

7. rpe;J ehfhpfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf.

III. RUf;fkhd tpil jUf :

 mr;#ypad; kugpdh; ngUkstpy;  Nrh`hdpad; kugpdh; Jz;lhf;Fk;

2. ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilg; goq;fw;

3. ,ilf; fw;fhy ehfhpfk; epytpa ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

4. ,ilf; fw;fhyg; gz;ghLfspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;Gfs; ahit ?

5. rpe;J ehfhpfk; epytpa gFjpapd; vy;iyfi

6. `ug;gh nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspj;j iftpidj; jahhpg;G Fwpj;J vOJf.

7. `ug;gh kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; mwpe;jJ vd;d?

IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :

2. fPo; kw;Wk; ,ilg; goq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghLfi

 rptg;G epw kl;ghz;lq;fs;> nrk;ghyhd mk;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw nra;jhh;fs;.

4. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Gjpa fw;fhyg; gz;ghL vq;F epytpaJ?

5. rpe;J ehfhpfk; Vd; `ug;gh ehfhpfk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

6. jpl;lkplg;gl;l efuq;fshd `ug;gh> nkhfQ;rjhNuh gw;wp vOJf.

gz;ila ,e;jpah : nrk;Gf;fhy> ngUq;fw;fhy>

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f :

II. FWfpa tpil jUf :

3. njhlf;f Ntj fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyia

4. hpf;Ntjf; flTs;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

III. RUf;fkhd tpil jUf :

2. njhlf;ffhy Ntjfhyj;jpd; Gtpapay; guty;fisg; gl;baypLf.

3. hpf; Ntjfhy r%fg; gph

4. Nka;r;ry; r%fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis Ma;f.

5. njhlf;f Ntjfhy r%fj;jpw;Fk; gpd; Ntjfhy r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s

njhlf;f Ntjfhy r%fk; gpd; Ntjfhy r%fk;

Mhpah;fs; Vida kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J th;z mbg;gilapyhd r%fg;

r%fj;jpy; ngz;fs; kpfTk; cah;e;j r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyik

IV. tphpthd tpil jUf :

2. jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUq;fw;fhy mfo;tha;tplq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.

gpuNjr KbauRfspd; Njhw;wKk; Gjpa

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f :

II. FWfpa tpil jUf :

2. rhHthfk; Fwpj;J mwpe;jijf; $Wf.

3. kfhtPuUila Nghjidfspd; ikaf;fUj;J vd;d?

4. [dgjq;fSf;Fk; kfh[dgjq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghl;ilf; $Wf.

tsq;fSf;fhf kw;Wk; murpay; hPjpahf kfh[dgjq;fs; vd;w kf;fis Ml;rp