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FIOT Notes
Computer Science & Engineering (Avanthi Institute of Engineering & Technology)
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Fundamentals of Internet of Things
JNTU HYDERABAD
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS
B.TECH/OPEN ELECTIVE/R18
SYLLABUS
UNIT – I
Introduction to Internet of Things, Characteristics of IoT, Physical design of IoT,

Functional blocks of IoT, Sensing, Actuation, Basics of Networking,
Communication Protocols, Sensor Networks.
UNIT – II
Machine-to-Machine Communications, Difference between IoT and M2M,

Interoperability in IoT, Introduction to Arduino Programming, Integration of Sensors
and Actuators with Arduino.
UNIT – III
Introduction to Python programming, Introduction to Raspberry Pi, Interfacing

Raspberry Pi with basic peripherals, Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi.
UNIT – IV
Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi, Introduction to Software defined Network

(SDN), SDN for IoT, Data Handling and Analytics.
UNIT – V
Cloud Computing, Sensor-Cloud, Smart Cities and Smart Homes, Connected

Vehicles, Smart Grid, Industrial IoT, Case Study: Agriculture, Healthcare,
Activity Monitoring.
*****
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UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
(IOT)
 “Internet of Things (IoT)” was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999, and it has
recently become more relevant to the practical world largely because of
the growth of mobile devices, embedded and appearing communication,
cloud computing and data analytics.
 The “Thing” in IoT can be any device with any kind of built-in-sensors with
the ability to collect and transfer data over a network without manual
intervention.
 The embedded technology in the object helps them to interact with internal
states and the external environment, which in turn helps in decisions making
process.
 However, all complete IoT systems are the same in that they represent the
integration of four distinct components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data
processing, and a user interface.
 IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet.
 By 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/things connected to internet.
 Internet of Things would be a $8.9 trillion market in 2020.
 IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the internet but also allow
things to communicate and exchange data.
 Imagine a world where billions of objects can sense, communicate and share
information, all interconnected over public or private Internet Protocol (IP)
networks. These interconnected objects have data regularly collected,
analyzed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of intelligence for
planning, management and decision making. This is the world of the Internet
of Things.
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What is meant by Internet of things?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects — “things”—
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.
What is the Internet of things and why is it important?
Internet of Things can create information about the connected objects, analyze it,
and make decisions; in other words, one can tell that the Internet of Things is
smarter than the Internet. Security cameras, sensors, vehicles, buildings, and
software are examples of things that can exchange data among each other.
IoT is about transferring data without or with human intervention. It is nothing

about human-to-human or computer interaction as it has UIDs (Unique
Identifiers). Artificial Intelligence is all about making your system behave smartly
according to human behaviour, whereas IoT is all about the sensors of devices.
Definition: The Internet of things refers to a type of network to connect anything

with the Internet based on stipulated protocols through information sensing
equipment’s to conduct information exchange and communications in order to
achieve smart recognitions, positioning, tracing, monitoring, and administration.
(Or)
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based

on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and
virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual
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personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.
(Or)
The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea of
everyday physical objects being connected to the internet and being able to
identify themselves to other devices. It has dynamic global network infrastructure
with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities,
physical attributes and virtual network and use intelligent interfaces.
Benefits of IoT: Since IoT allows devices to be controlled remotely across the
internet, thus it created opportunities to directly connect & integrate the physical
world to the computer-based systems using sensors and internet. The
interconnection of these multiple embedded devices will be resulting in automation
in nearly all fields and also enabling advanced applications. This is resulting in
improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit with reduced human
intervention. It encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes,
intelligent transportation and smart cities.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
There are 5 types of characteristics that are:
1) Dynamic & Self-Adapting.

2) Self-Configuring.
3) Interoperable Communication Protocols.
4) Unique Identity.
5) Integrated into Information Network.
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability
to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their
operating conditions, user’s context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing
conditions.
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2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to

provide certain functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of

interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices
and also with infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier
(IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and

exchange data with other devices and systems.
APPLICATIONS OF IOT [OR] DOMAIN SPECIFIC IOTs
The Applications on IoT networks extract and create information from lower- level
data by filtering, processing, categorizing, condensing and contextualizing the
data.
1) Home.
2) Cities.
3) Environment.
4) Energy.
5) Retail.
6) Logistics.
7) Agriculture.
8) Industry.
9) Health & Lifestyle.
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1) Home Automation:
i. Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the

ambient conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed.
ii. Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status
information to the users remotely.
iii. Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors (PIR sensors and
door sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form
of SMS or email sent to the user.
iv. Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and
buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts
raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm
system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
CO, LPG etc.,
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2) Cities:
i. Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for
drivers. Smart parking is powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty
parking slots and send information over internet to smart application
backends.
ii. Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
iii. Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving
condition, travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions,
traffic condition and accidents.
iv. Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the
vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
v. Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be
aggregated in cloud based scalable storage solution.
vi. Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water
leakage detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects
on the critical infrastructures.
3) Environment:
i. Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached

and send the data to cloud-based applications and storage back ends. The
data collected in cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based
applications.
ii. Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases
(CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and
meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make
informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
iii. Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise
levels in cities have increased and even become alarmingly high in some
cities. IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise
monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in a city. The data on
noise levels from the station is collected on servers or in the cloud. The
collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
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iv. Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources,
property and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in
minimizing damage.
v. River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by
monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate
sensors.
4) Energy:
i. Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical

grids that collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power
transmission, distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides
predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and
their customers on how best to manage power. By using IoT based sensing
and measurement technologies, the health of equipment and integrity of the
grid can be evaluated.
ii. Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the
transformers at the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables
and how much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-
loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point of
interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides power
support.
iii. Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is
collected using specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) at the substations. The information received from PMUs
must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for
predicting failures.
5) Retail:
i. Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory

using data collected by RFID readers.
ii. Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
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iii. Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors

its operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for predictive
maintenance.
6) Logistics:
i. Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can
provide first response to the route generation queries and can be scaled up to
serve a large transportation network.
ii. Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-time.
iii. Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors
such as temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud,
where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage.
iv. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for
collecting data on Vehicle operations (speed, RPM etc.,) and status of
various vehicle subsystems.
7) Agriculture:
i. Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in soil.

ii. Green House Control: to improve productivity.
8) Industry:
i. Machine diagnosis and prognosis.

ii. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring.
9) Health and Lifestyle:
i. Health & Fitness Monitoring.

ii. Wearable Electronics.
PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT
 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
⮡ Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly
or indirectly), or
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⮡ Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
⮡ Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-
ends for processing the data, or
⮡ Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints.
1) Things in IoT/Generic block diagram of an IoT Device:
 The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices
can exchange data with other connected devices applications. It collects
data from other devices and process data either locally or remotely.
 An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections/
communication to other devices, both wired and wireless. These includes:
i. I/O interfaces for sensors.
ii. Interfaces for Internet connectivity.
iii. Memory and storage interfaces.
iv. Audio/video interfaces.
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2) IoT Protocols:
i. Link Layer:
 802.3 – Ethernet
 802.11 – WiFi
 802.16 – WiMax
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 2G/3G/4G
ii. Network/Internet Layer:
 IPv4
 IPv6
 6LoWPAN
iii. Transport Layer:
 TCP
 UDP
iv. Application Layer:
 HTTP
 CoAP
 WebSocket
 MQTT
 XMPP
 DDS
 AMQP
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i) Link Layer: Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network’s
physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on
the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols.
Link layer determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over
the medium to which the host is attached.
Protocols:
 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for

the link layer. Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted
pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet
over fiber.
 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN (WLAN)
communication standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg:
802.11a operates in 5GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in
2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in
5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards
including exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from
1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
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 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low

rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). Basis for high level
communication protocols such as ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s
to250kb/s.
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up
to100Mb/s(4G).
ii) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source

n/w to destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams
contains source and destination address.
Protocols:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w

using a hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of
2**32addresses.
 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows
2**128 addresses.
 6LOWPAN:(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork) operates in
2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
iii) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability

independent of the underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP
and without ACK as in UDP. Provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers (along with

HTTP and HTTPS), email (along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented
and stateless protocol. IP Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP
ensures reliable transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion
and congestion collapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time
sensitive applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction
oriented and stateless protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery.
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iv) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer
protocols to send data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication
using ports.
Protocols:
 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow
request- response model Stateless protocol.
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine (M2M)
applications with constrained devices, constrained environment and
constrained n/w. Uses client- server architecture.
 WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connection.
 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging
protocol based on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture.
Well suited for constrained environment.
 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time
communication and streaming XML data between network entities.
Support client-server and server-server communication.
 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for
device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-
subscribe model.
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer
protocol for business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-
subscribe model.
FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF IOT [OR] IOT FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation,

communication and management.
1) Device.
2) Communication.
3) Services.
4) Management.
5) Security.
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6) Applications.
1) Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,

monitoring and control functions.
2) Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
3) Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing
services and services for device discovery.
4) Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
5) Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as
authentication, authorization, message and context integrity and data
security.
6) Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of IoT system.
SENSING
 The main purpose of sensors is to collect data from the surrounding

environment. Sensors, or 'things' of the IoT system, form the front end.
 These are connected directly or indirectly to IoT networks after signal
conversion and processing.
 Types of IoT sensors:
1) Temperature sensors.
2) Humidity sensors.
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3) Motion sensors.
4) Gas sensors.
5) Smoke sensors.
6) Pressure sensors.
7) Image sensors.
8) IR sensors.
ACTUATION
Another type of transducer that you will encounter in many IoT systems is an
actuator. In simple terms, an actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor.
It takes an electrical input and turns it into physical action.
SENSING VS ACTUATION
Sensing converts physical characteristics into electrical signals. Actuation

converts electrical signals into physical characteristics. Sensor generated
electrical signals. Actuator generates heat or motion. It is placed at input port of
the system.
BASICS OF NETWORKING
Switches, routers, and wireless access points are the essential networking basics.
Through them, devices connected to your network can communicate with one
another and with other networks, like the Internet. Switches, routers, and wireless
access points perform very different functions in a network.
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
IoT Communication Models:
1) Request-Response Model.
2) Publish-Subscribe Model.
3) Push-Pull Model.
4) Exclusive Pair Model.
1) Request-Response Model: In which the client sends request to the server and
the server replies to requests. Is a stateless communication model and each
request-response pair is independent of others.
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2) Publish-Subscribe Model: Involves publishers, brokers and consumers.

Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data to the topics which are
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers
subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker
receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.
3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers
pull data from the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues
help in decoupling the message between the producers and consumers.
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4 Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses

a persistent connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it
remains open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful
communication model and server is aware of all the open connections.
IoT Communication APIs:
1) REST based communication APIs (Request-Response Based Model).

2) WebSocket based Communication APIs (Exclusive Pair Based Model).
1) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer

(REST) is a set of architectural principles by which we can design web services
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and web APIs that focus on a system ‘s resources and have resource states
are addressed and transferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows communication between

client server with REST APIs.
Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of

concerns. Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and
updated.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary
to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the
server.
Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a

request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a
response is cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse that
response data for later, equivalent requests.
Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each

component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are
interacting.
User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a

client and a server must be uniform.
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Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to
execute in their context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.
Request-Response model used by REST:
RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs.

RESTful web API has a base URI (e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The
clients and requests to these URIs using the methods defined by the HTTP
protocol (e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A RESTful web service can
support various internet media types.
2) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket
APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.
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UNIT – II
MACHINE-TO-MACHINE (M2M)
COMMUNICATIONS
 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines (or devices)

for the purpose of remote monitoring and control and data exchange.
 Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-to-Machine (M2M).
 IoT and M2M are often used interchangeably.
 Fig. Shows the end-to-end architecture of M2M systems comprises of
M2M area networks, communication networks and application foaming.
 An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes) which

have embedded network modules for sensing, actuation and
communicating various communication protocols can be used for M2M
LAN such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus etc., These
protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M area
network.
 The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area
networks. The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M
area network. The communication network can use either wired or wireless
network (IP based). While the M2M are networks use either
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proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols, the communication

network uses IP-based network. Since non-IP based protocols are used
within M2M area network, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
 To enable the communication between remote M2M are network, M2M
gateways are used.
Fig. Shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway. The communication between

M2M nodes and the M2M gateway is based on the communication protocols
which are naive to the M2M are network. M2M gateway performs protocol
translations to enable Ip-connectivity for M2M are networks. M2M gateway acts
as a proxy performing translations from/to native protocols to/from Internet
Protocol (IP). With an M2M gateway, each mode in an M2M area network
appears as a virtualized node for external M2M area networks.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M
1) Communication Protocols: Commonly uses M2M protocols include

ZigBee, Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus, Wireless MBustec., In IoT uses
HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQ Petc.,
2) Machines in M2M Vs Things in IoT: Machines in M2M will be
homogenous whereas Things in IoT will be heterogeneous.
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3) Hardware Vs Software Emphasis: the emphasis of M2M is more on

hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on software.
4) Data Collection & Analysis: M2M data is collected in point solutions and
often in on-premises storage infrastructure. The data in IoT is collected in
the cloud (can be public, private or hybrid cloud).
5) Applications: M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be
accessed by on-premises applications such as diagnosis applications,
service management applications, and on- premises enterprise applications.
IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud
applications such as analytics applications, enterprise applications, remote
diagnosis and management applications, etc.
INTEROPERABILITY IN IOT
What does interoperability mean?
Defining Interoperability: Interoperability is the ability of different information

technology systems and software applications to communicate, to exchange data
accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been
exchanged.
What is interoperability and why is it especially important in the Internet?
Foundational interoperability enables one information system to exchange data

with another information system. The system receiving this information does not
need to have to interpret the data. It will be instantly available for use.
Dimensions for Interoperability: The main objective of this report is not to produce
a new definition on interoperability but to explore the different roles and
functionality that interoperability plays in IoT. There are many definitions of
interoperability; we try to provide a common definition that can be extracted from
many of those definitions (bringing from the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project,
3GPP). Interoperability is:
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“the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange data and use
information”
This definition provides many challenges on how to:
 Get the information.

 Exchange data, and
 Use the information in understanding it and being able to process it.
A simple representation of interoperability can be seen as follow:
Technical Interoperability is usually associated with hardware/software

components, systems and platforms that enable machine-to-machine communication
to take place. This kind of interoperability is often centred on (communication)
protocols and the infrastructure needed for those protocols to operate.
Syntactical Interoperability is usually associated with data formats. Certainly,

the messages transferred by communication protocols need to have a well-defined
syntax and encoding, even if it is only in the form of bittables. However, many
protocols carry data or content, and this can be represented using high-level
syntaxes such as HTML or XML
Semantic Interoperability is usually associated with the meaning of content and

concerns the human rather than machine interpretation of the content. Thus,
interoperability on this level means that there is a common understanding between
people of the meaning of the content (information) being exchanged.
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Organizational Interoperability, as the name implies, is the ability of organizations

to effectively communicate and transfer (meaningful) data (information) even though
they may be using a variety of different information systems over widely different
infrastructures, possibly across different geographic regions and cultures.
Organizational interoperability depends on successful technical, syntactical and
semantic interoperability.
Following the definitions and the trends on ICT sector about sensors and sensor
data we can add two other dimensions: Static and dynamic interoperability.
Static interoperability using approach of the well-known OSI overall test

methodology ISO 9646 [49], where there is definition of static conformance review.
Conformance testing consists of checking whether an Implementation Under Test
(IUT) satisfies all static and dynamic conformance requirements. For the static
conformance requirements this means a reviewing process of the options (PICS)
delivered with the IUT. This is referred to as the static conformance review. This
aspect could appear easy but that represent serious challenge in the IoT field due
the broad range of applications.
Dynamic interoperability: Two products cannot interoperate if they do not

implement the same set of options (“services”). Therefore, when specifications are
including a broad range of options, this aspect could lead to serious interoperability
problem. Solutions to overcome these aspects consist of definition clearly in a clear
document the full list options with all conditions (e.g., defined as PICS in [49]) as
well as to define set of profiles. In the latter case, defining profile would help to truly
check interoperability between two products in the same family or from different
family if the feature checked belongs to the two groups. We could consider this
aspect as:
Interoperability: Challenges and Requirements: The overall challenges in

interoperability is first to stabilize the foundation of the real world data/services,
ensuring technical interoperability from technologies to deliver mass of information
and then complementary challenges are for the information to be understood and
processed. Before entering into details
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present a summary of the challenges for technical and semantic

interoperability in Table 1.
Table 1: IoT Technical Interoperability Challenges/Requirements
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INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
Arduino Programs:
All Arduino programs must follow the following main structure:
Arduino Program – Example:
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Arduino Program – Using Comments:
Creating and Using Functions:
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INTEGRATION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS WITH ARDUINO
Sensors and Actuators:
 A Sensor is a converter that measures a physical size and converts it to a

signal that can be read by an instrument, data acquisition device, or an
Arduino. Examples: temperature sensor, pressure sensor, etc.
 An Actuator is a kind of motor that moves or controls a mechanism or
system. It is powered by an energy source, typical electric current,
hydraulic fluid pressure, or air pressure, and converts this energy into
motion. Examples: Engine, Pump, Valve, etc.
 The sensors and actuators can be either digital or analog.
 Some sensors and actuators have been made for Arduino, while others need
to be connected in some circuit to work properly with Arduino.
 Many of these come with ready-made libraries for Arduino, so they are easy to
use.
Examples:
1) Electrical Circuit.
2) Blinking LED.
3) Switch.
4) Potentiometer.
5) Temperature.
6) Light Sensor.
7) Thermistor.
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UNIT – III
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
PROGRAMMING
Python
Python is a general-purpose high level programming language and suitable for

providing a solid foundation to the reader in the area of cloud computing.
The main characteristics of Python are:
1) Multi-paradigm programming language.

2) Python supports more than one programming paradigms including
object-oriented programming and structured programming.
3) Interpreted Language.
4) Python is an interpreted language and does not require an explicit
compilation step.
5) The Python interpreter executes the program source code directly,
statement by statement, as a processor or scripting engine does.
6) Interactive Language.
7) Python provides an interactive mode in which the user can submit
commands at the Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly.
Python Benefits
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Python – Setup:
Datatypes
Every value in Python has a datatype. Since everything is an object in Python

programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of
these classes.
There are various data types in Python. Some of the important types are listed below.
Python Numbers
Integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers falls under Python numbers
category. They are defined as int, float and complex class in Python. We can use the
type () function to know which class a variable or a value belongs to and the is
instance () function to check if an object belongs to a particular class.
Integers can be of any length; it is only limited by the memory available. A floating-
point number is accurate up to 15 decimal places. Integer and floating points are
separated by decimal points. 1 is integer, 1.0 is floating
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point number. Complex numbers are written in the form, x + yj, where x is the
real part and y is the imaginary part. Here are some examples.
Python List
List is an ordered sequence of items. It is one of the most used datatypes in Python
and is very flexible. All the items in a list do not need to be of the same type.
Declaring a list is pretty straight forward. Items separated by commas are
enclosed within brackets [].
>>> a = [1, 2.2, 'python']
We can use the slicing operator [ ] to extract an item or a range of items from a
list. Index starts form 0 in Python.
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Python Tuple
Tuple is an ordered sequence of items same as list. The only difference is that
tuples are immutable. Tuples once created cannot be modified. Tuples are used to
write-protect data and are usually faster than list as it cannot change dynamically.
It is defined within parentheses () where items are separated by commas.
>>> t = (5,'program', 1+3j)
Script.py
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Python Strings
String is sequence of Unicode characters. We can use single quotes or double quotes
to represent strings. Multi-line strings can be denoted using triple quotes, ''' or """.
>>> s = "This is a string"
>>> s = '''a multiline
Like list and tuple, slicing operator [ ] can be used with string. Strings are
immutable.
Script.py
We can perform set operations like union, intersection on two sets. Set has unique
values. They eliminate duplicates. Since, set are unordered collection, indexing has
no meaning. Hence the slicing operator [] does not work. It is generally used when
we have a huge amount of data.
Dictionaries are optimized for retrieving data. We must know the key to retrieve
the value. In Python, dictionaries are defined within braces {} with each item
being a pair in the form key:
value. Key and value can be of any type.
We use key to retrieve the respective value. But not the other way around.
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Script.py
Python if...else Statement
Every value in Python has a datatype. Since everything is an object in Python

programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of
these classes. Decision making is required when we want to execute a code only if
a certain condition is satisfied.
The if…elif…else statement is used in Python for decision making.
Python if Statement
Syntax
if test expression:
statement(s)
Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will execute statement(s) only if
the text expression is True.
If the text expression is False, the statement(s) is not executed. In Python, the
body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation. Body starts with an
indentation and the first unindebted line marks the end. Python interprets non-
zero values as True. None and 0 are interpreted as False.
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Python if Statement Flowchart
In the above example, num > 0 is the test expression. The body of it is
executed only if this evaluates to True.
When variable num is equal to 3, test expression is true and body inside body of it
is executed. If variable num is equal to -1, test expression is false and
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body inside body of it is skipped. The print() statement falls outside of the if block
(unindebted). Hence, it is executed regardless of the test expression.
Python if..else Flowchart
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The elif is short for else if. It allows us to check for multiple expressions. If the
condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the next elif block and so on. If
all the conditions are False, body of else is executed. Only one block among the
several if...elif...else blocks is executed according to the condition. The if block
can have only one else block. But it can have multiple elifblocks.
Flowchart of if...elif...else
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When variable num is positive, Positive number is printed. If
num is equal to 0, Zero is printed.
If num is negative, Negative number is printed
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Python Nested if statements
We can have a if...elif...else statement inside another if...elif...else statement. This

is called nesting in computer programming. Any number of these statements can
be nested inside one another.
Indentation is the only way to figure out the level of nesting. This can get confusing,
so must be avoided if we can.
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Python for Loop
The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string) or other
iterable objects. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal. Syntax of for Loop
for Val in sequence:
Body of for
Here, Val is the variable that takes the value of the item inside the sequence on
each iteration.
Loop continues until we reach th e last item in the sequence. The body of for
loop is separated from the rest of the code using indentation.
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INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY PI
 Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit card-sized computer that connects to a

computer monitor or TV using HDMI, and uses a standard keyboard and
mouse. It can run a host of operating systems, such as Raspbian (Debian
Linux), Android, Windows 10, IoT Core, etc.
 The Raspberry Pi is a series of low-cost, programmable computers that
include a set of GPIO, or 'General Purpose Input Output', pins that can
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be used to connect and control external electronic devices, and to create

Internet of Things (IoT) solutions.
 Raspberry Pi was developed as an educational computer. ... The name
Raspberry Pi is derived from the fruit pie, raspberry pie. This is because many
companies in the computer neighbourhood where Raspberry Pi was based
used fruit names such as Apple and apricot as names for their companies
and products.
 Raspberry Pi is a small single board computer. By connecting peripherals
like Keyboard, mouse, display to the Raspberry Pi, it will act as a mini
personal computer.
 Raspberry Pi is popularly used for real time Image/Video Processing, IoT
based applications and Robotics applications.
 Raspberry Pi is slower than laptop or desktop but is still a computer which
can provide all the expected features or abilities, at a low power
consumption.
 We can install several Third-Party versions of OS like Ubuntu, Archlinux,
RISC OS, Windows 10 IOT Core, etc.
 Raspbian OS is official Operating System available for free to use. This
OS is efficiently optimized to use with Raspberry Pi. Raspbian have GUI
which includes tools for Browsing, Python programming, office, games, etc.
 We should use SD card (minimum 8 GB recommended) to store the OS
(operating System).
 Raspberry Pi is more than computer as it provides access to the on-chip
hardware i.e. GPIOs for developing an application. By accessing GPIO,
we can connect devices like LED, motors, sensors, etc and can control
them too.
 The CPU speed of Raspberry Pi varies from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz. Also,
it has on-board SDRAM that ranges from 256 MB to 1 GB.
 Raspberry Pi also provides on-chip SPI, I2C, I2S and UART modules.
 There are different versions of raspberry pi available as listed below:
1) Raspberry Pi 1 Model A
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2) Raspberry Pi 1 Model A+
3) Raspberry Pi 1 Model B
4) Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+
7) Raspberry Pi Zero
Some Hardware Components shown above are mention below:
1) HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): It is used for transmitting

uncompressed video or digital audio data to the Computer Monitor, Digital
TV, etc. Generally, this HDMI port helps to connect Raspberry Pi to the
Digital television.
2) CSI Camera Interface: CSI (Camera Serial Interface) interface provides
a connection in between Broadcom Processor and Pi camera. This
interface provides electrical connections between two devices.
3) DSI Display Interface: DSI (Display Serial Interface) Display Interface is
used for connecting LCD to the Raspberry Pi using 15-pin ribbon
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cable. DSI provides fast High resolution display interface specifically used
for sending video data directly from GPU to the LCD display.
4) Composite Video and Audio Output: The composite Video and Audio
output port carries video along with audio signal to the Audio/Video systems.
5) Power LED: It is a RED colored LED which is used for Power indication.
This LED will turn ON when Power is connected to the Raspberry Pi. It is
connected to 5V directly and will start blinking whenever the supply voltage
drops below 4.63V.
6) ACT PWR: ACT PWR is Green LED which shows the SD card activity.
Getting Started with Raspberry Pi:
 To get started with Raspberry Pi, we have to store required OS on SD card.

 Now to store OS on SD card we need to install OS on SD card. If you
want to know how to install/store OS on SD card.
 Here, we installed the Raspbian OS on SD card.
 Now, we have an SD card with installed OS and Raspberry Pi Board.
 Initially to use raspberry Pi we need computer monitor or Digital
Display.
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 We can directly connect Raspberry Pi to the Digital Display using HDMI

cable.
But, if we have a computer monitor (VGA Display), then we need an HDMI to

VGA converter along with a VGA cable for connecting Raspberry Pi with
monitors. HDMI to VGA converter and VGA cable is shown below.
Now, connect the Raspberry Pi to the Display/monitor and Power-On Raspberry

Pi. We will get a Black command window asking for Login and Password as
shown below.
Then, use the following login name and password
raspberrypi Login: pi
Password: raspberry
 This is the default user name and password. You can change the
password after the first login.
 The above command window can be used to operate Raspberry Pi.
 To get GUI environment on Raspberry Pi, use below command.
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On display, there is a symbol of raspberry to the top-left corner of display. After

clicking on it, we will get menu as shown below
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Then, click on change password option shown below:
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RASPBERRY PI INTERFACES
1) Serial: The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit
(Tx) pins for communication with serial peripherals.
2) SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol
used for communicating with one or more peripheral devices.
3) I2C: The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect
hardware modules. I2C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just
two pins - SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line).
Raspberry Pi Example:
Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi:
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How can IoT Applications use Raspberry Pi?
With an in-built quadcore processor, Raspberry Pi can serve as the “Internet

Gateway” for IoT devices. Powered by a cloud network, Pi acts as a web server for
uploading and transiting sensor data on IoT platforms.
Newer Raspberry Pi models come with a standard 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet port
that you can use to connect the device to the Internet. You simply need to plug
an Ethernet cable to the Raspberry Pi and connect it to your Internet router.
What are the disadvantages of Raspberry Pi?
1) Not able to run Windows Operating system.

2) Impractical as a Desktop Computer.
3) Graphics Processor Missing.
4) Missing eMMC Internal Storage. Since the raspberry pi doesn't have any
internal storage, it requires a micro-SD card to work as an internal storage.
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INTERFACING RASPBERRY PI WITH BASIC PERIPHERALS
 The other two serial interfaces are the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) and
Inter-Integrated-Circuit bus (I2C).
 SPI on the Pi allows for up to two attached devices, while I2C potentially
allows for many devices, as long as their addresses don't conflict.
 Pi Camera module is a camera which can be used to take pictures and high-
definition video.
 Raspberry Pi Board has CSI (Camera Serial Interface) interface to which
we can attach Pi Camera module directly. This Pi Camera module can
attach to the Raspberry Pi's CSI port using 15-pin ribbon cable.
Pi Camera Module Interface with Raspberry Pi using Python:
Fig: Pi Camera Module (v1.3)
 Pi Camera module is a camera which can be used to take pictures and

high-definition video.
 Raspberry Pi Board has CSI (Camera Serial Interface) interface to which we
can attach Pi Camera module directly.
 This Pi Camera module can attach to the Raspberry Pi’s CSI port using
15-pin ribbon cable.
Features of Pi Camera: Here, we have used Pi camera v1.3. Its features are
listed below,
 Resolution – 5 MP
 HD Video recording – 1080p @30fps, 720p @60fps, 960p @45fps and so
on.
 It Can capture wide, still (motionless) images of resolution 2592x1944 pixels.
 CSI Interface enabled.
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How to attach Pi Camera to Raspberry Pi?
Now, we can use Pi Camera for capturing images and videos using Raspberry Pi.
Before using Pi Camera, we need to enable camera for its working.
How to Enable Camera functionality on Raspberry Pi?
For enabling camera in Raspberry Pi, open raspberry pi configuration using

following command
“sudo raspi-config”
then select Interfacing options in which select camera option to enable its
functionality.
reboot Raspberry Pi.
Now we can access camera on Raspberry Pi.
Now we can capture images and videos using Pi Camera on Raspberry Pi.
Example:
Capture images and save it to the specified directory.
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We can capture images using Python. Here, we will write a Python program to
capture images using Pi Camera on Raspberry Pi.
Here, we have used Pi Camera package(library) which provides different classes for
Raspberry Pi. Out of which we are mainly interested in Pi Camera class which is for
camera module.
Python Program for Image Capture:
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Python Program for Video Recording:
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IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT WITH RASPBERRY PI
Basic building blocks of an IoT Device
Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi Raspberry
Pi interfaces
Programming Raspberry Pi with Python
Other IoT devices
What is an IoT Device?
A "Thing" in Internet of Things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique identifier
and which can send/receive data (including user data) over a network (e.g., smart
phone, smart TV, computer, refrigerator, car, etc.).
IoT devices are connected to the Internet and send information about themselves or
about their surroundings (e.g. information sensed by the connected sensors) over a
network (to other devices or servers/storage) or allow actuation upon the physical
entities/environment around them remotely.
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IoT Device Examples:
1) A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of

appliances and controlling the appliances.
2) An industrial machine which sends information abouts its operation and
health monitoring data to a server.
3) A car which sends information about its location to a cloud-based service.
4) A wireless-enabled wearable device that measures data about a person
such as the number of steps walked and sends the data to a cloud- based
service.
Basic building blocks of an IoT Device:
1) Sensing: Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to the
device.
2) Actuation: IoT devices can have various types of actuators attached that
allow taking actions upon the physical entities in the vicinity of the device.
3) Communication: Communication modules are responsible for sending
collected data to other devices or cloud-based servers/storage and receiving
data from other devices and commands from remote applications.
4) Analysis & Processing: Analysis and processing modules are responsible
for making sense of the collected data.
Block diagram of an IoT Device:
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Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi:
 Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit

card.
 Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks
that a normal desktop computer can do.
 Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general
purpose I/O pins.
 Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python
“out of the box".
Raspberry Pi GPIO:
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UNIT – IV
INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK (SDN)
 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a networking architecture that

separates the control plane from the data plane and centralizes the network
controller.
 Software-based SDN controllers maintain a unified view of the network
and make configuration, management and provisioning simpler.
 The underlying infrastructure in SDN uses simple packet forwarding
hardware as opposed to specialized hardware in conventional networks.
Key elements of SDN:
1) Network Controller: With decoupled control and data planes and centralized
network controller, the network administrators can rapidly configure the
network.
2) Programmable Open APIs: SDN architecture supports programmable open
APIs for interface between the SDN application and control layers
(Northbound interface).
3) Standard Communication Interface (OpenFlow): SDN architecture
uses a standard communication interface between the control and
infrastructure layers (Southbound interface). OpenFlow, which is defined
by the Open Networking Foundation (ONF) is the broadly accepted SDN
protocol for the Southbound interface.
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SDN FOR IOT
 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is networking architecture that

separates the control plane from the data plane and centralizes the network
controller.
 Software-based SDN controllers maintain a unified view of the network.
 The underlying infrastructure in SDN uses simple packet forwarding
hardware as opposed to specialized hardware in conventional networks.
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Fig: SDN Architecture
Key elements of SDN:
4) Centralized Network Controller: With decoupled control and data planes

and centralized network controller, the network administrators can rapidly
configure the network.
5) Programmable Open APIs: SDN architecture supports programmable open
APIs for interface between the SDN application and control layers
(Northbound interface).
6) Standard Communication Interface (OpenFlow): SDN architecture
uses a standard communication interface between the control and
infrastructure layers (Southbound interface). OpenFlow, which is defined
by the Open Networking Foundation (ONF) is the broadly accepted SDN
protocol for the Southbound interface.
*****
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UNIT – V
CLOUD COMPUTING
Introduction to Cloud Computing:
The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the internet-connected devices we use to

perform the processes and services that support our way of life. Another
component set to help IoT succeed is cloud computing, which acts as a sort of
front end. Cloud computing is an increasingly popular service that offers several
advantages to IOT, and is based on the concept of allowing users to perform
normal computing tasks using services delivered entirely over the internet. A
worker may need to finish a major project that must be submitted to a manager,
but perhaps they encounter problems with memory or space constraints on their
computing device. Memory and space constraints can be minimized if an
application is instead hosted on the internet. The worker can use a cloud
computing service to finish their work because the data is managed remotely by a
server.
Another example: you have a problem with your mobile device and you need to
reformat it or reinstall the operating system. You can use Google Photos to upload
your photos to internet based storage. After the reformat or reinstall, you can then
either move the photos back to you device or you can view the photos on your
device from the internet when you want.
Concept:
In truth, cloud computing and IoT are tightly coupled. The growth of IoT and the
rapid development of associated technologies create a widespread connection of
things. This has lead to the production of large amounts of data, which needs to be
stored, processed and accessed.
Cloud computing as a paradigm for big data storage and analytics. While IoT is
exciting on its own, the real innovation will come from combining it with cloud
computing. The combination of cloud computing and IoT will enable new
monitoring services and powerful processing of sensory data streams. For example,
sensory data can be uploaded and stored with cloud computing, later to be used
intelligently for smart monitoring and actuation with other
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smart devices. Ultimately, the goal is to be able to transform data to insight and
drive productive, cost-effective action from those insights. The cloud effectively
serves as the brain to improved decision-making and optimized internet-based
interactions. However, when IoT meets cloud, new challenges arise.
There is an urgent need for novel network architectures that seamlessly integrate
them. The critical concerns during integration are quality of service (QoS) and
quality of experience (QoE), as well as data security, privacy and reliability. The
virtual infrastructure for practical mobile computing and interfacing includes
integrating applications, storage devices, monitoring devices, visualization
platforms, analytics tools and client delivery. Cloud computing offers a practical
utility-based model that will enable businesses and users to access applications
on demand anytime and from anywhere.
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Characteristics:
First, the cloud computing of IoT is an on-demand self service, meaning its there
when you need it. Cloud computing is a web-based service that can be accessed
without any special assistance or permission from other people; however, you need
at minimum some sort of internet access.
Second, the cloud computing of IoT involves broad network access, meaning it
offers several connectivity options. Cloud computing resources can be accessed
through a wide variety of internet-connected devices such as tablets, mobile devices
and laptops. This level of convenience means users can access those resources in a
wide variety of manners, even from older devices. Again, though, this emphasizes
the need for network access points.
Third, cloud computing allows for resource pooling, meaning information can be
shared with those who know where and how (have permission) to access the
resource, anytime and anywhere. This lends to broader collaboration or closer
connections with other users. From an IoT perspective, just as we can easily assign
an IP address to every "thing" on the planet, we can share the "address" of the cloud-
based protected and stored information with others and pool resources.
Fourth, cloud computing features rapid elasticity, meaning users can readily scale
the service to their needs. You can easily and quickly edit your software setup,
add or remove users, increase storage space, etc. This characteristic will further
empower IoT by providing elastic computing power, storage and networking.
Finally, the cloud computing of IoT is a measured service, meaning you get what
you pay for. Providers can easily measure usage statistics such as storage,
processing, bandwidth and active user accounts inside your cloud instance. This
pay per use (PPU) model means your costs scale with your usage. In IoT terms,
it's comparable to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an IP
address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between
these objects and other internet-enabled
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devices and systems; just like your cloud service, the service rates for that IoT
infrastructure may also scale with use.
Service and Deployment Service
models:
Service delivery in cloud computing comprises three different service models:

software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a
service (IaaS).
Software as a service (SaaS) provides applications to the cloud ‘s end user that
are mainly accessed via a web portal or service-oriented architecture-based web
service technology. These services can be seen as ASP (application service provider)
on the application layer. Usually, a specific company that uses the service would
run, maintain and give support so that it can be reliably used over a long period
of time.
Platform as a service (PaaS) consists of the actual environment for developing

and provisioning cloud applications. The main users of this layer are developers
that want to develop and run a cloud application for a particular purpose. A
proprietary language was supported and provided by the platform (a set of
important basic services) to ease communication, monitoring, billing and other
aspects such as startup as well as to ensure an application ‘s scalability and
flexibility. Limitations regarding the programming languages supported, the
programming model, the ability to access resources, and the long-term
persistence are possible disadvantages.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides the necessary hardware and software upon
which a customer can build a customized computing environment. Computing
resources, data storage resources and the communications channel are linked
together with these essential IT resources to ensure the stability of applications being
used on the cloud. Those stack models can be referred to as the medium for IoT,
being used and conveyed by the users in different methods for the greatest chance of
interoperability. This includes connecting cars, wearables, TVs, smartphones, fitness
equipment, robots, ATMs, and vending machines as well as the vertical
applications,
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security and professional services, and analytics platforms that come with them.
Deployment models:
Deployment in cloud computing comprises four deployment models: private

cloud, public cloud, community cloud and hybrid cloud.
A private cloud has infrastructure that’s provisioned for exclusive use by a single
organization comprising multiple consumers such as business units. It may be
owned, managed and operated by the organization, a third party or some
combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.
A public cloud is created for open use by the general public. Public cloud sells
services to anyone on the internet. (Amazon Web Services is an example of a
large public cloud provider.) This model is suitable for business requirements
that require management of load spikes and the applications used by the business,
activities that would otherwise require greater investment in infrastructure for the
business. As such, public cloud also helps reduce capital expenditure and bring
down operational IT costs.
A community cloud is managed and used by a particular group or organizations

that have shared interests, such as specific security requirements or a common
mission.
Finally, a hybrid cloud combines two or more distinct private, community or

public cloud infrastructures such that they remain unique entities but are bound
together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and
application portability. Normally, information that’s not critical is outsourced to
the public cloud, while business-critical services and data are kept within the
control of the organization.
1) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) IoT/Clouds: These services provide the

means for accessing sensors and actuator in the cloud. The associated
business model involves the IoT/Cloud provide to act either as data or
sensor provider. IaaS services for IoT provide access control to resources as
a prerequisite for the offering of related pay-as-you-go services.
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2) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) IoT/Clouds: This is the most widespread

model for IoT/cloud services, given that it is the model provided by all
public IoT/cloud infrastructures outlined above. As already illustrate most
public IoT clouds come with a range of tools and related environments for
applications development and deployment in a cloud environment. A main
characteristic of PaaS IoT services is that they provide access to data, not
to hardware. This is a clear differentiator comparing to IaaS.
3) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) IoT/Clouds: SaaS IoT services are the
ones enabling their uses to access complete IoT-based software
applications through the cloud, on-demand and in a pay-as-you-go fashion.
As soon as sensors and IoT devices are not visible, SaaS IoT applications
resemble very much conventional cloud-based SaaS applications. There
are however cases where the IoT dimension is strong and evident, such as
applications involving selection of sensors and combination of data from
the selected sensors in an integrated application. Several of these
applications are commonly called Sensing- as-a-Service, given that they
provide on-demand access to the services of multiple sensors. Note that
SaaS IoT applications are typically built over a PaaS infrastructure and
enable utility based business models involving IoT software and services.
IOT IN SMART HOME AND SMART CITY APPLICATION
Implementing IoT system in home and city leads them to become as smart home and
smart city. Smart home or smart city make life quite easier and smarter.
A smart home system can be something that makes our life quite easy. Starting
from energy management where the power controls system in the AC appliances
where we use the thermostat, all this is managed to cut down the power
consumption that's taking place. A door management system, security
management system, water management system are the part of this as well. Still,
these are vital things that stand out in the smart home system.
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The limitation of IoT in smart home application stops where our imagination stops.
Anything that we wish to automate or want to make our life easier can be a part
of smart home, a smartphone system as well.
CONNECTED VEHICLES
Connectivity will be at the heart of next generation vehicles. Whether it will be

real-time traffic flow information, mapping, infotainment or remote access to
emergency services, all these services will require connectivity.
Connected vehicle applications and services have distinctive features; they need
to operate globally and usually have a very long ‘device’ lifetime, however can be
integrated with local intelligent transport solutions and need to comply with local
security and emergency regulations.
Connected vehicle and smart transport applications have the potential to bring
substantial benefits to consumers, including making travel safer, reducing
congestion, and providing real time information to passengers.
The GSMA is working with mobile operators and automotive OEMs to align the
industry and wider ecosystem around a common approach to security and network
connectivity to accelerate the growth of the Connected Vehicle market.
Governments can help encourage the development of the connected vehicle and
intelligent transport ecosystems by:
 Introducing incentives for innovation and investment.
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 Leading with light-touch regulation that will allow the market to scale while
building trust and confidence of consumers.
 Promoting research and development programmers for connected and
autonomous vehicles.
 Supporting services, applications and network industry-led
standards and interoperability.
SMART GRID
Smart Grid is conceptualized as a combination of electrical network and

communication infrastructure. With the implementation of bidirectional
communication and power flows, a smart grid is capable of delivering electricity
more efficiently and reliably than the traditional power grid. A smart grid consists of
a power network with ‘intelligent’ entities that can operate, communicate, and
interact autonomously, in order to efficiently deliver electricity to the customers.
This heterogeneity in architecture of a smart grid motivates the use of advanced
technology for overcoming various technical challenges at different levels. Any
smart grid infrastructure should support real-time, two-way communication between
utilities and consumers, and should allow software systems at both the producer and
consumer ends to control and manage the power usage.
We study the impact on smart grid from different perspectives: energy management
and pricing mechanism.
Cloud Architecture and Energy Management in Smart Grid:
Future smart grids are expected to have reliable, efficient, secured, and cost-
effective power management with the implementation of distributed architecture. To
focus on these requirements, we provide a comprehensive survey on different cloud
computing applications for the smart grid architecture, in three different areas —
energy management, information management and security.
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INDUSTRIAL IOT
The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to the extension and use of the
internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and applications. ... The IIoT
encompasses industrial applications, including robotics, medical devices, and
software-defined production processes.
*****
Prepared By:
RIYAZ
MOHAMMED
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Computer Science & Engineering (Avanthi Institute of Engineering & Technology)

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Introduction to Internet of Things, Characteristics of IoT, Physical design of IoT,

Machine-to-Machine Communications, Difference between IoT and M2M,

Introduction to Python programming, Introduction to Raspberry Pi, Interfacing

Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi, Introduction to Software defined Network

Cloud Computing, Sensor-Cloud, Smart Cities and Smart Homes, Connected

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

What is meant by Internet of things?

What is the Internet of things and why is it important?

IoT is about transferring data without or with human intervention. It is nothing

Definition: The Internet of things refers to a type of network to connect anything

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

There are 5 types of characteristics that are:

1) Dynamic & Self-Adapting.

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to

3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of

5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and

APPLICATIONS OF IOT [OR] DOMAIN SPECIFIC IOTs

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

i. Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

i. Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

i. Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical

i. Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

iii. Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors

i. Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in soil.

i. Machine diagnosis and prognosis.

9) Health and Lifestyle:

i. Health & Fitness Monitoring.

PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

1) Things in IoT/Generic block diagram of an IoT Device:

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for

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Fundamentals of Internet of Things

 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low