CHAPTER–II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

The significance of related literature can't be denied of in any research. It is a significant

part of any study which functions as immediate post not just with respect to the work
finished in the field yet additionally to choose the holes and lacking in the concerned
field of study. It helps in understanding the possibilities of issue close by, beside this
review of related literature intends to position, to read thoroughly and to review the past
and estimated writing of literature review about arranged study, the time spent in such a
study is constantly an intelligent work.

2.1 Need and Importance of Review of Related Literature

The need, utility and importance of reviewing literature survey in research work are self-
proven. Without the survey of literature related to the research field, the work of the
researcher becomes like shooting an arrow in the dark. What has the researcher done in
any field by surveying literature? What is to be done in that area? Separating from it
makes its problem worthwhile (Significant), Original and Unique and helps in preparing
a suitable framework of research. Many authors have different views about the need and
importance of literature survey in research. The importance of review of related literature
is show as under (Gupta 2011):

 It explains the significance, necessity and importance of the selected problem and
indicates the implications of the expected results.

 It provides the base by clarifying the related proofs, postulates and principles,
etc., provides a theoretical background for research.

 It is helpful in demarcating the problem, defining, formulating hypotheses and

designing research design.

 What has happened? What's left to do? Separates from, brings to the fore useful
problems while avoiding the repetition of earlier research work.

 It provides information about possible methods, tools and techniques etc. that can
be used in research work.

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  It provides significant assistance in designing research work and in preparing a
detailed action plan.

 It indicates new and important problems, curiosities, difficulties etc. for future
studies in the relevant field of study.

 It clarifies the importance of research by underlining the behavioral utility of the

findings to be derived from research.

 It protects the researcher from making various kinds of errors that may occur
unknowingly, keeping you alert on different steps.

 It makes the research work economical in terms of time, labor and expenditure,
making it practical and feasible for the researcher.

2.2 The Review of Related Literature

This chapter deals with the review of studies conducted in the field of elementary
education. Deeper review of existing available literature any research related to the
problem is an integral part of the effort before to do a research work should be a good
interaction with a researcher the relevant theory in all related problems along with area,
reports and records. Many studies related to elementary education have been done in
India and abroad on elementary education. It is not possible to review the entire literature
available related to the present study. Therefore, the investigator in the current study
limits the review which is directly related to the present study.

Gogate (1984) conducted a study of primary education in Marathwada and the purpose
of the investigation was to ponder the offices accessible in primary schools, subjective &
quantitative development, responsibility of teachers, to know the reasons behind drop-
out & stagnation, accomplishment and enrolment pattern of girls understudy in essential
training. To study 244 schools and 53 extra schools were chosen. The outcome
demonstrated that preceding 1948, practically all schools were led during the Nazam's
routine. At that time there was non-formal education in mosques and pathsala and in the
bequests of enormous proprietors. In 1984-85 there were total 10,293 schools with total
30,942 teachers & total 5, 14000 girls and 30,942 boys’ understudies. There was a single
teacher in provincial and urban regions.

Bhargava (1990) analyzed the growth of availability of educational facilities and

enrollment pattern in schools at elementary level in India and also investigated the

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growth of primary education during the period of 1975-1986 and it was found that there
were amazingly grow progressively and significantly from 1975-1986. During this
period, it was also noticed that educational facilities for the SC, ST and girls students
also increased and improved. And it was also found that the target of universalization of
elementary education was still far from satisfactory.

Naik & Sipra (1992) conducted a study on development of the primary education in
Sundargarh district and the purposes of the research were to study the progress of the
primary education of Sundargarh district after independence, to study the available
facilities in primary school, to study the role of local leaders for developing primary
education, to identify and explain the problems of primary schools. From 17 blocks 203
schools were selected who’s representing all managements. Data were gathered with the
help of questionnaire and interview schedule. The results of study revealed that
enrollment was increased, number of schools and increase in number of teachers at
primary level in Sundargarh district of Orrisa during the period of 1951-52 and 1988-89.
It was also found that there was lack of infrastructural facilities in terms of, lack of
playground facility, lack of buildings, lack of games materials, teaching and learning
materials & incentives. It was also found that where a local leader actively involved with
school there was good schools.

Buch & Sudams (1990) found out in their research that primary schools did not own
buildings, classes were conducted in rented buildings, while most of these schools had
drinking water facilities but there were lack of toilet facilities and library in some of
schools.

Kundu (1995) conducted a study with the purpose of to study the real physical conditions
of primary schools in Guwahati. The investigator found that conditions of physical
facilities in primary schools were found to be pathetic. It was also found that in some
schools there was no partition walls, maximum schools had no playground and in some
schools there were no drinking water facility available.

Devi (1997) conducted a study about the infrastructural facilities available in government
and private schools and found that private schools had better infrastructure facilities. The
investigator suggested that government provide better infrastructure in government
primary schools and raise standard of the school so, that children belonging to deprived
society also get quality education.

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Aggarwal (2000) conducted a survey on "Primary Education in Unrecognized Schools in
Haryana: A Study of DPEP Districts". The main objectives of the study were (i) To
analyze the growth of recognized and unrecognized primary schools (PUS), (ii) To
estimate the enrolment in unrecognized primary schools. (iii) To study infrastructure
facilities. The survey was conducted in all the DPEP Phase I districts namely, Sirsa, Jind,
Hisar and Kaithal. 13 blocks were selected through random sampling from the list of
blocks in each district. The data was collected through personal visit to the 878 schools
by the enumerators. Separate instruction module for filling up the questionnaire were
developed and shared with the block and cluster coordinators. Necessary training for
filling up of data capture format was also provided to all the cluster coordinators. Major
findings were: (1) 18.07 per cent children in Haryana were attending unrecognized
schools. (2) Enrollment in Sirsa and Hisar districts were 28.00 per cent, Jind had 15.07
per cent and Kaithal had 48.08 per cent enrollment in unrecognized schools. There were
some blocks where the ratio of children studying in unrecognized schools was in the
range of 35-40 per cent. (3) Proportion of girls to total enrollment was about 35.00 per
cent in unrecognized schools as compared to 47.00 per cent in government aided schools.
(4) About 30.00 per cent of the school heads identified lack of English teaching in
government schools as a major reason for parental choice not to enroll their children in
Government schools. (5) Unrecognized schools were better in infrastructural facilities as
compared to the government schools.

Bedi et al. (2000) conducted a study on “The Effectiveness of Public Versus Private
Schools” with the objective to study the effectiveness of public and private schools. The
result of the study revealed that performance of the private schools was better than the
public schools.

Alderman et al. (2001) examined the school quality, school cost and the public/private
school choices of low income households in Pakistan with the objectives of to study the
school quality, school cost, choices of school and performance of public/private school
students. The researcher found that students in private schools performed better as
compared to public schools. Private schools had better quality of education than the
public schools. Most of the family preferred private schools than the public schools for
their wards.

Aggarwal (2001) reported that if the schools had boundary wall than it considered safe
for the children. The range of boundary wall in all schools has expanded over the years.

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It was found that a very few schools in Assam, West-Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and
Bihar had boundary walls. It was also found that availability of basic infrastructural
facilities has no meaning until they has in fully working condition. Further, the
investigator also found that in many schools there were toilets facilities but not in
functional condition due to many reasons.

Andrabi, Das & Khwaja (2002) explored the reasons of expanding the quantity of tuition
based schools in Pakistan and the agents found that anyway the charges are high yet were
up 'til now moderate to working class and even low pay gatherings. It was additionally
discovered that Private schools were not a urban world class marvel but instead they are
moreover sensible to the low salary gatherings. It revealed that qualification and training
of teachers, consumption per understudies, pupil teacher ratio and school facilities in
private schools were superior to government schools. It was also revealed that private
schools had more female teachers than the government schools.

Tooley et al. (2005) conducted a survey in Logos state, the poor area of Nigeria, to study
the enrollment pattern in private and public schools and found that enrollment in private
schools were more and the teaching & learning activities were also more than the public
schools.

Bhojwani (2006) conducted a study on “Education in a Municipal Corporation Primary

School of Baroda” and the objectives of the study was to investigate the structure &
functioning of the school regarding human resources, infrastructure, daily routine, and
organization of extra co-curricular activities and students performance. The results of the
study indicated that the facilities related to infrastructure were not sufficient in all the
four selected schools. In Hindi and Marathi medium schools teachers showed curiosity in
teaching, in spite of extra responsibilities. The student’s performance level in all the
selected schools fluctuated between 30 per cent to 40 per cent and it was also found that
there was no student who had so far done something outstanding in academic activities
or in co-curricular activity.

Kumar and Parkash (2007) analyzed the development of elementary education in ahirwal
region of Haryana state and the results of the study revealed that there were some
fundamental factors which badly affect the process of universalization of elementary
education in ahirwal area of the Haryana state. The results showed that there was lack of
school building. It was also found that there were irregularities in teacher’s appointment

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and also lack of teachers in the schools, curriculum was dull for primary education and
parents were not aware regarding value of education. Further the investigator also found
that there were poor relationship among the students and teacher because of frequent
transfers of the teachers, shortage of classroom and trained teachers, not good
functioning of administration, lack of good education policies, Lack of suitable
incentives for the students and Poor parents and high pupil teacher ratio.

PRATHAM (2009) revealed in the report Annual Status of Education Report 2009
(ASER) and found that there was an increasing student’s enrolment trend in private
schools. It was clearly showed in the report that the enrolment of students 6 to 14 age
group in private schools has increased 16.4 per cent in the year 2005 and 22.5 per cent in
the year 2008 and it was significant in many states of India.

Kumar (2010) compared the government and private schools with special reference to
students’ academic achievement, enrolment and infrastructure facilities. The investigator
found that 21.8 percent decrease in the students enrolment from 2005-06 to 2009-10 in
the selected government primary schools on the other side 2.87 percent students
enrolment had increased. The results of the study also revealed that the students’
academic achievement of belonging to private schools were higher than the government
school students at primary level. It was also found that all the selected school had
adequate infrastructure facilities.

Khatti, Munshi & Mirza (2010) conducted a study on “Role of Private Schools in
Promotion of Education Special Focusing on Physical Resources, Human Resources and
other Facilities of Badin District” and main objectives of the research were: to
investigate the availability of physical and human resource in private schools. It was
found that the physical resources and human resources provided by the private schools
were played a better role to promotion of education.

Almani, Soomro & Abro (2012) examined the behaviour of students, teachers, parents
and officers with the objective of to study the real condition of education in private
schools, in the district of Sindh (Pakistan). Investigator was found that the private
schools were provided better education, better teaching learning environment, strict
discipline, charming future, hardworking staff, cooperation and mutual understanding
between school and parents.

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Nishimura & Yamano (2013) conducted a study in Kenya to know the reasons of rising
private education in Africa, and the study revealed that the student teacher ratio in public
schools were higher than the private schools. So, the parents of the students were shifting
their children from government schools.

Afework (2014) conducted a study on “The Availability of School Facilities and Their
Effects on the Quality of Education in Government Primary Schools of Harari Regional
State and East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia”. The main purpose of the study was to know the
availability of facilities in government schools. The result reveled that government
schools had inadequate infrastructure facilities.

Singh (2015) compared the infrastructure and manpower facilities available in

government and private school of Manipur. The investigator found that infrastructural
facilities were adequate in the government and private schools. The results revealed that
the strength of the teachers was more in government schools as compare to private
schools. It was also found that the enrollments of the students were more in the private
schools than the government schools.

Awan & Zia (2015) conducted a study on “Comparative Analysis of Public and Private
Educational Institutions: A case study of District Vehari-Pakistan”. The purposes of the
research were: to identify the causes of rising growth of private schools and the reasons
of declining of public schools, comparison of quality curriculum & education, methods
of teaching, educational qualification of teachers and to investigate future perspectives
& challenges of private schools and public schools in Vehari district of Pakistan. The
results of the study revealed that quality of curriculum & education, methods of teaching,
educational qualification of teachers, were better of private schools than the public
schools. It was also found that parents preferred private schools than public schools.

Lahon (2015) analyzed the infrastructure facilities in secondary schools of Assam with in
reference to Sivasagar District. The results of the research showed that government
schools had the better infrastructural facilities as compare to private schools.

Kumar & Mishra (2015) compared government and private schools and found that job
performance of private schools teachers was higher than the teachers of government
schools. The results of the study also showed that students learning outcomes influenced
by the teachers. It was also found that environment of the schools supported the
performance of teachers and students and the environment of the private schools was
better than the government schools.

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Imam, Singh, & Tiwari, (2016) compared the schools under government and private
management with respect to achievement at secondary stage of education in the district
of Lucknow. The result of the study showed that private schools students of X class had
high achievement than the achievement of private schools students of X class.

Karamvir (2016) analyzed the current status of educational attainment level in Haryana
and found that attainment level of education was highest in gurugram, Panchkula,
Faridabad while attainment level of Mewat, Fatehabad, and palwal districts was lowest.

Neihsial (2016) studied the status of elementary education in Manipur and found that
some schools were running even without basic facilities like chairs, tables and
blackboard at elementary level. It was also found that facilities i.e. water; toilets and
computer were in unsatisfactory conditions. The investigator also observed that parents
were in favors of private schools than the government schools.

Kaushal (2017) compared the academic quality in government and private school at
primary level. The results of the study showed that the role of learning by doing had not
always been fully explored. Strategies for classroom observation within quality
improvement made no references. The educational qualification of the staff was not up to
the mark. There was no wider allocation of staff responsibilities, staff development,
quality improvement and guidance. Only a few schools had created opportunities for
students to get the quality education. Students received learning support in response to
needs which they or their tutors had identified. More than half of the schools in the
overall sample had audited current curricula to identify where there was a need to build a
good student. However, overall there was insufficient progress in ensuring quality.
Schools had provided a little use of well-equipped laboratory and updated library. Most
of the schools visited had a developed system for evaluation of students and met the full
range of needs and regular review through guidance. Maximum students in the schools
visited had positive views of learning towards the attitude of teachers, teaching methods
and their co-operative nature. In almost all schools there had been minimal attention
towards building and other physical facilities and staff development programs. The
interaction between the teachers and students, teachers and principal was at par.

Dixit & Garg (2017) analyzed the academic achievement and academic adjustment of
Government and Private School Students. The results of this study revealed that
government and private school students differ on academic achievement and academic

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adjustment. Private school students had better academic achievement and academic
adjustment than the government school students.

Farooq (2017) reported in his study that unfriendly environment of the school,
unattended difficulties in learning and lack of co-curricular activities become reasons for
dropout of students from the schools. He indicated that for increasing the enrollment of
the students neat and clean classrooms with decoration, play ground facilities with sports
material, laboratories, teaching learning materials and kind and skillful teachers are
required in the schools.

Singh (2017) conducted a study on “A Comparative Study on Perception of Students

towards Co-curricular Activities Organized by Schools of North Delhi: A Critical
Study”. The main objective of the study was: to compare the perception of students
towards Co-curricular activities organized in government and private schools. 40
students were randomly selected from the schools of North Delhi. Survey method was
used. A self developed questionnaire was used for collecting the data. The results of the
study revealed that 80.00 per cent students of government schools and 90.00 per cent
students of private schools accepted that co-curricular activities are important for
inculcating value. Almost all the students of private schools (95.00 per cent) and
maximum (80.00 per cent) students of government school admitted that co-curricular
activities are important for all round development. It was also found that most of the
students of private schools accepted that co-curricular activities are a prestige symbol for
schools as well as for students who participated in co-curricular activities and 70.00 per
cent students of private schools gave opinion that participation in co-curricular activities
should be made compulsory. However 65.00 per cent students of government school had
the different opinion that co-curricular activities should not be imposed on students and
they should be free to choose activities according to their interest.

Verma (2017) compared the attitude of parents for opting to educate their children in
private schools rather than in public schools. The investigator found that the private
school provides better infrastructure facilities, better education, and better teaching
environment and also had the good and dedicated teachers than public schools.

Sofi et al. (2017) compared the government and private schools in Jammu & Kasmir and
found that private schools had lower enrollment of SC and ST students than the
government schools. It was also found that there were similar difference in attendance of

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teachers in government and private schools but private schools had lower pupil teacher
ratio. It was found that few consisted difference in infrastructure in both the government
and private schools. It was also found that government schools teachers had more salary
than the private schools teachers.

ASER (2018) released its 13th Annual Status of Education Report 2018 in New Delhi on
dated 15th of January 2019.Third grade+ saw an increase in enrollment of 5 per cent in
six state s (Haryana, Punjab, Mizoram, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala) in government
schools. The data of the report indicates that an expansion of practically 13.06 per cent
over the quantity of upper elementary schools visited in 2016. Enormous increments in
the quantity of tested village with upper primary schools were unmistakable in Haryana,
Assam, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The report also indicated that play ground
facility was accessible more than 90 per cent schools of Haryana, Maharastra and
Himachal paradesh but mostly schools of Odisha, Jammu and Kasmir, Jharkhand and
Bihar do not have play ground facility for the students. There was no teacher of physical
education in mostly schools of villages. Only 5 per cent primary schools have physical
education teachers. The report shows that in mostly elementary schools there was no
physical teacher available. It was also found that private schools have better performance
than the government schools in all aspects. It was also revealed that from a quarter there
was no access to a playground in all schools of Jammu & Kashmir, Bihar, Orisha, and
Jharkhand.

Suppramaniam, Kularajasingam, & Sharmin, (2019) conducted a study on “Factors

Influencing Parents Decision in Selecting Private Schools in Chittagong City,
Bangladesh” and the main objectives of the study were: to analysis the determine factors
(popularity and quality of school, future option, parents’ annual income , and
qualification of parents) have significant influence on parents decision of choosing
private school. The results of the study showed that popularity and quality of school,
future option, parents’ annual income and qualification of parents had the significance
influence on parents’ choice of choosing private schools. The findings of the study also
indicated that there were a positive correlation between the school quality and popularity
of private schools.

Majhi & Mallick (2019) studied the infrastructure and enrollment of the students in
elementary education in the state of Odisa. The researcher found that the infrastructure of

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the school play the significant role to the enrollment and it is also encourage the students
especially girls child to come to the school.

2.3 Conclusion

The review of related literature plays a vital role in the research. It gives the important
input to the investigator for conducting a study. At the beginning of the study, it helps
the investigator to identify the research problem, for determining objectives of the study,
for developing a methodology, statistical technique, knowledge about tools used and all
the operational steps of research. All the studies had their own importance. However, a
lot of studies were conducted about the status of education, parents’ perception about
school choice and enrollment pattern. But, during review the literature the investigator
found that there was no study which was directly compares the government and private
schools of Haryana at elementary level. After knowing the above facts the investigator
decided to analyze the government and private schools of Haryana state at elementary
level.

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