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    Chemical Bonding Textbook Notes

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    omgitzmetoyja

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    Chemical Bonding Textbook Notes

    Uploaded by

    omgitzmetoyja
    3 views2 pages

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    3 views2 pages

    Chemical Bonding Textbook Notes

    Uploaded by

    omgitzmetoyja

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Chemical Bonding

    as pKa decreases, acidity increases!

    Molecular Orbital Theory: hybrid orbitals Valence Bond Theory: a chemical bond is
    are formed by mixing different types of formed when the orbitals of two atoms
    atomic orbitals, such as s and p orbitals. these overlap and share electrons (de-localised)
    hybrid orbitals then overlap with other atomic
    covalent bond forms when the atomic
    orbitals to form molecular orbitals. (creating
    orbitals of two atoms overlap
    new shapes, energy levels, and de-localised
    electrons)

    ex. methane: the compound undergoes


    hybridisation, forming four sp^3 bonds,
    these orbitals overlap with the 1s orbital
    and forms a molecular orbital

    De-localised Electrons:
    localised charges - electrons cannot move
    from atom

    localised electrons are less stable than


    de-localised electrons as one atom is
    bearing the whole negative charge

    de-localised charges - electrons are shared


    Hybrid Orbital: an orbital that is formed by and can move freely between multiple atoms
    mixing different types of atomic orbitals. (mostly between metallic elements)
    ex. methane: the carbon atom undergoes atoms that share electrons are now either
    hybridisation and forms four sp^3 hybrid both negative or both positive
    orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are a
    electrons that make up the double bond
    combination of one s orbital and three p
    are shared equally between all atoms

    Chemical Bonding 1
    orbitals. The four sp3 hybrid orbitals of (any compound with a double bond has
    carbon overlap with the 1s orbitals of the de-localised electrons)
    hydrogen atoms, resulting in four strong
    conjugated double bonds: double
    sigma bonds. This arrangement gives
    bonds that share electrons
    methane its tetrahedral shape.
    VSEPR Theory: A theory that predicts three-
    dimensional arrangements of electron groups
    around a central atom based on electron
    group repellent forces, like the distance of
    electron groups (in degrees); a model used to
    predict molecular shapes.
    Resonance Structures: only can be drawn if
    electrons are de-localised

    these structures are indicated by double


    headed arrows ↔

    major resonance contributors are


    determined by which structures is more
    stable with the negative charge

    ex. oxygen with a negative charge is


    more stable than carbon due to
    electronegativity

    major structures - determined by where the


    +/- charge is located

    tertiary →secondary→primary (stability


    chart)

    Chemical Bonding 2

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