Nuclear

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nuclear family, in sociology and anthropology, a group of people who are

united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of


adults and their socially recognized children. Typically, but not always, the
adults in a nuclear family are married. Although such couples are most
often a man and a woman, the definition of the nuclear family has expanded
with the advent of same-sex marriage. Children in a nuclear family may be
the couple’s biological or adopted offspring.

Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic
and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research,
however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to
assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the
roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister
are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily
conform to the Western definitions of these terms. In matrilineal societies,
for example, a child may be the responsibility not of his biological genitor
but of his mother’s brother, who fulfills the roles typical of Western
fatherhood.

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family law: The two-parent family

Closely related in form to the predominant nuclear-family unit are


the conjugal family and the consanguineal family. As its name implies, the
conjugal family is knit together primarily by the marriage tie and consists of
mother, father, their children, and some close relatives. The consanguineal
family, on the other hand, typically groups itself around a
unilineal descent group known as a lineage, a form that
reckons kinship through either the father’s or the mother’s line but not
both. Whether a culture is patrilineal or matrilineal, a consanguineal
family comprises lineage relatives and consists of parents, their children,
and their children’s children. Rules regarding lineage exogamy, or out-
marriage, are common in these groups; within a given community,
marriages thus create cross-cutting social and political ties between
lineages.
The stability of the conjugal family depends on the quality of the marriage
of the husband and wife, a relationship that is more emphasized in the kinds
of industrialized, highly mobile societies that frequently demand that
people reside away from their kin groups. The consanguineal family derives
its stability from its corporate nature and its permanence, as its
relationships emphasize the perpetuation of the line.

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