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ROUTINE DYNAMICS IN ACTION
RESEARCH IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF
ORGANIZATIONS
Series Editor: Michael Lounsbury
Recent Volumes:
ROUTINE DYNAMICS IN
ACTION: REPLICATION AND
TRANSFORMATION
EDITORS
MARTHA S. FELDMAN
University of California, USA
LUCIANA D’ADDERIO
Strathclyde Business School, UK
KATHARINA DITTRICH
Warwick Business School, UK
PAULA JARZABKOWSKI
Cass Business School, City, University of London, UK
&
University of Queensland Business School, Australia.
United Kingdom – North America – Japan
India – Malaysia – China
Emerald Publishing Limited
Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK
Contributor Biographies
Acknowledgments
Index
LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES
Introduction Table 1 Overview of Papers and Themes in this
Volume.
Chapter 1 Table 1 People Involved in the Project.
Chapter 3 Table 1 Novelspeed’s Ventures.
Table 2 List of Interviews.
Table 3 Venture Creation at Novelspeed (Idealized).
Chapter 4 Table 1 Passenger Service on Delta 139.
Chapter 5 Table 1 Data Sources.
Chapter 6 Table 1 Details of Interviewees.
Table 2 Key Events and Initiatives.
Table 3 Strategizing Routines.
Table 4 Settings for Executive Management’s Routine
Enactment.
Chapter 7 Table 1 Overview of Data Sources Dutch Cleaners.
Table A1 Action Patterns Identified at Dutch Cleaners.
FIGURES
Chapter 1 Fig. 1 Remounting a Show Approached as a
Replication Process.
Fig. 2 Dynamic of Sub-routines Replication.
Chapter 2 Fig. 1 Flexible Routine Transfer (Transfer-as-
Adaptation) in the Case of EuroCo and
AsiaCo.
Fig. 2 A Simplified Model of a Flexible Routine
Transfer (Transfer-as-Adaptation).
Chapter 3 Fig. 1 Coding Scheme.
Fig. 2 Replicating Entrepreneurial Innovation.
Chapter 4 Fig. 1 Bird’s Eye View of Interdependence between
Subunits.
Fig. 2 Menu Card for a Trans-Atlantic Flight.
Fig. 3 Visualizing Interdependence within and
between Routines: (A) Four Routines and (B)
One Routines.
Chapter 5 Fig. 1 (a) Phases of Romeo Pimp Routine
Emergence.
(b) Pimp/Woman Role Sets.
Fig. 2 Trajectory of Role Set Transitions and Phases
of Romeo Pimp Routine Emergence.
Chapter 6 Fig. 1 Mapping Deal-making between 1987 and
2004.
Chapter 8 Fig. 1 Laparoscopic Surgery.
Fig. 2 Robotic System Installation Steps.
Fig. 3 Practitioners during the Debriefing Session.
Fig. 4 Practitioners Confronted with Video
Recordings of their Surgical Acts in the Or.
Chapter 9 Fig. 1 The Interdependence of Professional
Interactions and Tasks.
Fig. 2 Sequences of Interdependent Action Patterns
Associated with a Telehealth Routine.
CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES
Bows and arrows, javelins and harpoons, are their arms. With the
last they kill whales, and other large marine animals. The points of
their arrows and harpoons are sometimes made of iron, sometimes
of bone, and sometimes of the teeth of the walruss. Their quivers
are made of seals skins. The needles with which they sow their
cloaths are likewise made of iron or of bone. All their iron they get
by some means or other from the Europeans.
For the use of those, who are fond of comparing the languages of
several nations, I have here inserted a few Esquimaux words,
communicated to me by the Jesuit Saint Pie. One, kombuc; two,
tigal; three, ké; four, missilagat; water, sillalokto; rain, [240]killaluck;
heaven, taktuck, or nabugakshe; the sun, shikonak, or sakaknuk;
the moon, takock; an egg, manneguk; the boat, kagack; the oar,
pacotick; the knife, shavié; a dog, mekké, or timilok; the bow,
petiksick; an arrow, katso; the head, niakock; the ear, tchiu; the eye,
killik, or shik; the hair, nutshad; a tooth, ukak; the foot, itikat. Some
think that they are nearly the same nation with the Greenlanders, of
Skralingers; and pretend that there is a great affinity in the
language 102.
January. The 29th of this month the river St. Lawrence was covered
over with ice, near Quebec. In the observations of other years, it is
observed, that the river is sometimes covered with ice in the
beginning of January, or the end of December.
March. They say this has been the mildest winter they ever felt;
even the eldest persons could not remember one so mild. The snow
was only two feet deep, and the ice in the river, opposite Quebec,
had the same thickness. On the twenty-first there was a thunder-
storm, which fell upon a soldier, and hurt him very much. On the
19th and 20th, they began to make incisions into the sugar-maple,
and to prepare sugar from its juice.
April. During this month they continued to extract the juice of the
sugar-maple, for making sugar. On the 7th the gardeners began to
make hot-beds. On the 20th the ice in the river broke loose near
Quebec, and went down; which rarely happens so soon; for the river
St. [248]Lawrence is sometimes covered with ice opposite Quebec, on
the 10th of May. On the 22d, and 23d, there fell a quantity of snow.
On the 25th they began to sow near St. Joachim. The same day they
saw some swallows. The 29th they sowed corn all over the country.
Ever since the 23d the river had been clear at Quebec.
May. The third of this month the cold was so great in the morning,
that Celsius’s, or the Swedish thermometer, was four degrees below
the freezing point; however, it did not hurt the corn. On the 16th all
the summer-corn was sown. On the 5th the Sanguinaria, Narcissus,
and violet, began to blow. The 17th the wild cherry-trees, rasberry-
bushes, apple-trees, and lime-trees, began to expand their leaves.
The strawberries were in flower about that time. The 29th the wild
cherry-trees were in blossom. On the 26th part of the French apple-
trees, cherry-trees, and plum-trees, opened their flowers.
June. The 5th of this month all the trees had got leaves. The apple-
trees were in full flower. Ripe straw-berries were to be had on the
22d. Here it is noted, that the weather was very fine for the growth
of vegetables.
July. The corn began to shoot into ears on the 12th, and had ears
every where [249]on the 21st. (It is to be observed, that they sow
nothing but summer-corn here.) Soon after the corn began to flower.
Hay making began the 22d. All this month the weather was
excellent.
August. On the 12th there were ripe pears and melons at Montreal.
On the 20th the corn was ripe round Montreal, and the harvest was
begun there. On the 22d the harvest began at Quebec. On the 30th,
and 31st, there was a very small hoar-frost on the ground.
September. The harvest of all kinds of corn ended on the 24th, and
25th. Melons, water-melons, cucumbers, and fine plums, were very
plentiful during the course of this month. Apples and pears were
likewise ripe, which is not always the case. On the last days of this
month they began to plough the land. The following is one of the
observations of this month: “The old people in this country say, that
the corn was formerly never ripe till the 15th, or 16th, of September,
and sometimes on the 12th; but no sooner. They likewise assert,
that it never was perfectly ripe. Bur since the woods have been
sufficiently cleared, the beams of the sun have had more room to
operate, and the corn ripens sooner [250]than before 103.” It is further
remarked, that the hot summers are always very fruitful [251]in
Canada, and that most of the corn has hardly ever arrived at perfect
maturity.
October. During this month the fields were ploughed, and the
weather was very fine all the time. There was a little frost for several
nights, and on the 28th it snowed. Towards the end of this month
the trees began to shed their leaves.
The next observations shew, that the winter has likewise been one
of the mildest. I now resume the account of my own journey.
September the 12th. We continued our journey during all this day.
The small kind of maize, which ripens in three months time, was ripe
about this time, and the people drew it out of the ground, and hung
it up to dry.
The weather about this time was like the beginning of our August,
old stile. Therefore it seems, autumn commences a whole month
later in Canada, than in the midst of Sweden. [253]
The houses in this neighbourhood are all made of wood. The rooms
are pretty large. The inner roof rests on two, three, or four, large
thick spars, according to the size of the room. The chinks are filled
with clay, instead of moss. The windows are made entirely of paper.
The chimney is erected in the middle of the room; that part of the
room which is opposite the fire, is the kitchen; that which is behind
the chimney, serves the people to sleep, and receive strangers in.
Sometimes there is an iron stove behind the chimney.
This afternoon we saw three remarkable old people. One was an old
Jesuit, called father Joseph Aubery, who had been a missionary to
the converted Indians of St. François. This summer he ended the
fiftieth year of his mission. He therefore [258]returned to Quebec, to
renew his vows there; and he seemed to be healthy, and in good
spirits. The other two people were our landlord and his wife; he was
above eighty years of age, and she was not much younger. They had
now been fifty-one years married. The year before, at the end of the
fiftieth year of their marriage, they went to church together, and
offered up thanks to God Almighty for the great grace he gave them.
They were yet quite well, content, merry, and talkative. The old man
said, that he was at Quebec when the English besieged it, in the
year 1690, and that the bishop went up and down the streets,
dressed in his pontifical robes, and a sword in his hand, in order to
recruit the spirits of the soldiers.
This old man said, that he thought the winters were formerly much
colder than they are now. There fell likewise a greater quantity of
snow, when he was young. He could remember the time when
pumpions, cucumbers, &c. were killed by the frost about mid-
summer, and he assured me, that the summers were warmer now
than they used to be formerly. About thirty and some odd years ago,
there was such a severe winter in Canada, that the frost killed many
birds; but the old man [259]could not remember the particular year.
Every body allowed, that the summers in 1748, and 1749, had been
warmer in Canada than they have been many years ago.
The soil is reckoned pretty fertile; and wheat yields nine or ten
grains from one. But when this old man was a boy, and the country
was new and rich every where, they could get twenty, or four-and-
twenty, grains from one. They sow but little rye here; nor do they
sow much barley, except for the use of cattle. They complain,
however, that when they have a bad crop, they are obliged to bake
bread of barley.
September the 14th. This morning we got up early, and pursued our
journey. After we had gone about two French miles, we got into lake
St. Pierre, which we crossed. Many plants, which are common in our
Swedish lakes, swim at the top of this water. This lake is said to be
covered every winter with such strong ice, that a hundred loaded
horses could go over it together with safety.
The cordated Pontederia 105 grows plentiful on the sides of a long and
narrow canal of water, in the places frequented by our water-lilies 106.
A great number of hogs wade far into this kind of strait, and
sometimes duck the greatest part of their bodies under water, in
order to get at the roots, which they are very fond of.
As soon as we were got through lake St. Pierre, the face of the
country was entirely changed, and became as agreeable as could be
wished. The isles, and the land on both sides of us, looked like the
prettiest pleasure-gardens; and this continued till near Montreal.
Near every farm on the river-side there are some boats, hollowed
out of the trunks of single trees, but commonly neat and well made,
having the proper shape of boats. In one single place I saw a boat
made of the bark of trees.
September the 19th. Several people here in town have got the
French vines, and planted them in their gardens. They have two
kinds of grapes, one of a pale green, or almost white; the other, of a
reddish brown colour. From the white ones they say, white wine is
made; and from the red ones, red wine. The cold in winter obliges
them to put dung round the roots of the vines, without which they
would be killed by the frost. The grapes began to be ripe in these
days; the white ones are a little sooner ripe than the red ones. They
make no wine of them here, because it is not worth while; but they
are served up at deserts. They say these grapes do not grow so big
here as in France.
The water-melons are very juicy; and the juice is mixed with a
cooling pulp, which is very good in the hot summer-season. Nobody
in Canada, in Albany, and in other parts of New-York, could produce
an example, that the eating of water-melons in great quantities had
hurt any body; and there are examples even of sick persons eating
them without any danger. Further to the south, the frequent use of
them it is thought brings on intermitting fevers, and other bad
distempers, especially in such people as are less used to them. Many
[264]Frenchmen assured me, that when people born in Canada came
to the Illinois, and eat several times of the water-melons of that
part, they immediately got a fever; and therefore the Illinois advise
the French not to eat of a fruit so dangerous to them. They
themselves are subject to be attacked by fevers, if they cool their
stomachs too often with water-melons. In Canada they keep them in
a room, which is a little heated; by which means they will keep fresh
two months after they are ripe; but care must be taken, that the
frost spoil them not. In the English plantations they likewise keep
them fresh in dry cellars, during part of the winter. They assured me
that they keep better when they are carefully broke off from the
stalk, and afterwards burnt with a red-hot iron, in the place where
the stalk was fastened. In this manner they may be eaten at
Christmas, and after. In Pensylvania, where they have a dry sandy
earth, they make a hole in the ground, put the water-melons
carefully into it with their stalks, by which means they keep very
fresh during a great part of winter. Few people, however, take this
trouble with the water-melons; because they being very cooling, and
the winter being very cold too, it seems to be less necessary to
[265]keep them for eating in that season, which is already very cold.
They are of opinion in these parts, that cucumbers cool more than
water-melons. The latter are very strongly diuretic. The Iroquese call
them Onoheserakatee.
Pumpions are prepared for eating in various ways. The Indians boil
them whole, or roast them in ashes, and eat them then, or go to sell
them thus prepared in the towns, and they have, indeed, a very fine
flavour, when roasted. The French and English slice them, and put
the slices before the fire to roast; when they are roasted, they
generally put sugar on the pulp. Another way of roasting them, is to
cut them through the middle, take out all the seeds, put the halves
together again, and roast them in an [267]oven. When they are quite
roasted, some butter is put in, whilst they are warm, which being
imbibed into the pulp, renders it very palatable. They often boil
pumpions in water, and afterwards eat them, either alone or with
flesh. Some make a thin kind of pottage of them, by boiling them in
water, and afterwards macerating the pulp. This is again boiled with
a little of the water, and a good deal of milk, and stirred about whilst
it is boiling. Sometimes the pulp is stamped and kneaded into
dough, with maize flour or other flour; of this they make cakes.
Some make puddings and tarts of gourds. The Indians, in order to
preserve the pumpions for a very long time, cut them in long slices,
which they fasten or twist together, and dry them either by the sun,
or by the fire in a room. When they are thus dried, they will keep for
years together, and when boiled, they taste very well. The Indians
prepare them thus at home and on their journies, and from them
the Europeans have adopted this method. Sometimes they do not
take the time to boil it, but eat it dry with hung beef, or other flesh;
and I own they are eatable in that state, and very welcome to a
hungry stomach. They sometimes preserve them in the following
manner at Montreal: They [268]cut a pumpion in four pieces, peal
them, and take the seeds out of them. The pulp is put in a pot with
boiling water, in which it must boil from four to six minutes. It is
then put into a cullender, and left in it till the next day, that the
water may run off. When it is mixed with cloves, cinnamon, and
some lemon peel, preserved in syrup, and there must be an equal
quantity of syrup and of the pulp. After which it is boiled together, till
the syrup is entirely imbibed, and the white colour of the pulp is
quite lost.
September the 20th. The corn of this year’s harvest in Canada, was
reckoned the finest they had ever had. In the province of New-York,
on the contrary, the crop was very poor. The autumn was very fine
this year in Canada.
I will now enumerate the chief goods which the French carry with
them for this trade, and which have a good run among the Indians.
Muskets, Powder, Shot, and Balls. The Europeans have taught the
Indians in their neighbourhood the use of fire-arms, and they have
laid aside their bows and arrows, which were formerly their only
arms, and make use of muskets. If the Europeans should now refuse
to supply the Indians with muskets, they would be starved to death;
[270]as almost all their food consists of the flesh of the animals,
which they hunt; or they would be irritated to such a degree as to
attack the Europeans. The Indians have hitherto never tried to make
muskets or similar fire-arms; and their great indolence does not
even allow them to mend those muskets which they have got. They
leave this entirely to the Europeans. As the Europeans came into
North-America, they were very careful not to give the Indians any
fire-arms. But in the wars between the French and English, each
party gave their Indian allies fire-arms, in order to weaken the force
of the enemy. The French lay the blame upon the Dutch settlers in
Albany, saying, that they began, in 1642, to give their Indians fire-
arms, and taught them the use of them, in order to weaken the
French. The inhabitants of Albany, on the contrary, assert, that the
French first introduced this custom, as they would have been too
weak to resist the combined force of the Dutch and English in the
colonies. Be this as it will, it is certain that the Indians buy muskets
from the Europeans, and know at present better how to make use of
them, than some of their teachers. It is likewise certain, that the
Europeans gain [271]considerably by their trade in muskets and
ammunition.
Vermillion. With this they paint their face, shirt, and several parts of
the body. They formerly made use of a reddish earth, which is to be
found in the country; but, as the Europeans brought them vermillion,
they thought nothing was comparable to it in colour. Many persons
have told me, that they had heard their fathers mention, that the
first Frenchmen who came over here, got a great heap of furs from
the Indians, for three times as much cinnabar as would ly on the tip
of a knife. [273]
Verdigrease, to paint their faces green. For the black colour, they
make use of the soot at the bottom of their kettles, and daub their
whole face with it.
Looking glasses. The Indians are very much pleased with them, and
make use of them chiefly when they want to paint themselves. The
men constantly carry their looking glasses with them on all their
journies; but the women do not. The men, upon the whole, are
more fond of dressing than the women.
Wampum, or, as they are here called, porcelanes. They are made of
a particular kind of shells, and turned into little short cylindrical
beads, and serve the Indians for money and ornament. [274]
Glass beads, of a small size, and white or other colours. The Indian
women know how to fasten them in their ribbands, pouches, and
clothes.
Brass and steel wire, for several kinds of work.
Brandy, which the Indians value above all other goods that can be
brought them; nor have they any thing, though ever so dear to
them, which they would not give away for this liquor. But, on
account of the many irregularities which are caused by the use of
brandy, the sale of it has been prohibited under severe penalties;
however, they do not always pay an implicit obedience to this order.
These are the chief goods which the French carry to the Indians,
and they have a good run among them.
The goods which they bring back from the Indians, consist entirely
in furs. The French get them in exchange for their goods, together
with all the necessary provisions they want on the journey. The furs
are of two kinds; the best are the northern ones, and the worst sort
those from the south.
In the northern parts of America there are chiefly the following skins
of animals: [275]beavers, elks 108, rein-deer 109, wolf-lynxes 110, and
martens. They sometimes get martens skins from the south, but
they are red, and good for little. Pichou du Nord is perhaps the
animal which the English, near Hudson’s bay, call the wolverene. To
the northern furs belong the bears, which are but few, and foxes,
which are not very numerous, and generally black; and several other
skins.
The skins of the southern parts are chiefly taken from the following
animals: wild cattle, stags, roebucks, otters, Pichoux du Sud, of
which P. Charlevoix makes mention 111, and are probably a species of
cat-lynx, or perhaps a kind of panther; foxes of various kinds,
raccoons, cat-lynxes, and several others.
It is inconceivable what hardships the people in Canada must
undergo on their journies. Sometimes they must carry their goods a
great way by land; frequently they are abused by the Indians, and
sometimes they are killed by them. They often suffer hunger, thirst,
heat, and cold, and are bit by gnats, and exposed to the bites of
poisonous [276]snakes, and other dangerous animals and insects.
These destroy a great part of the youth in Canada, and prevent the
people from growing old. By this means, however, they become such
brave soldiers, and so inured to fatigue, that none of them fear
danger or hardships. Many of them settle among the Indians far
from Canada, marry Indian women, and never come back again.
I will now insert a list of all the different kinds of skins, which are to
be got in Canada, and which are sent from thence to Europe. I got it
from one of the greatest merchants in Montreal. They are as follows:
To-day, I got a piece of native copper from the Upper Lake. They
find it there [279]almost quite pure; so that it does not want melting
over again, but is immediately fit for working. Father Charlevoix 116
speaks of it in his History of New-France. One of the Jesuits at
Montreal, who had been at the place where this metal is got, told
me, that it is generally found near the mouths of rivers, and that
there are pieces of native copper too heavy for a single man to lift
up. The Indians there say, that they formerly found a piece of about
seven feet long, and near four feet thick, all of pure copper. As it is
always found in the ground near the mouths of rivers, it is probable
that the ice or water carried it down from a mountain; but,
notwithstanding the careful search that has been made, no place
has been found, where the metal lies in any great quantity together.
I likewise received a reddish brown earth to-day, found near the Lac
de Deux Montagnes, or Lake of Two Mountains, a few French miles
from Montreal. It may be easily crumbled into dust between the
fingers. It is very heavy, and more so than the earth of that kind
generally is. Outwardly, it has a kind of glossy appearance, and,
when it is handled by the fingers for some time, they are quite as it
were silvered over. It is, therefore, probably a kind of lead-earth or
an earth mixed with iron-glimmer.
The ladies in Canada are generally of two kinds: some come over
from France, and the rest natives. The former possess the politeness
peculiar to the French nation; the latter may be divided into those of
Quebec and Montreal. The first of these are equal to the French
ladies in good breeding, having the advantage of frequently
conversing with the French gentlemen and ladies, who come every
summer with the king’s ships, and stay several weeks [281]at Quebec,
but seldom go to Montreal. The ladies of this last place are accused
by the French of partaking too much of the pride of the Indians, and
of being much wanting in French good breeding. What I have
mentioned above of their dressing their head too assiduously, is the
case with all the ladies throughout Canada. Their hair is always
curled, even when they are at home in a dirty jacket, and short
coarse petticoat, that does not reach to the middle of their legs. On
those days when they pay or receive visits, they dress so gayly, that
one is almost induced to think their parents possessed the greatest
dignities in the state. The Frenchmen, who considered things in their
true light, complained very much that a great part of the ladies in
Canada had got into the pernicious custom of taking too much care
of their dress, and squandering all their fortunes, and more, upon it,
instead of sparing something for future times. They are no less
attentive to have the newest fashions; and they laugh at each other,
when they are not dressed to each other’s fancy. But what they get
as new fashions, are grown old, and laid aside in France; for the
ships coming but once every year from thence, the people in Canada
consider that as the new fashion for [282]the whole year, which the
people on board brought with them, or which they imposed upon
them as new. The ladies in Canada, and especially at Montreal, are
very ready to laugh at any blunders strangers make in speaking; but
they are very excusable. People laugh at what appears uncommon
and ridiculous. In Canada nobody ever hears the French language
spoken by any but Frenchmen; for strangers seldom come thither;
and the Indians are naturally too proud to learn French, but oblige
the French to learn their language. From hence it naturally follows,
that the nice Canada ladies cannot hear any thing uncommon
without laughing at it. One of the first questions they propose to a
stranger is, whether he is married? The next, how he likes the ladies
in the country; and whether he thinks them handsomer than those
of his own country? And the third, whether he will take one home
with him? There are some differences between the ladies of Quebec
and those of Montreal; those of the last place seemed to be
generally handsomer than those of the former. Their behaviour
likewise seemed to me to be somewhat too free at Quebec, and of a
more becoming modesty at Montreal. The ladies at Quebec,
especially the unmarried ones, are not very industrious. A girl of
[283]eighteen is reckoned very poorly off, if she cannot enumerate at
least twenty lovers. These young ladies, especially those of a higher
rank, get up at seven, and dress till nine, drinking their coffee at the
same time. When they are dressed, they place themselves near a
window that opens into the street, take up some needle-work, and
sew a stitch now and then; but turn their eyes into the street most
of the time. When a young fellow comes in, whether they are
acquainted with him or not, they immediately lay aside their work,